Journal of Engineering Geology

In tunnelling in soil mass, in groundwater existing mode, liquefaction, elastic displacements and settlement in soils upon the tunnel, are the risks may attack the excavated underground space stability. In this case study that were performed on second line of Mashhad city subway route, information catched from Standard Penetration Test, in situ and laboratorial tests, were used to optimum numerical values search for soil engineering parameters that could optimize the TBM stationing level. In order to this goal attaining, intelligent, numerical and probabilistic methods were used and the reliability of intelligent and numerical methods with the Safety Factors of tunnel stability, investigated simultaneously. The results were denoting the accordance of intelligent models such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Multi objective Genetic Algorithm with Finite Element model's output. So these models could be complement of each others in planning and designing of tunnels and using of them advised in tunneling and excavations.

The present study systematically compares probabilistic slope stability analysis using three widely used geotechnical engineering software packages: PLAXIS LE V21, GeoStudio 2024 (SLOPE/W module), and Slide2. Given the critical importance of risk assessment and the inherent uncertainty in soil parameters, probabilistic analysis has emerged as an essential approach for quantifying uncertainties and calculating key metrics such as probability of failure and reliability index. This research evaluates the capabilities, accuracy, efficiency, and limitations of each software by performing identical analyses on three distinct scenarios (homogeneous soil, three-layered soil, and pseudo-static conditions) while employing ten common limit equilibrium methods. The results demonstrate that all three software packages are capable of conducting probabilistic analyses with acceptable accuracy; however, each offers distinct strengths: Slide2 is ideal for complex risk analyses due to its specialized tools and advanced graphical visualizations; GeoStudio is better suited for routine projects owing to its intuitive user interface and seamless integration with other modules; and PLAXIS LE excels in computationally demanding problems through its high numerical accuracy and hybrid finite element limit equilibrium (FELA) approach. This study provides practical guidance for engineers in selecting the most appropriate software based on project complexity, required accuracy, and available resources. It also emphasizes the advantages of probabilistic approaches over traditional deterministic analyses in effective risk management.