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The purpose of this study was the comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers. This was a cross-sectional study design including all female teachers in Hamadan (N =923). The sample was determined using Morgan’s Table (n=230) people were selected using stratified sampling (108 athletes and 122 non-athletes) .Data collection measure was a 40 – item questionnaire with five response options (Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability= 0.86). The barriers to sport participation were measured in the three following areas: constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) and six subscales:  1) socio-cultural, 2) financial economics,3) human resources specialist, 4) attitudes of family, 5) equipment and facilities, and 6) advertising and the media were investigated. Dependent variable was the lack of participation in sport activities. Each of the six factors was considered as independent variables. SPSS software was used to run the analysis. To analyze the data one –sample T-test andFriedman test were used.  Results indicated that lack of athletic participation of female teachers was related to economic, social and cultural factors as well as to the attitude of the family. Barriers of sport participation in three domains among athletes and non athletes female teachers were same and respectively 1-structural 2-inter personal 3-intra personal. It seems that it is not possible to extend the Crawford pyramid model to all those people and different conditions in which they live. This prioritization will be different due to the social, economic and cultural societies. Consider to the results of this study, we indicated that in Iran the structural and infrastructural barriers in sport community is necessary and removing the structural barriers in the promotion of sport culture and public health can be a useful step in participation in leisure and recreational activities. 

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The purpose of current study was to consider a course of doing psychological skills training (PST) program on chosen mental skills and the performance of teenager female taekwondo athletes with mean age 16 years of Iranian national team in 2009. The current study is in tentative type and pre and post test design with control group. To do this 22 people (female) among invited people to the camp of taekwondo national team in teenager level for participation in Asian competition of Kish were randomized and then were separated into two groups of control (10) and experimental(12). Then both of them completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaires in pre-test stage, so that to be evaluated from the view of mental skills and making check list for performance evaluation. According to gained results of questionnaires in pre-test stage and based on subjects weakness in skills of reaction to stress, fear controlling and concentration, an exercise package of purposing, goal setting, relaxation and imagery was used as PST program. After 4 months PST program of both groups was performed. Collected data was considered by independent statistical t-test. The results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between control and experimental groups in skills of reaction to stress and concentration after doing a course of PST program (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between these two groups in skill of fear controlling (P > 0.05). At last the results showed that there is a significant difference between control and experimental groups in performance after doing a course of PST program (P < 0.05). 

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the five personality dimensions and burnout in female aerobics coaches of Esfahan. This was a correlation research performed using survey method. The statistical population included all 400 female aerobics coaches of Esfahan. The sample volume size was estimated 160 using Cochran formula. For more security, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed among the population using simple random sampling method 157 of which were filled out completely and were used in statistical analysis. The two questionnaires of "Maslach Burnout Inventory", and McCrae and Costa's "NEO Five Personality Inventory" were applied for data measurement. Results indicated a negative significant correlation between burnout with extroversion (r = -0.21), conscientiousness (r = -0.20), agreeableness (r = -0.18), and openness (r = -0.33) and a positive significant correlation with neuroticism (r = 0.17). Therefore, coaches with extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness personality traits are less likely to become burnout against stressful job factors and those with neuroticism are at a higher risk to be affected by job burnout.

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When an athlete experiences a failure or a success naturally think about its reason(s) and actually search the responsible for the situation. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive - correlational study was surveying attribution and motivation styles of elite and sub-elite female athletes in individual sports. The statistical population was female athletes in swimming, badminton, karate, taekwondo, table tennis and archery sport teams from which 120 samples selected availably. Data collected with the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and Sport Motivation Scale (SMS).Data was collected and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient test at a significance level of 0.05.  The results showed that elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution style was different significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Also, there were not significant differences between amotivation levels of elite and sub-elite athletes (P ≥ 0.05). Results indicated that there were no relationship between elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution and motivation styles (P ≥ 0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution styles and motivation levels, (except amotivation) and not significant relationship between attribution styles and motivation levels in this two women group participating in individual sport.

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The participation of spectators– including both men and women- in sport stadiums and their profitability is one of the new experiences in the world of sports . A significant proportion of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans are women; so, providing conditions for women's loyalty to these teams can help in some decisions on fans management.One of the reasons for  loyalty of fans may be the team's quality. In this study, attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans was predicted by quality of teams. For this purpose, 395 cases were randomly selected from female students who were the fans of Esteghlal and Persepolis teams from 20 universities in Tehran using Morgan table. They completed Zhang's quality of team questionnaire (1997) and Mahoney’s fans psychological commitment questionnaire (2000). The results indicated significant and direct relationship between team’s quality and fans attitudinal loyalty (r = 0.449, p <0.01). Also, quality of team explained about 20% of change in fans’ attitudinal loyalty (  According to results, attitudinal loyal of fans was impressed by the quality of team. Then, employing famous players and coaches, providing attractive games, and things like that, female fans may be more loyal.