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Many of the social interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of sports, exercise and physical activity (Jowett & Cockerill, 2002). One of the special relationship, is the relationship between athletes and coach, which in the case of duration and intensity is similar to conventional and unique relationship between leaders and followers. In such environments, a key component in determining the effectiveness of leadership is the existence of trust in the leader by the follower (Zhang, 2004). Therefore the primary proposes of this study were to a)examine the relationship between athlete’s trust in the coach and athletic performance and b) identification the portion of antecedences and consequences of trust in the coach to promote athletic performance. Based on the literature on trust, a theoretical model was proposed. In this model perceived characteristics (i.e., ability, benevolence, justice and integrity) and perceived behaviors (i.e., reactive and natural) of the coach were posited as the antecedences of trust in the coach. The athlete’s propensity to trust, which reflects the athlete’s general tendency to rely on others words and behaviors, and reputation which reflects the athlete’s acceptability of the coach were posited to moderate the relationship of antecedences with athlete’s trust in the coach. High level athletes and national champions (N=142) of three technical sport (i.e., Gymnastics, Diving and Vusho) were included the statistical society. The instrument of research was a questionnaire’s package which was comprised of four separate questionnaires. Two structural equation models involving (a) antecedents of an Athlete’s trust in the coach and (b) consequences of an athlete’s trust in the coach were tested employing structural equation modeling technique. Results showed that athlete’s trust in the coach can be predicted by antecedences (i.e., coach’s characteristics and behaviors) of trust in the coach. Athlete’s propensity to trust was found to moderate the relations of perceived coach’s characteristics on athlete’s trust in the coach. Athlete’s commitment and cooperate with the coach and athlete’s risk taking behavior as the consequences of athlete’s trust in the coach could be posited as the provident in perceived performance and finally athlete’s trust in the coach has a indirect relationship with perceived performance through commitment and cooperation with the coach. No significant relationship was observed between trust and its consequences with the actual performance of athletes.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of skill level on variability of
intra limb coordination and control variables in top spin strike. The 16 participants
of this study were divided into two groups of Skilled and Novice. The Skilled group
was consisted of players who ranked as 8 top in national ranking at their age stage
and the Novice group was consisted of players who recently learned the top spin
skill. They performed 10 top spin strikes with emphasis on speed and accuracy.
Movement kinematics were recorded and analyzed. There was a difference
between these two groups in variability of intra limb coordination (p<0.05) and the
Skilled group performed more consistent. However, there was not any differences
between these two groups in movement control variables (all p>0.05). This study
showed that the skilled performers have more consistency in their movement
patterns, while it could be no difference with novice performers in control variables
as cause of task constraints.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of motor and cognitive dual-task training on dynamic balance of elderly women. For this purpose, 27 old women (aged 60 -82 years) from the old people center of Birjand city were selected randomly and divided into 3 groupd based on their TUG scores. The groups comprised of cognitive dual-task training, motor dual-task training and control. Two experimental groups received their specific interventions for 4 weeks, 3 times a week and 45-min each session. The motor and cognitive dual-task groups performed some motor or cognitive tasks respectively, concurrent with the balance training. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA (3*2) with repeated measures were used. It was found that both motor and cognitive dual-task training methods had significant improvement in dynamic balance of elderly women (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between these two methods (p>0/05). Therefore, dual-task balance training, either motor or cognitive methods can improve the allocation of the attention into the concurrent tasks and consequently improve balance and decrease the rate of falling in old women.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate predictions of challenge point theory (guadagnoli and lee, 2004) through comparing two group of challenging and nonchallenging games in developing manipulative fundamental movement skills. Thirty 4 to 6 years old child were selected from one of the kindergartens of Tehran and were grouped according to pretest scores. The games were used were designed for developing manipulative skills in both groups, however the task difficulty of these games was increased in challenging group while in nonchallenging group it was kept constant. The intervention was 8 weeks, 2 session for each week and 42 minutes for each session. Children's manipulative skills were assessed using Test of Gross Motor Development – second version in the beginning and the end of the intervention. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed  that improvement groups in total score of manipulative skills and all subscales exept that catching wasn't significant. In total, if the challenge point theories predictions on developing of manipulative skills of healthy children failed to be proved but better improvement of challenging group in catching shows that this method is more effective in developing complex skills.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of negative news about the attitude of fans towards the players and Persepolis football team. The statistical population of the study was all students of Persepolis football team in Kurdistan University. A sample of 200 people was selected and simple random sampling method was used for data collection. The research method was semi experimental and factorial design was 2 * 2 * 2. A questionnaire was used to measure identity and attitude towards Persepolis team. The questions from the questionnaire were from previous research questions, and only changes in the scale of the measurements of some of the components were given. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (independent t-test, one way covariance analysis) were used to analyze the data. The research findings showed that unpopular negative news about negative deficiencies led to a more negative attitude toward fans and the Persepolis team. Also, the negative attitude to the Persepolis players and players in high and low identity fans is different in the negative news of the incompetence related and unrelated to sport, but is not the same in the negative immoral news of related and unrelated negative news. The Persepolis club can prevent the development of immoral and incompetence issues by controlling and monitoring the well-known players in the team. By preventing the publication of false and negative news from other news sources, it prevents fans from developing a negative attitude toward the team.

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Augmented feedback is information that guidance performance to direction correct response and has critical role in motor skill learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of knowledge of results, after good and poor trials on learning and error estimation capability in children.32 elementary students (Mean age 10/4, SD ± 0/9) that all novice and no experience in dart skill participated in this research and randomly divided in two groups (good and poor feedback groups). Participants’ in acquisition phase exercise dart skill at 10 blacks (6-trial) and received knowledge of resulting feedback on 3 attempts in each block, also in all their trials on the acquisition and retention had error estimation. Multiplex Analysis of variance test (2*2) with repeated measures, independent t test and Multiple Analysis of variance test used to data analysis (α=0.05). There were significant difference between two groups in performance and error estimation in practice phase (p=0/001). Also, the good feedback group showed learning and error detection capability advantages on a delayed retention test (p=0/001). These results demonstrated that learning and error detection capability are facilitated if feedback is presented after good rather than poor trials.

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Abstract

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