Dr Majid Maddah, Forough Noe Iran,
Volume 3, Issue 10 (12-2012)
Abstract
Informal economy i.e. unrecorded economy, is one of the important problems in developing countries which affects the efficiency of economic activities in formal sector. Informal economy is also an important source of air pollution.
This paper aims at estimating informal economy in Iran over the period 1980-2009 based on the mount of CO2 emissions and the country forest areas and using Kalman Filter approach. The results indicate that: 1) there is a significant and long run relationship between CO2 emissions, the size of forest areas and firm’s industrial activities and total national product, 2) Total national product is more than recorded data in the study period so the existence of informal economy can’t be rejected during this period. 3) The average share of informal economy in total GDP is about 35.6 %.
Hayedeh Nourozi, Rouhollah Shahnazi, Ebrahim Hadian, Zakaria Farajzadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2023)
Abstract
Economy and environment are two interdependent systems; In recent decades, the global environment, as the most important global public good, has been heavily influenced by the negative external effects of economic growth, including climate change. In order to internalize these external effects, the use of tracking tax is a recommended method. One of the most important models designed for the integrated study of economy and climate is the Nordhaus RICE model; Of course, with the limitation that in this economic growth model, it is included exogenously. In this study, the aim of endogenizing the economic growth of the RICE model and determining the tax rate in 6 scenarios including 1) the base scenario 2) the optimal emission control rate application scenario 3) the 2°C temperature limit scenario 4) the discounted Stern scenario 5) the calibrated Stern scenario and 6) Copenhagen scenario. The results show that in the endogenous growth model, the ratio of taxes to net domestic production and CO2 emissions should increase over time. In all scenarios of Iran's endogenous growth model (except the base scenario), tax increases between 2022 and 2122 will reduce industrial CO2 emissions and reduce atmospheric carbon concentration. Finally, by applying the specified optimal tax in all scenarios, temperature changes have increased by less than two degrees Celsius.
