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The purpose of this study was the comparison of the required time and repetition for the acquisition of simple and complex timed motor sequenced task (TMST) among various practical conditions and determination of suitable practical methods with respect to individual characteristics. One hundred and fourteen university students, with the age range of 19-25 years old, were divided in 4 groups  according to Raven Intelligence test, Achievement Motivation Test, Reaction time and Purdue pegboard, and based on the first, second and third quadrants. Then they were randomly placed in one of the two groups of simple and complex TMST and also in one of the practical conditions of the interaction of the organization of practice (random, blocked, constant), and practical distribution (massed, distributed). The subjects trained 6 days under their specific practical condition of simple or complex TMST, in a way they reached to the acquisition criterion (accuracy %75, timing %25, stability %15) in a practical training block. The number of repetitions and passage of time before this criterion block were considered as the minimum required time and repetition for acquisition of TMST. The data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance, independent t-test and Xi - 2 test (=&alpha0.1). The results showed individuals with different characteristics have acquired simple TMST in blocked and  massed condition (except group ) in average within 30 repetitions and 1347 minutes, and complex TMST in random and distributed condition (except group ) in 25 repetitions and 1228 minutes. In addition, the findings showed that the principles of practical programming is affected by both the complexity level of task and individual characteristics. At last, it seems there is a need of more studies on the combination effect of the environment, individual and task on the acquisition fine motor skills. 

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between organizational excellence and organizational commitment (OC) in physical education (P.E.) general offices of Iran's selected provinces. Validity of the questionnaires was verified by the experts and their reliability also calculated in a pilot study (&alpha=0.928 and &alpha=0.83 respectively for EFQM and Allen, Meyer & Smith's OC questionnaires). 437 questionnaires distributed among the Physical Education general offices staff (ten provinces selected by classified random method) 337 questionnaires included in statistical analysis. A positive significant relationship was observed between organizational excellence and commitment (r= 0.546, p= 0.001). A positive relationship was observed between organizational excellence and each of the organizational commitment sub-scales (affective, continuance and normative) (p<0.01). Affective commitment had strongest correlation (r=0.551, p=0.001) and the continuance commitment had the weakest (r=0.309, p=0.001). Also, there was strong significant relationship between stockholders and the results of organizational excellence model (r=0.864, p=0.001). According to results suggest those directors who are going to implement the EFQM excellence model in their organizations, pay attention to their staff’s organizational commitment.

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The present study examined the relationship between coach's leadership styles and group cohesion in the individual and group teams participating in the 10^th sport domestic universiade of male students. 321 out of 1906  students selected as sample of this study. Athletes completed two instruments in this study Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS, Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ, Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985). The LSS contains 40 items that measures five dimensions of leadership styles and The GEQ with 18 items assess the two dimensions group cohesion. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability of LSS (r=0.85) and GEQ (r=0.72). Data were analyzed with one-sample kolmogrov-Smirnov, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonfferoni post hoc test,Pearson Correlation coefficient, and T-test(for independent groups), significance level of P&le0.05. Results showed coaches exhibited higher in training and instruction and lower in autocratic style among both interactive group teams and co-acting teams. Finally, there are no significant differences in task and social levels of interactive group teams and co-acting teams. Results showed coach’s styles of training and instruction, democratic, social support and positive feedback were all positively correlated to group cohesion and autocratic style negatively correlated to group cohesion.

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The purpose of this study was ranking the psycho-motor, cognitive, and affective needs of elementary, junior-high, and high school student. For this purpose, 385 P.E. specialists, 1370 Femalephysical educators, 1509 Femalestudents, and 1385 student mothers from capital cities of 25 provinces in the country, participated in this study. Twelve physical-motor needs, 15 sport-skill needs, 13 cognitive needs, and 12 psychosocial needs were selected. Only five important needs were ranked between all the needs related to them by samples (from 1, highest priority, to 5, lowest priority). The questionnaire was made of three stages of designing instrumentation and pilot study, and with internal consistency of 0.71-0.97. The entire hypothesis was compared with Cruskall-Wallis test in level of P< 0.05. The results of this study indicated that, many of the educational needs among male and female students in elementary, junior- high and high schools were significantly different. The priority of these needs was similar between P.E. specialists and physical educators, and also between students and their parents. On the other hand there was a significant difference between the priority of psychomotor needs, in comparison to cognitive and affective needs. However, there was no significant difference between the priority of cognitive and affective needs of students in schools. Needs for teaching simple and basic skills health and good appearance also had high priority among elementary students. Needs for teaching fitness exercises sports health and good appearance also had priority among junior-high and high school students. Considering curriculum models, a combined point of views of all groups concord coefficient and the most important and priority of every group of students can be used for P.E. curriculum. These models could also be refined with other models, such as Delphi technique.

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Perfectionism and mood states are psychological constructs which according to the results of recent studies, have substantial role in sport performance. The purpose of this research was to determine and compare therelationship between sport perfectionism and mood states inteam and idiviual sports athletes. The Research method used is descriptive with a correlative approach. Based on random sampling, 70 athletes in individual fields and 70 in team fields have selected from national super league. for data collection, two questionnaires of sport perfectionism, Dunn,et al (2006) and Brums, Terry et.al (2003) were used and for data analysis took Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and Z Fischer. The results indicated that in team and individual fields, there was a positively significant relationship between concern over mistakes as a negative aspect of perfectionism and scores obtained on negative mood before competition, while such relationship was negative for vigor. There was no significant relationship between perfectionism of athletes of team and individual but depression and fatigueof team athletes significantly was better than individual athletes. Finally the results of Z Fischer test showed no significant difference between perfectionism correlation coefficients and mood states before competition in team and individual athletes. Negative performance via negative reaction mechanism regarding to error and mistake causes negative mood while positive perfectionism due to motivational effects results in improving positive mood.

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This study examines the relationship pattern of the motivational climate,satisfaction of the psychological needs and self-determined motivation in youth male athletes based on the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000). A sample of 255 athletes ranging from 12-14 years of age from varity of team sports completed the Motivational climate in youth sport, behavioral regulations toward sport, and the basic needs in sport scale. Pearson correlation, Confirmed factor analysis, Structural Equation Modeling analyses were used to examine the research hypotheses. The results revealed mastery oriented climate have a direct, positive influence on relatedness, competence, and autonomy.Competence and relatedness influenced self-determination, positively. Relatedness, competence, and autonomy had mediatory role in affecting mastery climate on self-determination. The results indicated that mastery motivational climate is an important motivational variable in youth male athletes which can influence self-determination by affectingpsychological needs.

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The purpose of this study is survey of existing and desirable status in Iran’s entrepreneurial in sport from the view point of sport experts. This study is descriptive­_ analytic one and was conducted as a survey and statistical sample consisted of 64 subjects including: physical education organization top managers and sport management professors. Data collected by interviews and research designed questionnaire. Its reliability (&alpha=.96) is obtained after its validity confirmation (by professors).  Information was collected by Kolmogorov- smirnov, Chi square, Friedman and dependent T tests. Research findings showed that there is a significant difference between existing and desirable statues entrepreneurship strengths in sport (t=11.469, p&le.001), weaknesses (t=-11.554, p&le.001), opportunities (t=-14.073, p&le.001) and threats (t=-11.231, p&le.001).SWOT analysis showed that entrepreneurial place in sport of Iran was placed in peaceful position. In conclusion, it can be said that WT strategies should be applied with attention to the existing status of entrepreneurship in the field of entrepreneurship in sport.

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The aim of this study was to examine therelationship perceived autonomy-supportive behaviors of coaches onself-determined motivation and sport commitment of elitefemale players inHandball league. The research desing was a descriptive-correlational.For this pourpose statistical society of this research incloud 237 female players were selected equal to sample society. Perceived autonomy- supportive behaviors of coaches, self-determined motivation and sport commitment were assessed using the perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings(PASSES), Sport Motivation Scale (SMS( and Sport Commitment Model Scale) scms) respectively. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires was measured and modified.Data were analyzed using multiple regression and Structural Equation Models (SEM) in significance level of P<0/05. The finding showed autonomy-supportive behaviors had significant positive correlation with intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation and indentified regulation. However, autonomy-supportive negative correlation amotivation.In addition, intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation and indentified regulation had significant positive correlation with sport commitment players.Multiple regression showed autonomy-supportive coaches was predictor factor for the intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and sport commitment players.path analysis results offered support for the proposed model. Total mediation was supported in the case of intrinsic motivation, introjected regulation and indentified regulation in the relationship between autonomy-supportive coaches and sport commitment players. The findings underline the importance of perceived autonomy-supportive coaches in motivation and sport commitment players. The results provide support Self-determination Theory in elite players

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The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the number of practice trials in determining the degree of task complexity. Sixty subjects according to the types of tasks (A-B) and receiving feedback (100%, omitted, self-control) were randomly divided into six groups.All of the subjects practiced 100 trials tasks in each day on first two days. Retention tests were performed during the second and third day and reacquisition tests were performed on the third day. Using ANOVA with repeated measures showed found that,all of the subjects improved across practice trials on both days but this improvement in B task was significantly better than A task on the second day. Subjects were significantly better in the second retention and reacquisition tests compare with first one’s, in addition subjects that practiced B task were better than those that practiced A task in the second retention test (p<0.05). Results indicate that A task was more complex than B task, and the optimal practice trials is required to understanding which task is complex.

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The purpose of this paper was to briefly discuss origins of the Iranian sport clubs and ancient sports. Apparently, ancient sports, from the very beginning, have been dramatically under the influence of social, religious, and ethical factors. For instance, such sports are influenced by the principles of Mithraism and Zoroastrianism be for the emergence of Islam. There are also some manifestation of Islamic social  behaviors such as Sufism, theologism , Islamic genensity , and Shiite principles in ancients sports. Such manifestation are physically evident in the sportment’s dressing  styles the place of exercise, and speech. They are also evident in their daily performances such as getting up early and keeping chastity.

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the motives of sport commitment model of continuous participation in the martial art of taekwondo.Method: This study used survey & cross-sectional method. The data is gathered from 135 participants at taekwondo sport city of Yazd.The collection instrument of data was sporting commitment measure revised. Results: Results from the empirical test of the model conducted with taekwondo athletes participating in a sport program showed that the questionnaire items formed reliable scales upper than 0.75. Pearson correlation test demonstrated that predictor variables sport enjoyment, personal investments, social consteriants and involvement opportunities were related to sport commitment of taekwondo as hypothesized. The stepwise regression analysis findings revealed that sport enjoyment in the first place and personal investments in the second place were the dominant predictors of commitment for this sample. Together, these two model components accounted for 56/8 of the sport commitment variance. Conclusion: The results obtained the recognition of sport's commitment scale performance incentives associated with participation in regular exercise has been shown taekwondo.

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This research aims to determination effect of changing coach on team’s performance in the Iran’s Football Pro-League during season. The method applied in this research is causal-comparative. The participants in this research were all the 54 teams in Iran’s pro league during three seasons (2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11) and 30 teams which changed coaches were chosen as a sample. Variance analysis results showed that changing coach had no effect on team’s performance in none of 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20 games before and after changing coach (p<0.05). Changing coach in short term had a few effect, and had no effect in long term on team performance (p<0.05). It seems that changing coach is not the only option to improve team’s performance. Other elements like player’s motivation, on time salary reception, rewards, player’s quality, referee’s quality and etc. can affect team’s performance.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-control feedback on the learningof generalized motor program and parameters during physical and observational practice. Participants (n=90) were randomly assigned to physical and observational practice (self-control, yoked and instructor KR) groups. They practiced a sequential timing task. The task required participants to press four keys (2, 6, 8, and 4).They performed 72 trials during the acquisition phase and 12 in retention and transfer phase. The analyses demonstrated that during the acquisition phase, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control and instructor groups. During the retention and transfer phase, relative timing errors were lower for the self-control groups and instructor groups. This might explain self-control feedback and physical practice develop the generalized motor program but not parameter learning and support the theoretical separation of GMP and parameter processes.

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The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different training environments, type of skills and interactions on open and closed skills. The statistical  population was all students living in dormitories of Tehran University in the 88-89  academic year. The sample was 60 people selected based on convenience sampling methods among students who had no experience in badminton skills (Long Service and clear). Based on pre-test subjects were matched in six groups of ten persons (noncompetitive, competitive, and combined). All of six groups performed a practice in defined medium for 10 sessions and each session were performed 40 times. The long-service tests were used to measure open badminton skill and clear test was performed to measure closed skill. Test scores of subjects were computed based on the mean of ten hits score. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the mean and standard deviations and to test research hypothesis, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and independent t-test were utilized. The result of ANOVA showed that exercise in each of the training environment increased acquisition and retention of each skill, but the levels are different (p<0.05). Also, Factorial ANOVA showed that the skills and environments does not have meaningful effects on acquisition and retention of skills while each skill interacts significantly with the training environment (p<0.05). In addition, exercising each of the skills in the same environments had different levels of acquisition and retention.

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The purpose of this research was to determine the relation between principals' transactional and transformational leadership styles and the motivational needs of physical education teachers based on Douglas McGregor's X & Y theory. According to X theorical supposing human is interest to work and responsible and this is in her essence. This person is self control and self motivation. Whereas in according to Y theorical, human is comfort-seeking person and he can work only with duress(compulsion), directly control and fear of punishment. All of the physical education teachers in the West Azarbaijan province were the statistical society for this research (N=640) and 241 teachers were selected randomly as sample. After verifying the validity of the Bass & Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) as well as Alan Chapman's motivational needs Questionnaire by the experts, their reliability were calculated in a pilot study (&alpha=0.940 and &alpha=0.906 respectively for leadership and motivation questionnaires). Data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, ANOVA and repeated measure tests. The results showed positive significant correlation between transformational (r=0.538, sig=0.001) and transactional (r=0.445, sig=0.001) leadership styles with McGregor's theory Y assumptions (p> 0.01). There was no significant negative correlation between laissez- faire leadership style and theory Y assumptions (r=-0.080, sig=0.216). There was a significant difference between preferences of principals' leadership styles (p> 0.01). Thus, transformational style (2.345±0.852) was in first and the transactional (1.928±0.713) and laissez- faire (1.251±0.972) styles were in next preferences. From physical education teachers' perspective, the existing status in this province's schools was equivalent with theory X assumptions. It can be concluded that, transformational principals have more desire and belief to theory Y assumptions and these principals having Y-type attitude to employees, will have more ability to motivating them.

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The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between organizational culture with knowledge management effectiveness and organizational effectiveness among selected sport organizations of Iran. For this purpose, 169 administrators and 209 experts have been selected using random sampling. The study scales consisted of Denison’s Organizational Culture Questionnaire (2007), Gold’s Knowledge Management Effectiveness Questionnaire (2001) and Chin’s Organizational Effectiveness Questionnaire (2004). To determine the face and content validity were used from panel of experts, construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability (alpha cronbach. Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to determine causal relationships and present of model. Results showed that organizational culture has a significant positive direct effective on KM effectiveness (P= 0/66). KM effectiveness has a significant positive direct effective on organizational effectiveness (P= 0/41) and organizational culture has a significant positive direct effective on organizational effectiveness (P=0/55) and finally organizational culture has a significant indirect effect on organizational effectiveness (P=0/31).

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The main purpose of the present study was to determining the relationship between organizational culture and organizational entrepreneurship in physical education head quarters of Tehran province, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The study population was the experts and heads of physical education headquarters of Tehran province. Statistical sample set of entire the experts and heads of physical education head quarters of Tehran province (n=102). In order to collect information demographic questionnaires, Denison organizational culture Questionnaire (=&alpha0/955) organizational entrepreneurship Questionnaire (=&alpha0/953) were used. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and in order to normality of data a Kolmogorov- Simonov and to determine the relationship a Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Data analysis results showed that there is a significant relationship between the organizational culture and organizational entrepreneurship (r=0/331, p<0/05). Also organizational culture has a positive and significant relationship (p<0.05) with indices of organizational entrepreneurship: structure(r=0.333), strategy (r=0.43), management patronage (r=0.271) and persuasion-encouragement system(r=0.256), but there is not relationship between organizational culture and construction and information system (p>0/05).

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It is widely recognized that the performance measurement of organizations should help them in their strategic decisions and in their capacity to evaluate their successes. This study uses the Competing Value Framework )CVF) for measurement the organizational effectiveness of four federations of basketball, handball, taekwondow and Weight lifting. Those federations were selected according to a goal oriented and non casual method that all of sport federation stakeholders (professional employee, president, and vice-president, secretary, coaches, national athletes and referees) selected as a sample (N=236) and 167 people participated in research (70 0/0). Self-management OE questionnaire in sport conducted according to survey of literature and using exploratory factor analysis in study showed the 62 questions that evaluate four quadrant and eight sub factors of human relations model (Flexibility, Resources) Internal process model (organizational interaction, Stability) open systems model(worked force cohesion, worked force expert) and rational-goal model (Planning, Productivity), according the CVF.  Result showed that between four quadrants of effectiveness in sport federations, rational goal model (Planning, Productivity) has a most important quadrant. Descriptive result of eight factor of effectiveness in CVF showed that factors of flexibility, planning, organizational interaction and human resource cohesion basketball, in factor of resource, productivity and human resource expert the tekvandow and in a stability factor Weight lifting has a good state in comparison of other federations.

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Nowadays the subject of competitive balance in sport events is getting huge attention in world economic science. CB in sport means what team will win in a competition. In this research the status of CB in Iran’s football pro league is studied. It’s obvious that if Football league in terms of economic is supposed to be dynamic and alive in economic area, they must follow a suitable of CB. Data gathering from Iran’s football league organization for 1380-1388 and using economic indices include, (C5ICB) and (HICB), CB was estimated. Results showed that CB has been passing through an improvement road. Indices decline shows unpredictability of matches results. Also Iran’s football league had the worst CB in 1383 and the best one in 1386. According to results it’s recommended that there should be suitable alternatives for retaining CB status in football league like setting special regulation for player's transportation so football industry could take advantage from revenue making and attracting sponsors.

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The purpose of this study was the comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers. This was a cross-sectional study design including all female teachers in Hamadan (N =923). The sample was determined using Morgan’s Table (n=230) people were selected using stratified sampling (108 athletes and 122 non-athletes) .Data collection measure was a 40 – item questionnaire with five response options (Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability= 0.86). The barriers to sport participation were measured in the three following areas: constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) and six subscales:  1) socio-cultural, 2) financial economics,3) human resources specialist, 4) attitudes of family, 5) equipment and facilities, and 6) advertising and the media were investigated. Dependent variable was the lack of participation in sport activities. Each of the six factors was considered as independent variables. SPSS software was used to run the analysis. To analyze the data one –sample T-test andFriedman test were used.  Results indicated that lack of athletic participation of female teachers was related to economic, social and cultural factors as well as to the attitude of the family. Barriers of sport participation in three domains among athletes and non athletes female teachers were same and respectively 1-structural 2-inter personal 3-intra personal. It seems that it is not possible to extend the Crawford pyramid model to all those people and different conditions in which they live. This prioritization will be different due to the social, economic and cultural societies. Consider to the results of this study, we indicated that in Iran the structural and infrastructural barriers in sport community is necessary and removing the structural barriers in the promotion of sport culture and public health can be a useful step in participation in leisure and recreational activities.