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Aim : This study aimed to identify sustainable revenue generation dimensions
Methods: The current research was conducted to identify sustainable income generation strategies for selected sports federations (Karate, Judo, Taekwondo Federations). The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory analytical in terms of method, and based on the type of operations used, this research is of a mixed type. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management, managers of selected federations, and opinionated managers, who were investigated based on previous experiences using a purposeful sampling method with a snowball approach until the saturation point, in the number of 15 people. In the Delphi phase, the components and sub-components of the research were determined. Then the extracted factors were stratified using Q modeling. Data analysis was done by factor analysis method using SPSS_25 software.
Results: The findings showed that the most important revenue-generating factors of the selected federations include the provision of non-sports products used by athletes by the federation, sponsors of athletes, income from the World Federation for the development of basic sports, income from participating in world competitions, annual contributions from the World Federation, incomes from coaching classes, tuition fees for membership in basic teams, annual contributions from the Ministry of Sports, and incomes from participating in world competitions.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that economic activities under the supervision of the federation to provide the products and services needed by athletes and to develop sources of income outside the federation should be included in the agenda of the federations.
 

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Aim: The aim of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of linear and non-linear pedagogy on locomotor motor skills Performance and movement motivation in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Method: The statistical population was all children with developmental coordination disorder in Urmia. The statistical sample consisted of 30 boys (age = 9.35 ± 1.37) who were selected from Urmia schools using the available method. MABC-2 test was used to diagnose developmental coordination disorder, TGMD- test was used to evaluate locomotor skills, and motor motivation test was used to evaluate movement motivation. To carry out this study, the participants practiced two 50-minute sessions of motor skills interventions in two linear methods (15 people) and task manipulation (15 people) for eight weeks. Variables were measured before and after the interventions.
Result: The results of covariance analysis showed that non-linear training compared to linear training significantly improved both in movement skills (p=0.04) and motor motivation (p=0.000) than the linear group.
Conclusion: According to these results, non-linear methods considering the individual characteristics of each child are helpful for helping children with movement disorders. Considering the unique characteristics of each child helps to improve motor skills and to have enough motivation to continue the activity. Therefore, the use of non-linear methods is suggested for children with developmental coordination disorder.
 

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Introduction and Aim: Physical literacy is a topic that has attracted the Aim:This study identified and explained the factors affecting the dynamics of sports businesses in the post-corona era based on the structural interpretation model.
 Method:‌The method of data analysis was divided into three stages. First, in the fuzzy Delphi method, with the opinion of twenty-six relevant experts, the most important factors affecting the dynamics of businesses were confirmed. Then Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to classify components and create a hierarchical model. Mick Mac analysis was also used to determine how the factors were interrelated.
Result: This study identified 14 strategies related to the dynamics of sports businesses in Iran. The model that was developed has five levels. Also, Mick Mac analysis showed that there were five independent variables, two dependent variables and seven link variables.
Conclusion: This study shows that the development of dynamic capabilities in sports organizations requires legal revision and improvement of governance performance. In addition, sports organizations must use digital technology, employee empowerment and comprehensive collaboration between different bodies to advance their capabilities.
 

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Aim: Mountain sports destinations have great attractions for tourists due to their special natural and physical characteristics, and one of the ways to contribute to sustainable development in these areas is the development of responsible tourism. The aim of the present study was to develop a responsible tourism development model in mountain-based sports destinations.
Methods: The research method was qualitative, of a grounded theory type, and the tool used was semi-structured interviews. The research population consisted of experts in the field of mountain sports tourism, and the sampling method was purposeful. The validity of the interviews was confirmed by experts, and reliability was established using the method of agreement between two coders (80%). The findings from 19 interviews were analyzed through coding and model presentation using MAXQDA 2020 software.
Result: The findings showed that causal conditions included a lack of smooth pathways and guide signs, tourist culture and local community, privatization, and security. Contextual conditions included neglect of carrying capacity, inadequate accommodation infrastructure, and poor transportation. Intervening conditions included price instability, lack of waste management, and rational policymaking. Strategies included hosting sports events, training specialized personnel, increasing interactions, and community-based planning. Consequences included regional economic development, adhering to sustainable development principles, and preserving cultural and natural heritage.
Conclusion: It is suggested that sports events at mountainous tourist destinations be held and planned with a focus on responsible tourism, including community-based training and employment of local personnel.

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Previous research has indicated the effectiveness of parent-based and instructor-based interventions on children with developmental coordination disorder, but investigation of these two approaches in mentally retarded children has not been considered until. The purpose of this study was to compare the parent-based and instructor-based educational approach on motor proficiency and cognitive development of children aged 7 to 10 years with educable mentally retarded. 40 children with educable mental retardation in Jahrom city were selected by available sampling method and were divided into two experimental groups of parent-based (7.7±1.80) and instructor-based (8.10±0.91). In pre-test, participants performed a cognitive development test (my brain cognitive intervention software). After, all participants were tested motor proficiency (Bruininks Ozertsky) in school environment. The intervention for instructor-based group was done individually by the teacher in school and for the parent-based group, the intervention was done by parents at home. The intervention was performed for both experimental groups for 6 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that instructor-based exercises compared to parent-based exercises can improve motor proficiency, cognitive development (P≤0.05). Parent-based exercises can as well improve fine skills (P≤0.05).
 

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The aim of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and muscle pattern sonification on balance elderlies. eleve  healthy elderly mean age 66/09± 2/26 yr were selected voluntarily. The study inclusion criteria included no structural postural problems, lack of lower extremity fractures over the past six months, no uncorrected visual impairments, no vestibular disorders, and no use of nerve medications, narcotics, alcohol, and any substance leading to dizziness or lack of focus and affecting balance
 Participants were asked to stand still on a stable platform under two conditions (with sonification of muscle activity pattern and without feedback) in three difficulty levels (6, 8, and 10). Stability index scores (Overall, Anterior- Posterior and Medial- Lateral) were calculated by Biodex Balance System.  The duration of each test was 20 seconds and rest times were 10 seconds. Results showed that with increasing task difficulty, scores of  overall balance ,Medial- Lateral balance  and Anterior- Posterior balance. In addition, There was a significant reduction in the scores of Overall balance (p= 0/005), anterior - posterior balance (p= 0/002) and medial - lateral balance (p= 0/022) and sonification of muscle activity pattern condition compared with without sonification of muscle activity pattern condition in the level of 6. Overall, the results of this study showed that increasing task difficulty increases postural sway, and the availability of sonification of muscle activity pattern can improve balance and reduce postural sway.
Keywords: Electrical activity, Stability index, Biofeedback , Task Difficulty

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Abstract
Introduction : The present study aims to analyze research articles from the past decade in the field of attentional focus among children and adolescents using a scientometric approach.
Methods: This descriptive and review-based study utilized a specific search strategy in the Web of Science (WoS) citation database. A total of 29 relevant articles on attentional focus published between 2013 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using HistCite and VOSviewer software.
Resultss: The findings revealed that the main research topics included motor performance, motor learning, and motor control, with a predominant emphasis on external focus of attention. Moreover, research attention toward adolescents was found to be lower compared to children. The most active journals in this field were Human Movement Science and Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Prominent authors such as Wulf, Abdollahipour, and Pesta received the highest number of scientific citations. In terms of international collaboration, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were leading, with the U.S. showing strong connections with Iran and the Czech Republic, playing a key role in scientific networks.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the role of attentional focus instructions in motor learning and performance particularly in children and adolescents is an emerging and evolving area. However, attentional instructions in these age groups, who possess developing cognitive characteristics, have been understudied so far. This analysis emphasizes that enhancing international collaboration and focusing on existing research gaps can pave the way for future investigations.
Keywords: Sports performance, children and adolescents, cognitive development, attentional strategies, scientometric study

Abstract
Introduction : The present study aims to analyze research articles from the past decade in the field of attentional focus among children and adolescents using a scientometric approach.
Methods: This descriptive and review-based study utilized a specific search strategy in the Web of Science (WoS) citation database. A total of 29 relevant articles on attentional focus published between 2013 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using HistCite and VOSviewer software.
Resultss: The findings revealed that the main research topics included motor performance, motor learning, and motor control, with a predominant emphasis on external focus of attention. Moreover, research attention toward adolescents was found to be lower compared to children. The most active journals in this field were Human Movement Science and Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Prominent authors such as Wulf, Abdollahipour, and Pesta received the highest number of scientific citations. In terms of international collaboration, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were leading, with the U.S. showing strong connections with Iran and the Czech Republic, playing a key role in scientific networks.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the role of attentional focus instructions in motor learning and performance particularly in children and adolescents is an emerging and evolving area. However, attentional instructions in these age groups, who possess developing cognitive characteristics, have been understudied so far. This analysis emphasizes that enhancing international collaboration and focusing on existing research gaps can pave the way for future investigations.
Keywords: Sports performance, children and adolescents, cognitive development, attentional strategies, scientometric study

 

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Background and aim: Stereotypical beliefs are embedded in the cultural fabric of societies. With the expansion of knowledge and communication media, their prevalence is expected to decline. Assessing the extent to which these beliefs are held—particularly among younger generations—can provide a clearer understanding of cultural change. This study aimed to examine age-related stereotypes among young Iranian adults and explore their attitudes toward older adults’ physical, sports, and cognitive activities. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 young university students, and thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes. Based on the qualitative findings, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 252 undergraduate and graduate students. The reliability and validity of the instrument were evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that young adults’ attitudes toward aging could be categorized into three main dimensions: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. Perceptions of appropriate activities for older adults encompassed four themes: low-to-moderate intensity physical activities, sports participation considering physical limitations, light-to-moderate cognitive activities, and viewing aging as an opportunity for enjoyment and active engagement. Quantitative results indicated that the questionnaire items were well-fitted to the data and demonstrated acceptable reliability (ɑ= .73-.82). Conclusion: Young Iranian adults perceive older adults as having physical and cognitive limitations, suggesting that their activities should be relatively easy and moderate. Additionally, older adults are seen as occasionally irritable yet inclined to advise and share experiences. Aging is also perceived as a period suitable for rest, leisure, and engagement in light artistic or social activities. These stereotype-based beliefs may stem from societal views of older adults as less competent in structured occupational or social roles. 

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the type of goal setting and self-recording on acquisition and self-regulation learning of basketball free throw. Seventy middle school student boys were selected for available and randomly allocated to 6 experimental groups and one control group. A factor ANOVA with a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) was conducted to analyze the self-efficacy and performance data in acquisition and retention tests. The results showed that the goal-setting with the self-recording group has a higher self-efficacy and performance than the goal-setting without self-recording and the control groups in acquisition and retention test of basketball free throw. This research showed that a variety of goals can begin to combine and cause positive results in performance and learning. Self-recording is important for performance and self-efficacy and can be easily taught and used during physical education sessions.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention in skilled performance in real conditions, using a mixed-method study. Fourteen expert judo player participated in the study. The stimulated recall was used in the qualitative phase of the study to explore athletes’ attention in real competitive conditions. In the quantitative portion of the study, number and percentages of foci in preparation phase, execution phase, and total (preparation +execution) were associated with performance movement time. Our results indicated that while attention during execution phase was not associated with performance time, attention in the preparation phase was associated with better performance time. specifically, less attentional cues with higher percentages of focus on the opponent resulted in more quick performances. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that focus on opponent during preparation phase is associated with superior technique execution during real competitions.

 

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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity of adolescents with the role of mediation of perceived competence.  The research sample consisted of 386 adolescent boys. Perceived competence was measured using Physical Ability scale of the short form of the Marshall Self-Descriptive Questionnaire (2010). From the pedometer And physical activity questionnaire for older children was used to measure physical activity,  and using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test test for measuring motor competence and a 1600-meter test for cardiovascular fitness test. The results showed a significant correlation between motor competence, perceived competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity. Perceived competence  mediates association between motor competence and physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular fitness test. Finally, the results of the model showed that perceived competence had the most impact on the participation of adolescent physical activity. Also, motor competence has a greater effect on cardiovascular fitness test than perceived competence. According to the results of the research, educational programs should be designed and designed according to the importance of motor competence and perceived competence to improve participation of physical activity and physical fitness of adolescents.
 

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of learning methods analogy  and explicit on the skill of the prediction service in volleyball at the time fatigue. To this purpose, 40 female students , with the range of age 18 to 24 years for the sample sampling and a simple random in four groups: learning to manifest peppy, learning explicit tired, learning analogy  peppy and learning analogy tired were divided. Participants of the group learn the analogy method of simulating skills and group learning explicit from the traditional method to performing the service, hammer, volleyball. To apply the fatigue protocol Lee Owens was used. Also, to predict the extent, accuracy, and speed of execution of the participants of the software super lab was used. Data were analyzed using the test of analysis of variance two-way analysis of was.  The results showed that, the effect of fatigue, the type of practice, and the interactive effect of fatigue - training on the speed prediction in the efforts to correct and the impact of fatigue , the type of training , and the interactive effect of fatigue-training  on the speed prediction in efforts mistake was not significant. But the interactive effect of fatigue - practice the accuracy of prediction in the efforts to correct the (p=0/002), and the effect of the type of exercises in the wrong attempts (P=0/019) was significant. According to the results it can be said that the effect of fatigue on the accuracy of prediction depends on the type of learning (learning analogy) is an adopted person.