This paper explores flora of Rudbar Alamut region in NE of Ghazvin province situated in the south slope of central Alborz Chain Mountains. Alamut is divided into two parts, upper Alamut and lower Alamut. The minimum height in the region is 1265 m, located in Shahrak village, while the maximum height is 4175 m, located in Siahlan Mountain. Average of annual precipitation is 368.3 mm and annual average temperature is 14ºC. This reveals that 642 species and subspecies belong to 373 genera and 76 plant families growing in the region. The largest families are Asteraceae with 88 species, Paoilionaceae with 64, Poaceae with 56, Lamiaceae with 48, Brassicaceae with‌ 46, Apiaceae with 41, Charyophyllaceae with 34 and Rosaceae with 30, respectively. Nearly 190 species are medicinal plants, of which 51 are used traditionally by local inhabitatants, 59 species are endemic, 37 species are poisonous for animal and rarely for man, 75 species are weeds, 119 species are forage, and 17 species are cultivated.

Salinity is one of the important environmental factors that limit plant growth and product. Grapes are classified as salt sensitive plants. This paper attempts to evaluate the salinity effects on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant components and antioxidative enzymes activity in four grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L., Gharashani, LaaleBidaneh, Sachagh and Shahroodi) that commonly grow in the regions around Urmia Salt Lake. We came to the conclusion that malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzymes activity increased significantly (P<0.05) in roots and leaves of all these genotypes. Gharashani and LaaleBidaneh genotypes showed higher antioxidative enzymes activity and lower membrane lipid peroxidation. Also, salinity had a significant effect on the accumulation of total phenolics content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in all genotypes. Gharashani genotype showed the highest total phenols and PAL activity. There was a significant positive correlation among antioxidant enzymes activity, total phenolics content and PAL activity in leaves of all genotypes. It seems that Gharashani and LaaleBidaneh genotypes have a better antioxidant system compared with others and show higher efficiency for salinity tolerance.

This study was carried out to show the effects of herbal supplement of Sangrovit on the growth parameters, blood biochemical factors, survival and resistance to salinity of the Caspian kutum fry. Fish (1±0.003 g) were divided into four groups fed on diets containing sangrovit at different levels: 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 % for 45 days. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of the fish fed on sangrovit diets (p<0.05). In addition, food conversion rate of fish fed on sangrovit diet was found to be significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the condition factor, glucose and total protein levels of the experimental groups and the control group (p>0.05). On the other hand, blood cholesterol of the Caspian kutum was significantly increased in the control group (190.17±0.013 mg dl^-1) in comparison to treatments sangrovit (p<0.05). Survival and resistance to salinity stress remained unaffected by dietary supplementation of sangrovit (p>0.05). The results of the present study also indicated that dietary Primalac beneficially affected the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of the Caspian kutum fry. The findings of the present study indicated that the herbal supplement of sangrovit could improve the growth rate, feed utilization and blood biochemical parameters of the Caspian kutum fry.

In this study the effect of iron of Fe (So₄)₂ (7H₂O( and probiotics BioPlus 2B on some blood parameters was investigated on 270 of Rutilus frisii kutum fry with total weight of 0.4±0.1 gr and total length of 3.9±0.3 cm  in nine treatments and triplicates during 60 days. Results showed that the highest number of red blood cells (RBCs) (1.65×10⁶± 1.55 per mm³⁾, hemoglobin concentration (7.36±0.15 g/dl), hematocrit concentration (24.03±0.85 %), MCV (1.45±1.48 Fl), MCH (46.29±0.25 pg) and lymphocyte (92±2) belong to treatment 5. The highest level of MCHC (34.65±0.67 g/dl) and the greatest level of white blood cells (6.6±100 per mm³) were observed in treatments 4 and 8, respectively. The findings of this research showed that treatment 5 contained the highest amount of iron (7 mg/kg of feed) and probiotics (CFC 1.6×10⁹) resulted in the highest amount of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and lymphocytes in this study.

Gypsophila is the fourth biggest genus of Caryophyllaceae. Presence or absence of indumentum on different parts of the plant is one of the most important diagnostic characters between the species of this genus. The indumentum of 13 taxa of this genus were examined using scanning electron microscopy. All taxa had multicellular and glandular trichomes. Size of trichomes can represent as distinguishing trait between morphologically closed species. Although the most important characters in the delimitation of the sections were morphological, trichomes characters were also supportive. The indumentum was constant among different populations of each species except for two species whose glabrous specimens were described here as new varieties: Gypsophila pilosa var. glabra and Gypsophila polyclada var. leioclada

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormon which has important effects on osmoregulation in marine fish. In this study the effect of oral cortisol on resistance (salinity stress in 12ppt during 7 days) in common carp (cyprinus carpio) fry was investigated. For this purpose, common carp (1.36±0.12 gr) was distributed in 3 treatments and 1 control group in 3 replicates and fed with commercial food containing 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1 food hydrocortisone during 8 weeks. At the end of the trial, hematocrit, biochemical blood parameters (glucose, calcium and total protein) and resistance of fish were determined. The results showed no significance in survival rates between treatments (p>0.05). Glucose levels in the control treatment was significantly lower than other treatments at the end of the trail by serological investigation (p<0.05). Fish were let in salinity stress and after 7 days all treatments showed a significant increase in the value of glucose (p<0.05). The highest value of glucose was observed in fish on fed 100 and 200mg hydrocortisone per kg^-1 food )73.04±1.40) (p<0.05) and the highest level of haematocrit was observed after stress in the control group (61.67±2.08) (p<0.05). Calcium Ionic factor showed a significant increase in all treatments except for the control treatment (11.17±0.31) (p<0.05) and the highest value was observed in fish fed 200 mg hydrocortisone per kg^-1. Total protein in fish treat-cortisol was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that oral administration of cortisol can improve the salinity resistance in the common carp fry

There are multiple neurotransmitters and neuromodulator systems mediating memory formation among which the endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in the memory formation by modulating the release of many neurotransmitters. Nucleus accumbens appears to have a site in the central of neuronal circuits of the limbic system and to be responsible for the integration and consolidation of inputs from other parts of the brain. In this study the influence of bilateral intra-nucleus accumbens shell microinjections of cannabinoid receptor agents on memory consolidation in adult male rats using passive avoidance task was investigated. The results showed that the intra-accumbens shell microinjection of ACPA as a CB1 receptor agonist (6 ng/rat) immediately after training decreased passive avoidance memory consolidation, while administration of its antagonist (AM251) at different doses did not affect passive avoidance memory consolidation. However, co-administration of AM251 (60 ng/rat) with an effective dose of ACPA prevented the impairment memory consolidation induced by ACPA. These results suggest that the accumbens shell cannabinoid system as a modulating system is involved in aversive memory consolidation including passive avoidance memory.

Origanum vulgare was used as an effective herbal for infertility treatment in traditional medicine. The present study compared the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of the air branch of Origanum vulgare, LHRH-A_2, and17β-estradiol on the ultrastructure of oocyte and pituitary in immature Trichogaster trichopterus. For this purpose 60 pieces of Trichogaster trichopterus with average weight of 2.1±1gram were divided into 6 groups: saline, placebo, ethanol and 3 experimental groups (Origanum vulgare and 17β-estradiol at a dose of 50 mg/kg and LHRH-A₂ at a dose of 0.005 mg/kg) (each group 10 fish). Fish were injected intra-muscularly, one dose every other day and seven doses in total. Ultrastructure of oocyte and anterior pituitary in the three treatments were measured and compared with control treatments. The results showed that the size of oocytes follicle and the mean diameter of Golgi vesicles in Origanum vulgare treatment was higher than that in LHRH-A₂ treatment, but there were lesser than that in 17beta-estradiol treatment (p≤0.05). The results of the ultrastructural comparision of the anterior pituitary showed that in Origanum vulgare treatment the number of small cells increased and made a few large granules in gonadotroph cells. In fish treated with 17β-estradiol the number of large granules increased significantly, whereas in LHRH-A₂ treatment large granules were lysed and stimulation was complete. The present results suggested that the Origanum vulgare affected Trichogaster trichopterus fertility.

Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) is an aromatic and annual plant. The aim of this study is the evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content, the antioxidant activities and other important medicinal secondary metabolites of this plant. According to the results, the total amount of phenols and flavonoid in different plant organs of D. graveolens were different in a way that the content of total phenols and flavonoid in the flowers and leaves were significantly more than the stems and roots. The content of flavonol in the flowers, leaves and stems were not significantly different, and the lowest content was observed in the roots. In addition, the linear and significant correlation coefficient was found between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic compounds in the extracts of different organs of the plant. The main components in different extracts were Bornyl acetate and α-Cadinol in flower extract, Borneol, Bornyl acetate, Thymol and Calarene in leaf extract and PMAMOMPE, Safrole, Carvacryl acetate, Vulgarone B and Bornyl acetate in root extract. On the whole, the current results compared with the results of other researchers indicates the remarkable impact of plant habitat on the quality and quantity of pharmaceutical compounds in different organs of the plant

Pimpinella anisum L. belongs to Apiaceae family. The samples of vegetative and reproductive organs at different stages of development were gathered and investigated by cell-histology methods. The investigation of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs showed that the secretory ducts are arranged between the parenchymal tissues of the leaf. Section of flower buds revealed that anthers had 4 pollen sacs, the division of pollen mother cell was of the simultaneous type, microspore tetrads were of tetragonal type and the tapetum layer was secretory. The study of the ultrastructure of pollen grains with SEM showed that they had 3 pores. The ovary was found to be two-chambered and two-carpeled the ovule to be anatropous and to have one membrane. In embryogenic investigation it was found that the embryos were globular, cotyledonary and torpedo-shaped and the transition between globular embryos to cordate embryos was found. The vegetative organs were observed to have the general structure of dicotyledons. The development patterns of ovule and embryo sac follow the Polygonum type. Tetrahedral microspore tetrads were observed. The ultrastructure of pollens was found to be similar to those of Smyrnium, a genus of Apiaceae family. All stages of embryogenesis were covered in this study. 

Boujagh National Park, with water ecosystems including Boujagh and Kiashahr wetlands, has an area of approximately 3477.3 hectares. In order to study factors affecting the vegetation in aquatic and wet habitats, 44 releves were implemented in the region. To test the chemical properties of the available water, samples were collected from 22 releves. The results of a two-way species indicator analysis of the modified TWINSPAN suggested that four groups of plants were present in the region. The first group being floating, immersed and submerged and the third and fourth groups being mostly helophytic. The second group of plants grows in areas with sand and mud. The results of comparative DCA analysis of water factors (PH, Depth, P, N, Cl, CO₃, Hco₃, EC, Na, K) showed a significant correlation between the factors and plant groups and the most important factors influencing the distribution and separation of plants was found to be water depth. In addition, Boujagh and Kiashahr wetlands vegetation map, based on the plant groups, was also prepared.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using rice bran as a natural adsorbent for the removal of citric acid from water and the effect of temperature, time, initial concentration of adsorbate and adsorbent concentration on the adsorption process. Fitting experimental data was performed using several adsorption models. Also, the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption have been studied. The equilibrium was reached after 60 minutes. The results showed that removal of citric acid decreased as temperature and initial concentration of citric acid increased in contrast, it increased as adsorbent concentration and time increased. In addition, the optimum adsorbent weight was obtained to be 4g. Freundlich isotherm was found to be a better fit than other isotherms. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The adsorption of citric acid on the rice bran followed reversible second-order rate kinetics. This study showed that rice bran efficiently removed the citric acid from aqueous solutions.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in women after lung cancer. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are among endogenous factors which are involved in many types of cancers, including breast cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the miRNAs, might change their biological activities such as their effects on oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Therefore some of miRNA’s SNPs are associated with the risk of different types of cancer, including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between SNP rs11614913 in mir196a2 and the risk of breast cancer. SNP rs11614913 in hsa-miR-196a2 analyzed in 100 breast cancer cases and 100 controls in women living in southern Iran. Polymorphism was identified by the PCR-RFLP method. The PCR product was digested with TaaI restriction enzyme which produced two bands with the length of 187bp and 196bp. The data from this case –control study were analyzed using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to reveal the associations of SNPs in miRNAs with breast cancer susceptibility. The C allele frequencies in patients and controls for miR-196a2 were 0.74 and 0.75, respectively. The genotype frequencies of TT, TC, and CC were 0.05, 0.42, and 0.53 for the patients and 0.06, 0.38, and 0.56 for the controls, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the genetic frequencies for this SNP were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The results of this study indicated no significant association between SNP rs11614913 in mir196a2 and the risk of breast cancer. 

This investigation was carried out to evaluate Indole acetic acid (IAA) production by isolated bacteria from drought and salinity affected soils. Four hundred bacteria were isolated from soils with different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Then the ability of these bacteria to produce IAA and the effects of different amounts of tryptophan and drought-salinity tensions on IAA production were analyzed. Results indicated that the effects of drought and salinity tensions on variability of IAA production were statistically significant. One of the bacterial species isolated from saline-sodic soils, Arthrobacter siccitolerans, was IAA producer and data comparison indicated that under drought stress conditions it produced IAA 84.3% higher than isolate RS11. While isolated RS11 produced highest rate of IAA (10.42 µg.ml^-1) under normal conditions. Also, A.siccitolerans continued to produce IAA until the EC was 40 dS.m^-1 and OP (Osmosis pressure) was -20 bar. The amount of IAA production per unit of applied tryptophan in this bacterium was 0.1 and in others it was lesser. According to experiments, the relative preference of this bacterium was verified and proposed for field experiments in drought, salinity and salinity-sodicity affected soils.

There is no report on the antimicrobial effects of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) and borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.). In this research, the seeds of these plants were milled and extracted by chloroform:methanol (2:1). Then, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and temperature to extract the oils. Antimicrobial effects of various concentrations of the oils (10- 1000 mg/l) were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibition concentration of the oils for each strain was measured using Mueller Hinton Broth and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth. The results showed that evening primrose oil increased the growth of C. albicans and A. niger, while it suppressed the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa even at the minimum concentration level (1mg/l). Borage oil was found to promote the growth of A. niger and S. epidermidis, but at concentration levels equal to or higher than 1mg/l it inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. However, at no concentration level, was it observed to leave any effect on S. aureus. It was also shown that some medical properties of evening primrose and borage could be attributed to antimicrobial effects of their oils. 

Danio rerio Hamilton, 1822 is one of the commercial ornamental fresh water fishes and living in tropical zones, of considerable economic value in our country. This study aimed at investigating the impact of Spirulina sp. on index color in Danio rerio. 360 individuals were randomly divided in 12 aquariums with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The dietary treatments included treatment 1 or control (commercial food with no supplement of Spirulina sp.), treatment 2 (commercial food with 0.5% supplement of Spirulina sp.), treatment 3 (commercial food with 1% supplement of Spirulina sp.) and treatment 4 (commercial food with 1.5% supplement of Spirulina sp.). In general, the use of Spirulina sp. in the diet of Danio rerio caused increase in body weight and specific growth rate, but increasing the amount of dietary of Spirulina sp. powder in the diet of Danio rerio during the breeding period of 60 days had no impact on the feed conversion ratio. There being no significant difference between treatments 1% and 1.5 %, treatment 1% of supplement Spirulina sp. was found to be the best treatment for growth in Danio rerio.

Electromagnetic field is a stress factor which can interfere with the functions of body organs. This study aims to evaluate the protective impact of the aqua extract of Persian Gulf sea cucumber on damages induced by low frequency electromagnetic field in male gonads of Balb/C mice. Mice were divided into control, sham-exposed and 5 experimental groups. The experimental groups were then exposed to electromagnetic field (for 10 days and 4 hours per day). Experimental groups 2-5 also received extract of sea cucumber (6h before electromagnetic field). The samples were fixed for histological studies and stained by H & E method. The measurement of the diameter and number of seminiferous tubules, testis diameter, testis and epididymis weight, tunica albuginea thickness, the number of spermatogenic cells including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells was then executed. The results showed that the impact of electromagnetic field exposure was not significant on epididymis weight, seminiferous tubules diameter and tunica albuginea thickness, while its impact on the reduction of the testis diameter and weight, the number of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells was significant in experimental group 1. In addition, the experimental groups pre-treated with sea cucumber extract indicated significant increment, as compared with experimental group 1.The results proved the destructive effect of electromagnetic field on testis tissue parameters, while sea cucumber extract prevents damages induced by electromagnetic field on male sexual glands of mice. 

Rhamnus L. is the genus of Rhamnaceae in Iran with nearly eight species. These species are used as valuable shrubs. This research was carried out in order to investigate the anatomical leaf. Samples from nine populations of Rhamnus pallasii and Rhamnus cathartica were taken. Treatment specimen cover various habitats from north of Iran, moreover herbarium samples were taken into account. The results presented two forms of epidermal cells such as Polygonal and irregular cells in addition, waved and straight anti-clinical walls were observed in R. pallasii subsp. pallasii and R. pallasii subsp. sintensii. Two types of stomata were demonstrated like anemositic and parasitic in two main species. Some characters e.g. thrichome, parenchyma, collenchyma layers were determined to finding some similarity among treatment specimen.

In this survey, anatomical characteristics of leaves in 35 populations belonging to 18 taxa of Scrophularia have been studied. Among 39 quantitative and qualitative anatomical characters, some have more suitable taxonomic value for differentiation of taxa, such as blade thickness, thickness of upper and lower cuticle of midrib, length of upper and lower palisade parenchyma of blade, thickness of lower epidermis wall of midrib, thickness of upper and lower epidermis of blade, rows of spongy parenchyma of blade, upper collenchyma type of midrib and the presence of idioblast. Finally, comparison of the results of the current study together with Grau’s (1981) results confirm the validity of 4 groups out of the 12 groups which he had introduced. As for the remaining groups, no noticeable concordance was found.

It is clear that DNA concentration and biological detection devices have many applications in the fields of genetics and biotechnology. For this goal, some similar devices have been designed working with the laser light which the disadvantages of them are high prices and the use of significant amounts of sample volume. But this designed device which works with LED light has very cheap manufacturing cost. The amounts of DNA used in this device are very low, about a few micro-liters and measurement of small, fast and portable it is also the advantages of these devices. The Data recorded as voltage versus time and the Fourier transform the frequency domain. From the frequency curve, by using the Byrlambrt it is possible to obtain the relative concentrations of DNA, viruses and assays measuring DNA damage and many other applications. By use of this device, the concentration of DNA colored with three different pigments was measured.