Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
serd 2024, 13(49): 85-100 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hakimi M, Einali J, Farahani H. Evaluation of the Effects of Mining Exploitation on Economic Indicators and Sustainability of the Rural Population
Case Study: Bhogdakandi Rural District - Zanjan County. serd 2024; 13 (49) : 5
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4000-en.html
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4000-en.html
1- University of Tehran , mojtabahakimi12@gmail.com
2- University of Zanjan
2- University of Zanjan
Abstract: (1200 Views)
Objective: Mining is a critical environmental resource, with its primary and most significant impacts being economic. Subsequent effects arise later and are dependent on proper consideration and evaluation. When managed effectively, mining can contribute to the formation of value-added chains in other economic sectors and lay the foundation for achieving sustainable development goals. This research aims to examine the effects of mining exploitation on the economic indicators and population stability of rural areas in Boghdakandi district.
Methods: The research is applied in nature, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. Data collection utilized library and field methods, including: Observation (general and individual), Interviews (structured) and Questionnaires (closed and Likert scale). The questionnaire's face validity was assessed by experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.802. The study’s statistical population comprised the households of Boghdakandi district, which, according to the 2015 census, included 2,227 households. Using Cochran's formula, the required sample size was calculated as 314 households. Data analysis involved both descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution, and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests (One-sample T-test, Pearson Correlation, and Kruskal-Wallis test).
Results: The research findings reveal a significant relationship between mining exploitation and the economic indicators of the studied villages. Key results include:
Statistical yearbooks (2006–2016) highlight a declining population trend in all studied villages, except Saeed Kandi, which experienced a growth rate of 0.9%.
Conclusion: The study concludes that while mining exploitation in Boghdakandi district has moderately improved certain economic indicators (employment, income, natural resources, and welfare), it has had negative impacts on population stability and capital levels. The population decline observed across most villages underscores the inability of mining activities to positively influence long-term population stability. This suggests that while mining can contribute to economic growth in the short term, its sustainability requires more strategic management to balance economic benefits with social and demographic stability.
Methods: The research is applied in nature, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. Data collection utilized library and field methods, including: Observation (general and individual), Interviews (structured) and Questionnaires (closed and Likert scale). The questionnaire's face validity was assessed by experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.802. The study’s statistical population comprised the households of Boghdakandi district, which, according to the 2015 census, included 2,227 households. Using Cochran's formula, the required sample size was calculated as 314 households. Data analysis involved both descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution, and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests (One-sample T-test, Pearson Correlation, and Kruskal-Wallis test).
Results: The research findings reveal a significant relationship between mining exploitation and the economic indicators of the studied villages. Key results include:
- Economic Indicators: Employment Index: Mean = 3.229; Income Index: Mean = 3.132; Natural Resources: Mean = 3.393; and Welfare: Mean = 3.431.
- Population Stability: Population Stability Index: Mean = -2.763 and Capital Index: Mean = -2.742.
Statistical yearbooks (2006–2016) highlight a declining population trend in all studied villages, except Saeed Kandi, which experienced a growth rate of 0.9%.
Conclusion: The study concludes that while mining exploitation in Boghdakandi district has moderately improved certain economic indicators (employment, income, natural resources, and welfare), it has had negative impacts on population stability and capital levels. The population decline observed across most villages underscores the inability of mining activities to positively influence long-term population stability. This suggests that while mining can contribute to economic growth in the short term, its sustainability requires more strategic management to balance economic benefits with social and demographic stability.
Article number: 5
References
1. آجودانی، ربابه؛ و پورقهرمانی، بابک؛ (1398). سازوکارهای پیشگیری از بهره برداری غیرقانونی از معادن در ایران. پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، 24(93)، 195-220. https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_38466.html
2. احمدی، فرزاد؛ رستگار، شفق؛ و احمدی، روناک؛ (1396). بررسی پیامدهای ناشی از استخراج معادن و تحلیل میزان اثرگذاری آن بر تغییر معیشت مرتعداران (مطالعه موردی: مراتع شهرستان دهگُلان-استان کردستان). مرتع، 11(3)، 365-377. http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-510-fa.html
3. حسین زاده، حسن؛ (1392). افزایش سهم معدن در تولید ناخالص داخلی، نهمین کنفرانس دانشجویی مهندسی معدن، دانشگاه بیرجند. . http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-510-fa.html
4. سالنامه¬های آماری سال 1385-90-95، مرکز آمار ایران
5. صیادی، احمدرضا؛ و گیلانی، امید؛ (1384)، چشم‌انداز معدن‌کاری با مقیاس کوچک، بیست و چهارمین گردهمایی علوم زمین، تهران.https://civilica.com/doc/210271
6. عینالی، جمشید؛ چراغی، مهدی؛ و بروکی میلان، عادل؛ (1393)، نقش راه در توسعه مناطق روستایی با تاکید بر تنوع فعالیت های اقتصادی (مطالعه موردی: دهستان چورزق در شهرستان طارم)، مجله پژوهش و برنامه ریزی روستایی، ۶ (۱۷)، ۱۹-۳۳. https://civilica.com/doc/663969
7. عباسینژاد، الهام؛ (1388). زمینشناسی زیست محیطی، جلد اول، انتشارات دانشگاه پیام نور.
8. قنبری، اکرم؛ رحمانی¬فضلی، عبدالرضا؛ و عزیزپور، فرهاد؛ (1401) عوامل مؤثر بر بهره¬مندي از مزيت¬هاي جغرافیايي در فرايند توسعه پايدار نواحي روستايي مورد: شهرستان خرم¬آباد، فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، 11 (39)، 208-183. http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3807-fa.html
9. نگهبان، سعی؛ اکبریان رونیزی، سعیدرضا؛ و کارگر شهرآبادی، زهرا؛ (1403) تحلیل اثرات استخراج معادن سنگ بر مناطق روستایی نمونه موردی: شهرستان خرم¬بید، مجله جغرافیا¬ و¬ روابط انسانی، 6 (4)، 358-376. https://www.gahr.ir/article_194920.html
10. نصیری، اکرم؛ و توکلی، جعفر؛ (1399) ارزیابی نقش استخراج معادن شهرستان قروه بر پایداری روستاهای پيرامونی، مجله جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، 36، 1-15. https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_1591.html
11. ولی نیا، الهام؛ قادرمرزی، حامد؛ و مولایی هشجین، نصرالله؛ (1398). نقش فعالیت های معدنی در پایداری سکونتگاه¬های روستایی شهرستان قروه. اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی. ۸ (۳۰)، ۶۳-۸۰. https://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3421-fa.html
12. یاری، الهام؛ (1394). ارزیابی تأثیر بهرهبرداری از معادن بر توسعه منطقه پیرامون (مطالعه موردی شهرستان تکاب)، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تهران. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10999317-85502
13. Auty, R. M. (2001). Resource abundance and economic development. OxfordUniversity Press. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1831530.
14. Archibald, R., & Ritter,M. (2001). Canada:from fly-in, fly-out to mining metropolis .In: McMahon, G.,Rémy,F.(Eds.), Large Mines and the Community .Socioeconomic and Environmental Effects in Latin America, Canada and Spain. World Bank, Washington, DC.
15. Atkinson, G., & Hamilton, K. (2003). Savings, growth and the resource curse hypothesis. World Development, Vol. 31. [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.05.001]
16. Arthur, F., Agyemang-Duah, W., Gyasi, R. M., Yeboah, J. Y., & Otieku, E. (2016). Nexus between artisanal and small-scale gold mining and livelihood in prestea mining region, Ghana. Geography Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/493580 [DOI:10.1155/2015/493580]
17. Atienza, M., Lufin, M., & Soto, J. (2021). Mining linkages in the Chilean Copper Supply. Network and Regional Economic Development. Resources Policy, 70, 101154.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.02.013 [DOI:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.02.013.]
18. Antoci, A., Russu, P., & Ticci, E. (2019). Mining and local economies: Dilemma between environmental protection and job opportunities. Sustainability, 11(22), 6244.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226244 [DOI:10.3390/su11226244.]
19. Botin, J. A. (Ed.). (2009). Sustainable management of mining operations. SME. play an important role in attracting and maintaining human settlements. Keywords: human settlements, population absorption, mine, GIS. https://oa.upm.es/5714/1/INVE_MEM_2009_70529.pdf
20. Bulte, E. H., Damania, R., & Deacon, R. T. (2005). Resource intensity, institutions, and development. World Development, 33, issue 7, 1029-1044. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:33:y:2005:i:7:p:1029-1044. [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.004]
21. Bole, D., Primož Pipan, & Blaž Komac. (2013). Cultural values and sustainable rural development: A brief introduction. Acta geographica Slovenica, 53(2). 67-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS53401 [DOI:10.3986/AGS53401]
22. Clark, A. L, & J. C. Clark, (1999). The new reality of mineral development: social and cultural issues in Asia and Pacific nations. Resources Policy, 25(3).189-196. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v25y1999i3p189-196.html [DOI:10.1016/S0301-4207(99)00026-4]
23. Eggert, R. G. (2001). Mining and Economic Sustainability: National Economies and Local Communities. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva, MMSD Report No. 19. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/G00952.pdf
24. Farahani, H., & Bayazidi, S. (2018). Modeling the assessment of socio-economical and environmental impacts of sand mining on local communities: A case study of Villages Tatao River Bank in North-western part of Iran. Resources Policy, 55, 87-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.001]
25. Gankhuyag, U., & Gregoire, F. (2018). Managing Mining for Sustainable Development. UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub and Poverty-environment Initiative Asia-pacific of UNDP and UN Environment. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/UNDP-MMFSD-HighResolution.pdf
26. Hota, P & Behera, (2016). Open cost mining and sustainable local likelihoods in Odisha, India, journal of miner econ, 29, 1-13. DOI:10.1007/s13563-016-0082-7 [DOI:10.1007/s13563-016-0082-7]
27. Hilson, G., & Banchirigah, S. M. (2009). Are alternative livelihood projects alleviating poverty in mining communities? Experiences from Ghana. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(2), 172-196. DOI:10.1080/0022038080255305 [DOI:10.1080/00220380802553057]
28. Hilson, G., & Garforth, C. (2013). Everyone now is concentrating on the mining: drivers and implications of rural economic transition in the eastern region of Ghana. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(3), 348-364. DOI:10.1080/00220388.2012.713469 [DOI:10.1080/00220388.2012.713469]
29. Kolstad, I., Wiig, A., & Williams, A. (2009). Mission improbable. Does petroleumrelated aid address the resource curse?. Energy Policy, 37 y:2009:i:3:p:954-965. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v37y2009i3p954-965.html [DOI:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.092]
30. Lawson, E. T., & Bentil, G. (2014). Shifting sands: changes in community perceptions of mining in Ghana. Environment, development and sustainability, 16(1), 217-238. DOI: doi 10.1007/s10668-013-9472-y [DOI:10.1007/s10668-013-9472-y]
31. Loayza, N., & Rigolini, J. (2016).The local impact of mining on poverty and inequality: evidence from the commodity boom in Peru. World Development. 84, 219-234. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.005]
32. Mancini, L., & Sala, S. (2018). Social impact assessment in the mining sector: Review and comparison of indicators frameworks. Resources Policy, 57, 98-111. [DOI:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.02.002]
33. McMahon, G., & Moreira, S. (2014). The Contribution of the Mining Sector to Socioeconomic and Human Development. Extractive industries for development series;no. 30. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18660
34. Miller, E. Vanmegan, K. & Buys, L. (2012). Diversification for sustainable development in rural an regional Australia. How local community leaders conceptualize the impacts and opportunities from agriculture, tourism and Ming, Rural society, 22, 2-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.2012.22.1.2 [DOI:10.5172/rsj.2012.22.1.2]
35. Power, T. M. & Power, D. S. (2019). The Social Costs of Mining on Rural Communities: A Report Prepared for Friends of the Chilkat and Klehini Rivers, Power Consulting Incorporated Missoula, Montana.https://static1.squarespace.com/static/571f8d69d51cd4590b8328fa/t/5d6f36781f0e4c0001145b5a/1567569534257/Power+Report.pdf
36. Sachs, Jeffery D., Warner, Andrew. (1995). Natural resource abundance and economic growth. Harvard Institute for International Development, Development Discussion, 517. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w5398/w5398.pdf [DOI:10.3386/w5398]
37. World Bank. (2001). World development report 2001: Attacking poverty. NewYork, Oxford University Press. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/11856
38. Widana, A. (2019). The Impacts of Mining Industry: Socio-Economics and Political Impacts. Available at SSRN 3423562. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3423562 [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3423562]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
