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In the present investigation we determined the time course of attention demands during the jumping service in volleyball by the dual-task paradigm. Fourteen voluntary junior elite volleyball players performed 60 jumping serve. Jumping-serve performance (JSP) as primary task and verbal reaction time (RT) to an auditory stimulus that was administered in four probe positions (PP), as secondary task was measured. Repeated measures analyze of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of the PP on JPS, indicates allocating the most attentional weight to the JSP. In second analyze, effect of PP on RT was significant, so that all probes RT were significantly higher than the base line RT, indicates attention demanding of the JSP. Results also showed that pre-shot in run-up (PP1) and after the ball strike (PP4) had the greatest attentional demands respectively while per-jump stepping ahead (PP2) and just pre-striking the ball (PP3) had respectively the lowest needs of attention. The results indicate that attention follows a non-linear pattern, in the JSP.

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The aim of this study was examining the effect of knowledge of results presentation (after successful and unsuccessful trials), on learning and error detection capability in force-produce task. Sixty under graduated students (range age 21.6±4), participated in this study and in order to KR presentation, divided in three groups. One of the groups received KR after successful trials, the other groups after unsuccessful trials. The control groups did not receive any KR. All the participants throughout the trials in the acquisition and retention phases were error estimated. The task was to produce the 70℅ of maximum force of their right hands, by gripping a dynamometer. After data collection, the analysis conducted by using ANOVA repeated measurements for acquisition period, and one way ANOVA for retention test. In acquisition, results showed no significant differences between the first and second groups, on performance and error detection capability of force-produce task (P> 0.05). However in retention (no KR), there was significant differences between two groups (P&le0.05), means that the first group which received KR after successful trials was better than the second group as well as control. This pattern of results suggests that if people receive the KR after successful trials than unsuccessful, the better learning and error detection capability will occur.

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This research aims to determination effect of changing coach on team’s performance in the Iran’s Football Pro-League during season. The method applied in this research is causal-comparative. The participants in this research were all the 54 teams in Iran’s pro league during three seasons (2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11) and 30 teams which changed coaches were chosen as a sample. Variance analysis results showed that changing coach had no effect on team’s performance in none of 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20 games before and after changing coach (p<0.05). Changing coach in short term had a few effect, and had no effect in long term on team performance (p<0.05). It seems that changing coach is not the only option to improve team’s performance. Other elements like player’s motivation, on time salary reception, rewards, player’s quality, referee’s quality and etc. can affect team’s performance.

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Conflict Management is a leadership interpersonal skill. Using proper leadership styles can lead to effective conflict management. This research aims to study the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership in Bass model (1985) with conflict management strategies in Iran futsal pro-leagues coaches. Coaches leadership style and conflict management strategies were measured by MLQ (1996) and OCCI (1991) questionnaires. Statistical population involves 360 players that 197 persons were selected randomly. Above questionnaires were distributed after determination of validity and reliability. In order to data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were employed. In order to determine the relationship between leadership styles and conflict management strategies, pearson correlation coefficient    was used. Results show that there was a significant positive relationship between transformational leadership style and collaborating strategy and there was a negative significant relationship with compromising, avoiding, accommodating and competing (p<0/01). There was a positive significant relationship between transactional leadership style with collaborating, compromising and competing strategies (p<0/01), negative significant relationship with avoiding (p<0/01) and accommodating (p<0/05) strategies. There was a negative significant relationship between laissez-fair leadership with collaborating and competing strategies (p<0/05), a positive significant relationship between laissez-fair leadership with avoiding and accommodating (p<0/01), and non significant relationship with compromising.  According to this fact that collaborating strategy is sign of effective strategies, avoiding and competing are signs of noneffective strategies and compromising and accommodating strategies show combined use of conflict it was infered that coaches transformational and transactional leadership have positive relationship with effective conflict management at this case the relationship with transformational style was stronger.

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The purpose of this study was comparing the current status of intramural program Iranian universities with ten years ago. In this study, the status of Intramural Program of Iranian Universities in three fields (educational, recreational, championship sport) regarding the number of implemented programs and participants in intramural program and active sports were compared. For investigation of status of intramural program in Iranian universities a researche-made questionnaire with acceptable face validity and (0.81 Cronbach alpha coefficients) reliability, was used. The statistical population included all Iranian universities and the statistical sample included 49 of total 60 universities covered by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology which was randomly selected. The research design was comparative. The result of present study comparison with those in ten years ago (Tondnevis, 1998). Inference statistical methods (Wilcoxon test for variable middle comparison) in level of (p&le 0/05) was used as statistical method. The Findings indicated that there was not significant difference (p>0/05) between number of educational programs and recreational program in the last ten years, while significant difference (p&le0/05) was found in the number of teams participating in championship sport, Also there was not significant difference (p>0/05) between number of participants in educational programs, but the difference between number of participants in recreational programs was significant(p&le0/05). The result revealed significant difference between numbers of active sports in universities intramural.  In conclusion the status of intramural sport program  in Iranian universities has been improved regarding ten year ago.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty on future intention of participations in fitness and aerobic centers of Rasht Township. The design of this study was correlational. The population of study includes all costumers of aerobic and fitness centers in Rasht that have one year attendance in this clubs. So, According to Morgan sampling tables and populations of the customers in this clubs that were 150 people, 108 samples elected randomly. To gather data, standard questionnaire of service quality (QSS) Alexandris (1999), customer loyalty (AIS) Alen (1990), customer satisfaction (OCS) Victor (2002) and behavioral future intention (BFIS) Bery (1996) was used(8). Results indicated that there was a positive and significant relation between service qualities with loyalty (r=0/395), satisfaction and behavioral future intention(r=0/486, P&le0/.5). Also there was positive and significant relation between loyalty with satisfaction(r=0/286) and behavioral future intention(r=0/524) and finally customer satisfaction had positive and significant relation with behavioral future intention(r=0/505, P&le0/.5). Regression test showed that only customer satisfaction (t=4/745) and loyalty (t=3/185) can predict behavioral future intention and service quality was mediator variable (P&le0/.5). According to the results, it should be considered that fitness and aerobic club managers should play an important role in customer satisfaction by providing more tangible services to attracting loyal customers.

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The primary aim of the present article is to analyze the efficiency of religious orientation in predicting flow experience of physical education students based on demographic variables. Also, the role of demographic variables was taken into account as the secondary aim of the study. 200 physical education students of the University of Isfahan were chosen randomly. They answered Religious Orientation Scale (Alport & Ross, 1987) as well as Flow Experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 1982). Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyze the data and the structural analysis software was used to check the efficiency of the model. The results indicated that the intrinsic religious orientation model was positive predictor of the flow experience while the extrinsic religious orientation model was negative predictor of the flow experience. Also, the role of demographic variables indicated that the relationship between age and education with flow experience is positive and significant. In addition, it was revealed that the religious orientation model with the presence of demographic variables has the necessary efficiency in order to predict flow experience. All in all, the results of the present study confirmed that the intrinsic religious orientation is efficient in predicting flow experience. 

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The aim of this study was to rank and analyze the barriers to implementing strategies in the sports system. For this purpose Analytical Hierarchy Process was used. Participants in this study compromised experts and scholars who were familiar with the strategic management in the formulation or implementation of the strategies involved in the sport (n =21). in order to provide couples with the scale AHP and confirm its validity by 6 experts. The weighting and ranking of barriers were identified by the Expert Choice software. Expert Choice software output analysis showed that the barriers to transition strategies with weighted (307/0) is the most important components in advancing the sport implementation strategies. Results also showed that at level 3 hierarchical tree, the lack of meritocracy in sports management (weight 284/0), the most important part of the infrastructure, the lack of attention to executive function of strategic plans in formulation stage (Idealist program) (weight 228/0), The main obstacle to the formulation of strategies, the commitment and belief of the few managers to implement strategies (weight 32/0), the main obstacle to the implementation of transition strategies neglect strategies in implementation in allocation of budget funds (weight 229/0),  The main obstacle is the strategies implementation stage. The findings of this study can be a source of solutions for strategic programs formulators and performers in the sports organizations.

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In this investigation the authors presented an attentional demand explanation for the choking under pressure occurred in sport skills. For this porpouse, attentional demands in tennis serve performance was compared under low and high pressure conditions by using dual task paradigm. Twenty tennis players served as participants and performed sixty serves as primary task in low and high (competition) conditions. Secondary task was to respond an auditory stimuli that presented during tennis serve in four probe positions. The results showed that on one hand, the pressure condition deteriorated tennis serves performance and on the other hand, it caused an increment in level of attentional resources and changeed pattern of attentinal demands. The results indicated that skillful athletes allocated more attention to their performance and more focusing to some positions of the skill under pressure condition compared to normal condition. It suggested that such attention demands changes can cause choking in sport. The results provide objective and stronge support for the predictions of self-focus theories proposed for choking in sports.

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 In this article, has been tried identifying and prioritizing Effective factors on recruiting volunteers in sport for all in Islamic Republic of Iran. The method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical populations were the managers of sport for all federation, experts of administration of physical education and faculty members. The researcher-made questionnaire consist of 25 variable was used to collecting the data that its validity and reliability was confirmed by factor analyzed method (IFA & CFA). Freidman test (p ≤ 0.05) was elected to hypothesis testing. Twenty one variables were selected and classified into five categories “volunteers committee, marketing, informing, general advertising and personal advertising”. A five-point Likert scale was used to determine items significance. The results showed that the most important variable was “informing by teachers about the importance of sport for all and volunteerism (4.32±0.80; mean±SD)” and the least important variable was “sending massage to people’s mail box (3.76±0.93)”. So, managers should find potential volunteer resources and recruit them to complete their human resources by informing, advertising and marketing

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Visual context is the context that exists in front of eye field which changes as player moves anyway and forms the new visual context. The favorite locations are the zone that players practice many times over the practice  time. The players performs the best own performance from that. The aim of this study was to evaluate the visual context as one of the reasons making the especial skills in favorite location of experienced players. 8 elite basketball players were men with at least 8 years of experience of basketball. They were asked to throw 210 jump shots from 7 different locations in the 3 set and 21 blocks. The middle location is the favorite one. The throws are performed with the players' own pace and there is 2 minute rest between sets. All throws return to players with the same way. Separate linear regression for each of the players has been calculated at seven different angles. Then, these data are separately used to calculate the predicted values ​​in the favorite location of each player. The actual performance of the players at different angles was compared with the predicted values​​ by independent t test. The results showed that there was significant difference between the predicted and actual performance of the players in the favorite angles (p<0.05). The findings show that the performance of the elite players in their favorite spots is dependent on the angle of vision especially at favorite locations. It seems that elite players over the years to practices at the certain point acquire some visual benefits that led to the specific performance in their favorite locations

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the factor analysis and internal consistency of
a Persian version of the Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory (P-ARDI).
Fernandez et al. (2006) developed this instrument based on the push, pull, antipush,
and anti-pull point of view. We required 243 Iranian elite competitive athletes
(mean age = 25.19 years; 81% male) to complete the questionnaire. The factor
structure of the P-ARDI was evaluated by explanatory and confirmatory factor
analysis. The internal consistency was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. According
to the results, four-factor solution principal component analysis accounted for
65.02% of the variance of the final 36-item version of the P-ARDI. The Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient for the aforementioned factors was found to be greater than 0.7.
In sum, the results suggest that the retirement decision process was found to be
much more complex and multidimensional.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of skill level on variability of
intra limb coordination and control variables in top spin strike. The 16 participants
of this study were divided into two groups of Skilled and Novice. The Skilled group
was consisted of players who ranked as 8 top in national ranking at their age stage
and the Novice group was consisted of players who recently learned the top spin
skill. They performed 10 top spin strikes with emphasis on speed and accuracy.
Movement kinematics were recorded and analyzed. There was a difference
between these two groups in variability of intra limb coordination (p<0.05) and the
Skilled group performed more consistent. However, there was not any differences
between these two groups in movement control variables (all p>0.05). This study
showed that the skilled performers have more consistency in their movement
patterns, while it could be no difference with novice performers in control variables
as cause of task constraints.

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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the level of anxiety experienced by Iranian football referees, and to predict the level of referees’ competitive anxiety according to their self-consciousness and coping styles. One hundred thirteen male football referees voluntarily completed a demographic questionnaire, Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS; Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975), and referring-modified versions of the Sports Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) and the Coping Style Inventory for Athletes (CSIA; Anshel & Kaissidis, 1997). Results indicated that the referees tolerated low levels of anxiety in a contest (14.19 ± 3.54). It has revealed that in the face of a stressful event, strategies of avoidance rather than approach are usually used by the referees. The results showed that avoidance coping style and private, public, and social self-consciousness are significantly correlated with the referees’ competitive anxiety. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the best predictors of referees’ anxiety were private self-consciousness and avoidance coping style that together accounted for 25% of the explained variance. Results indicate that the competitive anxiety of referees may affect by their self-conscious and coping styles in competitive settings.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected psychological interventions on reducing the competitive State anxiety of athletes of Kermanshah .Current study was semi- experimental with pre-test and post-test and random replacement.90 people were selected by accessible sampling in two experimental and control groups. The educational package was performed through 12 ninety-minutes sessions on the experimental group. Information collecting tool was Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. statistical analysis was descriptive statistics and analysis of mancova whit using SPSS 22 program.Covariance showed that psychological interventions has reduced competitive State anxiety of experimental group athletes(p<0/000,cognitive state anxiety f=195/353 ,p<0/000,somatic state anxiety f=31/940 ,p<0/000,self steem f=128/740). In all, performance of psychological interventions is effective on reducing competitive state anxiety in athletes.

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The purpose of this research was to formulate and prioritize Foolad Mahan club strategies based on a comprehensive strategy model. The method of This study was applied- descriptive and because of the limited statistical population with size 76, the population census was used. Survey instruments were library studies, open and closed questionnaires with qualitative interviews and strategic meetings. Required data were obtained by comparative studies, examination of the existing documents, upstream laws and regulations, previous programs club and feedback from stakeholders and experts. 5 strengths, 6 weaknesses,6 opportunities and 4 threats were resulted from the strategic council meetings club. Also the results for Internal factors and external factors were 23/2 and 62/2 consequently. So, the club was placed in the position of conservative strategies. Finally, by all strategies in table SWOT, 11 strategies were formulated which placed in matrix QSPM. It was clear that the most important club strategies were development revenue and income sources club, development of club branches as well as capacity development, and optimal use of the cooperation of national and provincial institutions.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and initial validation of a measure for assessing the athletes perceptions of coaches’ behaviors that promote fairplay behaviors. A three-step procedure was undertaken to develop the questionnaire. In the initial step, the literature review provided theoretical and empirical perspectives on how youth sport coaches can influence athletes’ fairplay behaviors. In step 2, a pool of 191 items worded and content validity was assessed. In the final step, 252 teenage male athletes (age range 14-19; mean age =15.88±1.34 years) who were participating in a variety of team sports (i.e., volleyball, basketball, soccer, futsal) completed a revised 164-item questionnaire. Principal components analyses further reduced the number of items to 30 and suggested a four-factor structure (i.e., modeling, instruction, pressure, and dialogue dimensions). The results revealed that the final 30-item version of the Coaching Fairplay Behaviors Inventory possesses a good psychometric basis with adequate internal consistency and which explain 57.80% of the total variance. Collectively, this study provides a new valid and reliable instrument for assessing the specific mechanisms by which coaches promote fairplay behaviors among teenagers, although more investigations are needed to validate this tool.

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Volunteer Movement and deliver services to society is phenomenons of  coeval universe.The aim of this research work was to present a pattern for Iran`s sports volunteer absorbance management information system requirement analysis. This investigation was of descriptive-analytic sort and in regard for practical goal, it was type of (UML) methodology and it used object-oriented design model (RUP). The questionnaire implements were prepared.The statistic-population consisted:All youth and sports ministry deputies, directors of all staffs All presidents, vice presidents and professors of Iran`s sports federations.Census method was opted for sampling. Validity of the survey was confirmed by sports management professors and software science professors. Reliability of questionaire was obtained by Brown-Spearman 87/ split-half experiment and Cronbach`s alpha ratio calculation 72/.Findings showed: sports volunteer absorbance management information system requirement was presented which contained: human resource, planning, registration and acceptance, introduction, financial and support, education and advocating, reward and retrain. Iran`s candidate stakeholders were identified and eventually requirement analysis pattern was presented. Identification of information needs is the basis of voluntary information system management, because if the knowledge of the system is not well done, effective interaction between the volunteers and the information system management will not come about. For this reason, the basis for the analysis of the requirements of the information management system of sports volunteers is the identification of information needs.

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In this correlational study, physical activity of girls’ has been predicted using ecological approach. For this purpose, 374 girls aged 10-12 years selected and completed Self-report questionnaire and physical activity children with reminders 7 days (PAQ-C), Perceived physical competence questionnaire (PPFS), Perceived School Climate Questionnaire for physical activity (Am & et al,2005) and Social Support Questionnaire (Grier and et al, 2008). The BMI index and Lincoln Oseretsky Motor Skills Test was calculated for all subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed Children's fitness, physical competence, perceived climate of the physical environment and social support of  friends and family (social environment) are significant predictors for amount of children's  physical activity (P <0.5). In this regard, based on effect coefficients it would be say that Fitness (10%), physical competence (15%), Motor Skills (12%), physical environment (23%) and social environment (24%) can predict children's physical activity. According to results, it would be suggested using the well- known ecological variables to predict children's activities.

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