Dr Davoode Manzoor, Mohammad Kazem Safakish,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (6-2011)
Abstract
Increase in environmental pollutions of fossil fuels calls for policies stimulating clean technology deployment especially in the transportation sector. To evaluate the efficacy of these policies we should explore the preferences of consumers regarding different technologies. In this paper we use a discrete choice approach used in “Canadian Integrated Model system” (SIMS) to identify the behavioral components. This model has a hybrid top-down bottom-up structure. For this purpose we estimate a multi-nominal logit model (MNL) for different automobile technologies and different transportation modes based on preferences revealed by a sample of 250 Tehran citizens. Then, we evaluate the effects of economic, technological and environmental policies on market share of different automobile technologies and air pollution in Tehran. These policies include gasoline price increase, pollution tax, limitations on single passenger cars and limitations on use of gasoline driven cars. According to this analysis, technology based policies can effectively correct the market shares towards clean traffic technologies
Dr Ghadir Mahdavi, Vahid Majed,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (10-2011)
Abstract
Life insurance as an investment and assurance tool provides a great source of investment financing in different economies. Despite life insurance development in advanced countries and in many developing economies, it could not get its appropriate share in Iranian family’s basket.
This paper investigates factors that affect life insurance demand in Iran. So, random sampling used to get required information in three provinces of Iran (Tehran, East Azerbayjan and Mazandaran).
Factors are divided into two main groups: Socioeconomics and psychological. Required data were gathered using questionnaire. Results show that life insurance demand has negative relationship with individual expected health condition, premium, expected inflation, degree of risk aversion and income. Bequest, economic optimism, age, employment of partner and reading has positive relation with life insurance demand. Based on the sample, result show that life insurance demand is not affected by advertisements but is affected by others recommendations.
Dr Hojjatullah Abdolmaleki, Mahdi Ghaemi Asl,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (10-2011)
Abstract
The subject of microeconomics is the behavior of firms, individuals and government. According to production theory, rational behavior of the firms, leads to profit maximization. So, one of the most important rational questions in production theory, is the determination of a suitable location of the firm. In the last two decades, several theories have been proposed to analyze the factors affecting the location of economic activities. These theories emphasize on many factors that can be summarized in two categories: factors affecting supply and demand. The aim of this article is to determine and analyze factors affecting the location of electronics industry in Iran. In this regard, 25 factors were identified. Whoever, this number of explanatory variables decreases the number of degree of freedom in a Logit and/or Probit model dramatically. So, the principal component analysis was used to decrease the number of LHS variables.
Results show that the industrial development and the creation and maintenance of facilities have important effects on the location of electronics industry in different provinces of Iran. Also due to high proportion of the value to the weight of the final products or the high mobility and tradability of electronics industry products, local and surrounding area‘s income have negative impacts on the industry location.
Behrouz Sadeghi Amroabadi, Davoud Mahmoudinia,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (3-2020)
Abstract
In monetary and financial literature, financial crises include a wide range of crises. But in general, there are three important types of financial crisis, including the currency crisis. The banking crisis and the debt crisis. The aim of this study is to simultaneously analyze the occurrence of banking, debt and currency crises, known as the three crises in Iran. For this purpose, first to determine the indicators related to banking crises, currency and debt payments and using logistics and self-regression vector models during the 1980 to 2017 seasonally, we have discussed the relationship between these three crises. The results show that the three banking crises, debt and currency, affect each other. The short-term results of the VAR model showed the effect of the banking crisis and the currency crisis on the debt crisis is positive and significant, indicating an increase in the likelihood of a banking crisis and the currency will increase the debt of the government and the country. Also, the effects of banking and debt crises on the currency crisis are positive and significant. This indicates the existence of causal relationship between banking crises and debt on the currency crisis. The results of the Logit model show that the effect of inflation variables, liquidity growth and the growth of the exchange rate on the indicators of the three crises that are significant and positive in most models.
Zahra Mehranfard, Amirhossein Mozayani, Abbas Asari Arani, Lotfali Agheli,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (5-2022)
Abstract
The corona pandemic is a phenomenon that has caused a crisis in the world due to its rapid spread and unstoppable nature. This crisis, however, seems to have a purely medical and health-related nature. But it is a multidimensional phenomenon which effects and consequences can be studied and evaluated in various fields.The purpose of this study is to propose an appropriate approach in implementing the choice experiment method from the perspective of heterogeneity expressed in individuals’ preferences. In the present study, using the choice experiment method, the factors influencing the selection of individuals from the options of the selection sets (including mental illness, unemployment, change in social activities, family problems, concerns about social discriminations) have been identified. Because in choice experiment some respondents may not consider all the features or levels provided; This causes heterogeneity in the behavior of respondents. To investigate the effect of this heterogeneity on the selection process of different individuals in the sample population (Tehran), in this study, a new approach of endogenous attribute attendance in the logit model was used. The information required for the research was obtained by completing 384 questionnaires completely randomly by different people in 2021. The results of estimating the two logit models in terms of endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) and conditional logit indicate that the average tendency to Payment for features defined in the model (EAA) is higher than the conditional logit model.
Because the EAA model considers the probabilities of the absence of certain features in individuals' preferences, it will have reliable results for estimating the willingness to pay.
Dr Akram Akbari, Dr Parviz Mohamadzadeh, Mr Hussein Ali Sheeaa,
Volume 16, Issue 60 (9-2026)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Subjective well-being has become an increasingly important concept in welfare economics, happiness economics, and social policy analysis. Unlike objective welfare indicators such as income, employment, consumption, or access to public services, subjective well-being reflects how individuals evaluate and experience their own lives. In societies undergoing economic, institutional, and generational transitions, individuals’ assessment of their living conditions relative to their parents can provide a meaningful indicator of perceived progress or decline. Iraq represents an important context for such an analysis because the country has experienced economic uncertainty, institutional challenges, demographic pressures, and rapid digital transformation. In this setting, internet use may influence individuals’ perceived well-being by expanding access to information, learning opportunities, social networks, public services, and economic prospects. However, the relationship between internet use and subjective well-being is unlikely to be direct, linear, or uniform across all individuals.
Background and Innovation
The literature suggests that the welfare effects of internet use depend not only on access but also on the intensity, quality, and purpose of use. Internet use may improve well-being by reducing information costs, facilitating communication, supporting learning, and creating new opportunities. At the same time, it may generate adverse effects through social comparison, misinformation, excessive use, or passive consumption of digital content. Therefore, recent studies emphasize the importance of human capital and digital capability in shaping the welfare consequences of internet use. The main contribution of this study is threefold. First, it focuses on intergenerational relative subjective well-being, rather than conventional life satisfaction. Second, it distinguishes active internet use from mere access or satisfaction with access. Third, it examines whether education moderates the association between internet use and relative subjective well-being.
Aim and Method
The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between active internet use and intergenerational relative subjective well-being in Iraq, with particular emphasis on the moderating role of education. The dependent variable is an ordinal measure of respondents’ evaluation of their current living conditions compared with their parents’ generation. It takes three ordered categories: worse than parents, the same as parents, and better than parents. The empirical analysis uses micro-level data from the eighth wave of the Arab Barometer survey for Iraq. Given the ordinal nature of the dependent variable and the survey design of the data, the baseline specification is estimated using a survey-weighted ordered logit model. The model controls for age, age squared, gender, household size, urban residence, employment status, household income adequacy, evaluation of current economic conditions, expectations about future economic conditions, trust in government, and governorate fixed effects. To assess the robustness of the results, alternative specifications including ordered probit, different measures of internet use, marginal effects, and post-estimation diagnostics are also employed.
Findings
The results indicate that the direct association between internet use and intergenerational relative subjective well-being is not uniform across the population. In the baseline models, internet use alone does not show a strong and stable direct relationship with higher relative subjective well-being after controlling for individual, economic, institutional, and regional characteristics. However, the interaction between active internet use and higher education provides evidence of heterogeneous effects. Among individuals with higher education, active internet use is associated with a higher probability of reporting a “better than parents” status and a lower probability of reporting a “worse than parents” status. This finding suggests that education may enhance individuals’ ability to transform digital access and internet use into meaningful opportunities.
The results also show that household income adequacy, household size, evaluation of current economic conditions, expectations about future economic conditions, trust in government, age, and age squared are important correlates of intergenerational relative subjective well-being. Governorate fixed effects are jointly significant, indicating that regional differences within Iraq play an important role in explaining variations in perceived intergenerational well-being. The robustness checks further suggest that the relationship between digital engagement and subjective well-being should not be interpreted as a simple universal effect. Rather, the welfare implications of internet use depend on individuals’ human capital and their capacity to use digital resources effectively.
Overall, the findings imply that digital policy should move beyond expanding physical internet access alone. Policies aimed at improving subjective well-being through digital transformation should also promote digital literacy, purposeful internet use, skill formation, and the integration of educational and digital development strategies. In particular, strengthening human capital may allow individuals to benefit more effectively from online information, learning resources, communication networks, and economic opportunities.
