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Nowadays the subject of competitive balance in sport events is getting huge attention in world economic science. CB in sport means what team will win in a competition. In this research the status of CB in Iran’s football pro league is studied. It’s obvious that if Football league in terms of economic is supposed to be dynamic and alive in economic area, they must follow a suitable of CB. Data gathering from Iran’s football league organization for 1380-1388 and using economic indices include, (C5ICB) and (HICB), CB was estimated. Results showed that CB has been passing through an improvement road. Indices decline shows unpredictability of matches results. Also Iran’s football league had the worst CB in 1383 and the best one in 1386. According to results it’s recommended that there should be suitable alternatives for retaining CB status in football league like setting special regulation for player's transportation so football industry could take advantage from revenue making and attracting sponsors.

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The purpose of this study was comparison of factors that affecting on spectators of football, basketball, and volleyball professional leagues. The statistical sample of this study was 500 spectators from each league that randomly selected from attendant spectators in stadiums. For statistical analysis of data used descriptive and inferential statistics methods includes Pearson correlation coefficient for determining consistency coefficient and criterion validity of questionnaire, Cronbaches'  alpha, explorative and confirmatory factor analysis, Levin, one way Anova, welch, LSD and Tamhane`s tests by SPSS and Amos soft wares. Result showed 8 factors that affecting on spectators attendance and these factors indicated. 75% of variance. These factors were facility, information- attractiveness, performance- antiquity, timing- informing, interaction- escape and excitement. Internal consistency of final edition research questionnaire was .89. Result of hypotheses showed that all of 3 football, basketball and volleyball spectators groups have significant differences in mentioned factors except facility and timing- informing factors. Result of this research displayed that mean of factors affecting football basketball and volleyball spectators` attendance are different among them and also in priority of them. 

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In the case of football it could be argued that the purpose of teams is to win the competitions in which they participated. However, the assessment of  football teams from the efficiency aspect would be relevant in judging whether the results have been obtained without waste. The purpose of this research is to compare  and  analysis of league ranking with  Potential and efficiency ranking. The chosen sample is football teams who played in 2009-2010 season of  Iranian  pro league and the method of calculating the efficiency will be  output- oriented version of  Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In this research, performance, potential and efficiency of each team respectively considered as, The points and ranks achieved by each team in league. The points and ranks achievable  by each team and the ratio of points achieved to points achievable by each team. The main conclusion is that the ranking of teams based on performance, potential and efficiency is not the same. performance evaluation system of league that based on sporting results, don’t represent the efficiency of teams. Therefore, it seems, that performance of teams evaluated based on efficiency and with respect to their potentials is needed.

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Today, the brand's customer loyalty is key to business success, Many companies try to increase loyalty among customers to expand their brand. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the loyalty of purchase decision makers of the clubs and football players to sports apparel brand in the eleventh round of the Premier football League. Methodology of this research was surveying and population of this research formed as sports apparel purchase decision makers in the Premier League football clubs of Iran(the director and deputy director of the club, and the head coach and team coaches N=90). The study sample included 60 individuals purchasing decision makers in clubs and 263 people of Premier League football players of Iran. Questionnaire data collection tool for brand loyalty was Wong Foong and yahyah (2008) with reliability of (&alpha=0.82). The results showed that the factors of the product quality, model and brand of sports was more effective than other factors in loyalty of sport apparel brand in the Premier League football clubs of Iran. Therefore, sports apparel industry planners should try to modify models to increase brand loyalty and other factors affecting brand loyalty to expand their brand through customers. They provide basis increasing rate of customers loyalty and thus provide the long-term interests of their business.

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A significant portion of research exploring pre-performance routines in sport has focused on the behavioral and temporal characteristics of the routines. This study aimed to investigate the role of behavioral and temporal consistency in those pre-performance routines. The duration and dominant behavioral patterns exhibited before each free throw (N = 1025) were observed during a total of 60 Iranian Super League games. An intra-individual standardized score was calculated for duration of shots as consistency index for temporal pattern of pre-shot routine durations. Each player’s (N = 30) dominant behavioral pre-shot routines and success free throws percentage rate were identified, then each shot was classified as “routines followed” or “routines not followed”. Results revealed that players were more successful when they followed their dominant behavioral routines (64.66% success rate) than when they deviated from their specific behavioral routines (55.17% success rate). There was no significant correlation between the consistency index and free throws success percentage in observed shots. The results suggest that players in Iranian Basketball Super League solely benefit from behavioral patterns of pre-shot routines in implementation of free throws. Moreover it seems that consistency in temporal pattern of shots duration is of less importance in successful shots

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The aim of this study was to identify and compare the key indicators of Olympic education in selected countries to make suggested strategies for Iran. This research was a study in the library that performed through qualitative content analysis. The purposive sample was six countries included Australia, Canada, China, Russia, Greece and Iran. Data collected via websites, contact with Olympic education centers in selected countries and the check lists which were based on the studies. The content analysis method was used for analysis of data. The findings of this study showed that Iran has taken steps although all indicators, but its status is weaker than other studied countries. Constant contact with the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Sciences as well as making a study center and Olympic education website by the National Olympic Academy is the suggestions of this research.

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Today, the brand's customer loyalty is key to business success, many companies
try to increase loyalty among customers to expand their brand. The aim of this
study was to identify factors influencing the loyalty of purchase decision makers
of the clubs and football players to sports apparel brand in the eleventh round of
the Premier League. Methodology of this research was surveying and population
of this research formed as sports apparel purchase decision makers in the
Premier League football clubs of Iran(the director and deputy director of the club,
and the head coach and team coaches N=90)and the players who participated in
the eleventh round of Premier League football (463= N).The study sample
included 60 individuals purchasing decision makers in clubs and 263 people of
Premier League football players of Iran. Questionnaire data collection tool for
brand loyalty was Wong Foong and yahyah (2008) with reliability of (α=0.82).
Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by masters of sport
marketing and confirmed by sport management. To analyse data Kolmogorov
Smirnov test, ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeated measures, a
comparison Bunfrony test and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05
was conducted with spss19 software were used. The results showed that the
factors of the product quality, model and brand of sports was more effective than
other factors in loyaltyofsportsapparel brand and factors of service quality and
price perspective, No significant difference between group of purchasing decision
makers and players in the Premier League football clubs of Iran were found.
Therefore, program managers sports apparel industry planners should try to
create or modify models to increase brand loyalty and products quality and using
innovative strategies of develop and promote service quality and pricing to
expand their brand through customers. Moreover provide basis increasing rate of
customers loyalty and thus provide the long-term interests of their business

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The essence of science is to build comprehensives model rather than scattered
data, because the data in form of modeles can be discovered, explained and
interpreted. The lack of reliable models in sport, and in particular, sport for all,
encouraged the researcher to achieve a model for sport for all in Iran.The aim of
the present study is to propose a model to measure and analyze the sport for all
in Iran. For this purpose, a 66 questions questionnaire was used based on model
of sport for all in Iran.The samples were selected among the Iranian sport
administrates using stratified random sampling method. 320 questionnaires were
collected.The Chi-square value of the model, RMSEM and goodness of fit index
(GFI) was 385.76, 0.082 and 0.95, respectively. The adjusted goodness of fit
index (AGFI) for the degrees of freedom was equal to 0.94. These values indicate
a good fitting of the model.
This model is a simplified representation of the sport for all which shows the basic
constructs of sport for all in Iran.The process of sport for all in Iran can be
analyzed by using the present model. It is also possible to find a new classification
in sport for all.

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The purpose of this research was the explanting effective factors model in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran. The research method was mixed method in type of exploratory. The statistical population in part of factors recognition was composed of all specialists in sport for all and institutionalization and in part of design and testing of model, statistical population was composed of all managers and experts responsible for sport for all that research sample was selected with census method. (306 person) Measurement tool was a questionnaire compiled by the researcher which its validity was investigated by study of theoretical basis and surveys of 10 professors and experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0/91 was calculated. The research results revealed the research model have four dimensions include individual, group, organizational and environmental with 28 factors. The proportionality indices of research model were at an acceptable level, that is, research model had a good proportionality and factor structure of it was acceptable. Finally, results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed the most important dimension in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran was organizational dimension (0/93, t = 7/34) and afterwards were group (0/82, t = 7/46), environmental (0/70, t = 6/34) and individual dimension (0/65, t = 7/31). The most important factor in organizational dimension was human resources (0/67, t = 6/91), in group dimension was the reference groups (0/65, t = 7/37), in environmental dimension was the economic, cultural and geographical environment (0/59, t = 6/08, 6/04, 6/05) and finally, in individual dimension, belief and attitude (0/75, t = 9/78) was most important factor.