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Many of the social interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of sports, exercise and physical activity (Jowett & Cockerill, 2002). One of the special relationship, is the relationship between athletes and coach, which in the case of duration and intensity is similar to conventional and unique relationship between leaders and followers. In such environments, a key component in determining the effectiveness of leadership is the existence of trust in the leader by the follower (Zhang, 2004). Therefore the primary proposes of this study were to a)examine the relationship between athlete’s trust in the coach and athletic performance and b) identification the portion of antecedences and consequences of trust in the coach to promote athletic performance. Based on the literature on trust, a theoretical model was proposed. In this model perceived characteristics (i.e., ability, benevolence, justice and integrity) and perceived behaviors (i.e., reactive and natural) of the coach were posited as the antecedences of trust in the coach. The athlete’s propensity to trust, which reflects the athlete’s general tendency to rely on others words and behaviors, and reputation which reflects the athlete’s acceptability of the coach were posited to moderate the relationship of antecedences with athlete’s trust in the coach. High level athletes and national champions (N=142) of three technical sport (i.e., Gymnastics, Diving and Vusho) were included the statistical society. The instrument of research was a questionnaire’s package which was comprised of four separate questionnaires. Two structural equation models involving (a) antecedents of an Athlete’s trust in the coach and (b) consequences of an athlete’s trust in the coach were tested employing structural equation modeling technique. Results showed that athlete’s trust in the coach can be predicted by antecedences (i.e., coach’s characteristics and behaviors) of trust in the coach. Athlete’s propensity to trust was found to moderate the relations of perceived coach’s characteristics on athlete’s trust in the coach. Athlete’s commitment and cooperate with the coach and athlete’s risk taking behavior as the consequences of athlete’s trust in the coach could be posited as the provident in perceived performance and finally athlete’s trust in the coach has a indirect relationship with perceived performance through commitment and cooperation with the coach. No significant relationship was observed between trust and its consequences with the actual performance of athletes.

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The objective of this study was to survey the relationship among coaching behavior, achievement motivation and team players performance of Iranian Handball pro-league. In this regard the coaching behavior questionnaire (CBQ) of Martin and Barens (1999) and sport attitude inspection questioners of  Willis (SAI) (1980) was used for survey of achievement motivation. Reliability of research tools after a fundamental survey by using Cronbach's alpha test (Questionnaire of Coaching Behavior, &alpha=0.74 and Sport Attitude Questionnaire, &alpha=0.74) was obtained. Statistical population of this study comprised of present players in Men Handball Pro-league in 1389-90.considering 14 players for each team, 168 players were chosen as a sample population. For the analyzes of the data descriptive statistic (average, standard deviation, tables and displays) and inferential statistic (Cronbach's alpha, for the test of inter homogeneity of questionnaire, confirmatory factor analyses for assessment of tools validity for gathering data, structural equation modeling in order to test the suggested approaches as well as test of theories) were used. The results revealed that there is meaningful relationship between positive reaction and achievement motivation among players. Also findings showed that there was a negative and meaningful relationship between negative reaction and achievement motivation. No meaningful relation was observed between positive, negative and natural behavior of coaching with team performance. Results showed there was a meaningful relation between natural behavior and achievement motivation. Also the relation between achievement motivation and team performance turn out to be meaningful. So due to research findings, programming seems to be important for coaching acknowledgements toward the effectiveness of team performanc

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among servant leadership, team effectiveness, and team performance of the Iranian men's volleyball pro-league teams. Descriptive co-relational used as a research design. The statistical sample included players (n=173) and assistant coaches (n=66) from 15 teams. The data collected were gathered using two instruments: (a) The Organizational Leadership Assessment for Sports Teams that adjusted by researcher from The Organizational Leadership Assessment (Laub, 1999), (b) Team Excellence Survey (Larson & LaFasto, 1989). By conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), all agent factors of two instruments were identified. Pearson, and Spearman correlation, t-test, simple, and multiple regressions were used for data analyzing. The results showed that players' perceptions of servant leadership were moderate and assistant coaches' perceptions of servant leadership were excellent. There was a statistically significant and positive correlation among servant leadership, team effectiveness, and team performance. In addition, servant leadership was a significant predictor for team effectiveness and team performance. The results of this study supported the application of servant leadership in professional sports.

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In the case of football it could be argued that the purpose of teams is to win the competitions in which they participated. However, the assessment of  football teams from the efficiency aspect would be relevant in judging whether the results have been obtained without waste. The purpose of this research is to compare  and  analysis of league ranking with  Potential and efficiency ranking. The chosen sample is football teams who played in 2009-2010 season of  Iranian  pro league and the method of calculating the efficiency will be  output- oriented version of  Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In this research, performance, potential and efficiency of each team respectively considered as, The points and ranks achieved by each team in league. The points and ranks achievable  by each team and the ratio of points achieved to points achievable by each team. The main conclusion is that the ranking of teams based on performance, potential and efficiency is not the same. performance evaluation system of league that based on sporting results, don’t represent the efficiency of teams. Therefore, it seems, that performance of teams evaluated based on efficiency and with respect to their potentials is needed.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational learning capability and organizational performance in sport and youth offices of Iran's Northern provinces. Statistical population included of all managers, deputies and experts of the sport and youth offices in Iran's Northern provinces (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan) and managers and deputies from five selected cities in the year 1391 (N=108). Due to the limited population, the statistical sample was considered as a whole (n=108). For this purpose, organizational learning capability (Gomez, 2005) and organizational performance (Brown, 2001) questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed at a significant level (p&le0.05) using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, frequency distribution tables) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and conformity factor analysis). Research results indicated that the systematic perspective subscale acquired the highest average in comparison with other organizational learning capabilities (&mu=3.35). Also, there was a significant correlation between organizational learning and organizational performance (p&le0.05, r=0.621). With regard to the linear relationship among variables and the assumption of errors independence from each other, predictor variables (organizational learning capabilities) revealed 37% changes in the rate of organizational performance. Also, while confirming the model parameters, it can be said that the presented model is appropriate and experimental data are coincided enough well with this model. Totally, according to the findings of this research, it is recommended that the different levels of managers make enough efforts to perceive the importance of organizational learning and how to establish these capabilities among the staff.

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The present study aims to find a suitable method for the performance evaluation of physical education offices of Iranian universities. The method used is of descriptive-analytical with field-gathered data. Were used The population was comprised of all the academic sports scholars including university lecturers, the physical education headquarters evaluators, and the managers of physical education offices of universities, out of sample 25 were purposefully selected on level of education and job experience basis using Delphi theoretical framework. In terms of the 17 experts who fully completed questionnaires were used in data analysis. The Res tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validities were approved by a group of lecturers and their validities by Chronbach’s Alpha coefficient(&alpha=78%). Following two steps of Delphi implementation, the scholars came to an agreement(W=0.703)putting a number of 13 elements with 61 criteria in the four main perspectives of Balanced Score Card(BSC).Subsequently, each criterion’s coefficient was measured using factor analysis. The Criteria of Government Resources Acquirement, Executive Plans for Customer Participation, Management and Planning, and Growth enjoyed higher coefficients in Financial, Customer, Internal Processes, and Growth and Learning Perspectives, respectively. The proposed BSC can be a powerful tool for the evaluation and formulation of physical education offices of universities strategies available to the managers of such offices.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between conflict management styles and performance of national sport federations heads. The statistical population of this investigation included presidents and vice- presidents of national sport federations. (According to 52 federations, they were 150 people) that all of them considered as the survey samples. According to the aims of survey standard questionnaire of conflict management styles (Putnam & Wilson) and Achieve (Hersey and Goldsmith) were used. Reliability of questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach Alpha that the coefficients for these instruments were r=0/82 & r=0/84. The data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that federations’ heads prefer to use collaboration and compromising styles first and then avoidance, accommodation and domination. In the case of performance, seven factors of achieve model in order were found as ability, clarity, validity, environment, evaluation, organizational support and incentive. There was a significant positive relation between performance and collaboration style and also significant negative relation between performance and domination & compromising, but there was not any relation between performance and avoidance accommodation styles.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivational climate and athletes' satisfaction. Population included all the adult players participating in futsal premier league of Tehran (N= 196) 153 people were selected by simple random sampling. Perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire (PMCSQ) with 21 questions and athletes' satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ) with 14 questions were used as a data. The validity of Questionnaires confirmed by 6 specialists. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaires in a guide study was estimated respectively 0/82 and 0/89. Data were analyzed by using the ANOVA with repeated measures, Bonferroni post hoc test, depended t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient at p&le 0/05. The results showed that motivational mastery climate have higher average than motivational mastery climate. Also, there were significant differences between four aspects of the athletes' satisfaction, and players were more satisfied with coach treatment in comparison to other aspects. The results of Bonfferoni post hoc tests showed that the team performance satisfaction was significantly less than other satisfaction aspects. In addition, there was a positive and meaningful relationship between motivational mastery climate of the team with team performance satisfaction, individual performance satisfaction, coach treatment satisfaction, and coach training and instruction satisfaction. Meanwhile, there was a positive and meaningful relationship between motivational performance climate of the team and individual performance satisfaction. Therefore, the coaches can supply players' satisfaction through creating motivational mastery climate.

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of managerial
changes on the performance of football clubs in Iranian premier league. The
statistical population of present study contains all clubs which participated in 12
seasons of Iranian football clubs premier league from 2001 to 2013. The whole
data was extracted from the archive of premier league organization and Foolad
Mobarakeh Sepahan sport club. Improvement or degradation of football clubs in
each season compared to the previous season based on managerial changes or
stability has been investigated. The data was analyzed with one way ANOVA with
Gabriel post hoc test, and independent sample t test in significant lower than 0.05.
Results revealed that managerial stability had significant effect on improvement of
the performance, and successive changes of executive managers had significant
impact on degradation of performance. Results showed that managerial changes
caused a 2.48 decline in their rank on the league schedule, and managerial
stability caused a 1.00 improvement in their rank on the league schedule.
Generally analysis of results supported the hypothesis that managerial stability
provides enough time for implementation and realization of long term and short
term goals and final improvement on clubs performance.

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The aim of this study was to examine the impact of social capital and intellectual capital on organizational performance. The research is descriptive and correlational. The study population consisted of 150 office workers Youth and Sports Kermanshah province is Of which 110 samples were selected in the first half of 1395. The research tools using standard questionnaires, social capital (Putnam, 2000), intellectual capital Bontis (2004) and organizational performance questionnaire Baharestan et al (1391), respectively. In this study, face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by 10 experts in sports management.In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient Amos software to various factors questionnaire, respectively, 77/0, 87 /. , 80/0, respectively. The. For data analysis and structural equation modeling software was used Amos. The analysis results showed that Social capital variables intellectual capital, organizational performance and intellectual capital have a significant positive impact on organizational performance. The results of the study showed that Intellectual investment in social capital influence on organizational performance, the role of the moderator is capable of.

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One of the recent research challenges in the field of attentional focus instructions, are the study of its effects on the performance of elite athletes in continuous tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different attentional focus instructions on performance of agility in elite futsal players. Participants included 12 elite futsal players (mean age 23.91±1.56) that were selected from the first league of Division Qom via convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to perform the agility L run test under three attentional focus  instructions (the internal, external and control) in three trials. Rrepeated measure Analysis of Variance and paired t test were used for analysis of data. The results showed a significant effects of the type of attentional focus  instructions on  test execution time. Analyses showed that performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal focus conditions. Also, the result demonstrated that there is no significant difference between internal focus of attention and control conditions, and also between external focus of attention and control condition. The results of this study provide evidence that in skilled athletes, executing the continuous tasks improve through verbal instructions that conduct focus of attention externally.
 

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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention in skilled performance in real conditions, using a mixed-method study. Fourteen expert judo player participated in the study. The stimulated recall was used in the qualitative phase of the study to explore athletes’ attention in real competitive conditions. In the quantitative portion of the study, number and percentages of foci in preparation phase, execution phase, and total (preparation +execution) were associated with performance movement time. Our results indicated that while attention during execution phase was not associated with performance time, attention in the preparation phase was associated with better performance time. specifically, less attentional cues with higher percentages of focus on the opponent resulted in more quick performances. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that focus on opponent during preparation phase is associated with superior technique execution during real competitions.

 

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Coaching is a dynamic and multidimensional process that involves the interaction between the coach, the athlete, the environment and the task, in order to enhance the athlete's performance. Based on the evidence, the coaching method can affect the behavioral aspects of the athlete. In this study, the effectiveness of student-based and coach-based coaching styles on sport self-efficacy and athletic performance of female gymnasts was studied. The research method was quasi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test design was used. The statistical population was female semi-professional gymnasts aged 11-14 in Tehran. The sampling method is one-stage cluster and the research sample was 40 female gymnasts. Variable assessment tools included Sport Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and a researcher-made sports performance Checklist. After the pre-test, the groups performed the athlete- based and coach- based exercises protocol separately for two months and two days a week in one-and-a-half-hour sessions. Covariance analysis was used to test the hypothese. Findings in the post-test stage showed that sport self-efficacy (P <0.001) and athletic performance (P <0.001) of female gymnasts in the student-based group were significantly higher than the coach-based group. It is concluded that student-based exercises style is more effective in increasing Gymnasts' sports self-efficacy and athletic performance compared to coach-based, and coaches are suggested to pay special attention to student-centered exercises in the training program for semi-professional gymnasts.

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The present study aims to investigate the variables of social networks in different positions in basketball. These variables were applied in two levels of analysis: micro (individual) and macro (global interaction of the team). 24 official Chemidoor Club competitions in the 2020 men's Iranian Premier League were selected by available sampling. This research analyzed the network properties of Degree, Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, and Density centrality across teams and positions. The one-way ANOVA for the factor position in the micro-level found statistical differences between the game positions in the dependent variables of  Dc: (F(4,15)= 61/29, p= 0/000), Bc: (F(4,15)= 210/11, p= 0/000), Cc: (F(4,15)= 78/55, p= 0/000). However, no significant difference was observed in the Eig: (F (4, 15) = 1/58, p= 0/184). Results of post hoc test indices were significantly different between position 1 (point guard) and other positions.  Macro-level team density analysis showed a significant difference between performance results in successful and unsuccessful. The guard player role was observed as the situation that establishes the most interactions with teammates during the competition. Therefore, players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. The other players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. These results may be used as a tool for coaching to improve their teams’ strategies in concrete, measurable ways.