Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)                   JRSM 2024, 14(27): 202-223 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Ghasemian Moghadam H, Sohrabi M. The Effect Of Basic Taekwondo Exercises On Executive Functions Of Children With Learning Disorder. JRSM 2024; 14 (27) :202-223
URL: http://jrsm.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3234-en.html
1- Ph.D, student of motor behavior, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. , h.ghasemian6970@gmail.com
2- Professor, Department of motor Behavior, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract:   (2541 Views)
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of basic taekwondo exercises on the executive functions of children with a learning disorder. For this purpose, 20 boys aged 10 to 12 years with learning disorder in Mashhad were selected and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The exercise group practiced Taekwondo for 12 sessions, each session lasting 50 minutes, repeating three days a week. The control group also engaged in their normal daily activities during this period. Changes in subjects' executive functions were measured before and after the exercise period by the N-back and the Tower of London tests. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that basic taekwondo exercises improve executive functions in the exercise group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (p<0/05). Therefore, based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that basic taekwondo exercises help to improve the executive functions of children with learning disorder by affecting brain areas related to executive functions.
Full-Text [PDF 2160 kb]   (278 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: motor behavior
Received: 2023/07/9 | Accepted: 2024/03/11 | ePublished ahead of print: 2024/03/11 | Published: 2024/08/31

References
1. Zhang X, Fu W, Xue L, Zhao J, Wang Z. Children with mathematical learning difficulties are sluggish in disengaging attention. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:932. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00932]
2. Krause B, Kadosh RC. Can transcranial electrical stimulation improve learning difficulties in atypical brain development? A future possibility for cognitive training. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2013;6:176-94. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S252662 [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S252662]
3. Moll K, Göbel SM, Gooch D, Landerl K, Snowling MJ. Cognitive risk factors for specific learning disorder: Processing speed, temporal processing, and working memory. Journal of learning disabilities. 2016;49(3):272-81. [DOI:10.1177/0022219414547221]
4. Sharfi K, Rosenblum S. Executive functions, time organization and quality of life among adults with learning disabilities. PloS one. 2016;11(12):e0166939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166939 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0166939]
5. Palladino P, Ferrari M. Interference control in working memory: Comparing groups of children with atypical development. Child Neuropsychology. 2013;19(1):37-54. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2011.633505 [DOI:10.1080/09297049.2011.633505]
6. Ghasemian MH, Sohrabi M, Taheri H. The Effect of Selected Perceptual Motor Exercises on Motor Proficiency of Children with Learning Disorder1. 2020.(In Persian) https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=749859
7. Kouhbanani SS, Arabi SM, Zarenezhad S, Khosrorad R. The Effect of Perceptual-motor training on executive functions in children with non-verbal learning disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2020;16:1129. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S252662 [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S252662]
8. Ben-Zeev T, Hirsh T, Weiss I, Gornstein M, Okun E. The effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on spatial learning, visual pattern separation and attention span in adolescents. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2020;14:165. [DOI:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.577390]
9. Fernandes J, Arida RM, Gomez-Pinilla F. Physical exercise as an epigenetic modulator of brain plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017;80:443-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.012]
10. Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, et al. Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits. Frontiers in psychology. 2018;9:509. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509]
11. Bacon P, Lord RN. The impact of physically active learning during the school day on children's physical activity levels, time on task and learning behaviours and academic outcomes. Health Education Research. 2021. [DOI:10.1093/her/cyab020]
12. Daly-Smith AJ, Zwolinsky S, McKenna J, Tomporowski PD, Defeyter MA, Manley A. Systematic review of acute physically active learning and classroom movement breaks on children's physical activity, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour: understanding critical design features. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine. 2018;4(1):e000341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000341 [DOI:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000341]
13. Seljebotn PH, Skage I, Riskedal A, Olsen M, Kvalø SE, Dyrstad SM. Physically active academic lessons and effect on physical activity and aerobic fitness. The Active School study: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine reports. 2019;13:183-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.12.009]
14. Esteban-Cornejo I, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Contreras-Rodriguez O, Verdejo-Roman J, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH, et al. A whole brain volumetric approach in overweight/obese children: Examining the association with different physical fitness components and academic performance. The ActiveBrains project. Neuroimage. 2017;159:346-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.011 [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.011]
15. Lott MA, Jensen CD. Executive control mediates the association between aerobic fitness and emotion regulation in preadolescent children. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2017;42(2):162-73. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw052]
16. Cho S-Y, So W-Y, Roh H-T. The effects of taekwondo training on peripheral neuroplasticity-related growth factors, cerebral blood flow velocity, and cognitive functions in healthy children: A randomized controlled trial. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2017;14(5):454. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph14050454]
17. Lundbye-Jensen J, Skriver K, Nielsen JB, Roig M. Acute exercise improves motor memory consolidation in preadolescent children. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2017;11:182. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00182]
18. Soga K, Kamijo K, Masaki H. Effects of acute exercise on executive function in children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2016;5(1):57-67. doi: [DOI:10.7600/jpfsm.5.57]
19. Neudecker C, Mewes N, Reimers AK, Woll A. Exercise interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review. Journal of attention disorders. 2019;23(4):307-24. [DOI:10.1177/1087054715584053]
20. Ghasemian Moghadam H, Sohrabi M, Taheri H. The Effect of Paaryaad Perceptual-Motor Exercises on Working Memory of Children with Specific Learning Disorder. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2018;5(3):102-14. (Persian) http://childmentalhealth.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-470-1&sid=1&slc_lang=en
21. Lakes KD, Bryars T, Sirisinahal S, Salim N, Arastoo S, Emmerson N, et al. The healthy for life taekwondo pilot study: a preliminary evaluation of effects on executive function and BMI, feasibility, and acceptability. Mental health and physical activity. 2013;6(3):181-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.07.002]
22. Kim YJ, Cha EJ, Kim SM, Kang KD, Han DH. The effects of taekwondo training on brain connectivity and body intelligence. Psychiatry investigation. 2015;12(3):335. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15060904 [DOI:10.5717/jenb.2015.15060904]
23. Kure CE, Rosenfeldt FL, Scholey AB, Pipingas A, Kaye DM, Bergin PJ, et al. Relationships among cognitive function and cerebral blood flow, oxidative stress, and inflammation in older heart failure patients. Journal of cardiac failure. 2016;22(7):5.48-59. [DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.03.006]
24. Huang C-J, Tu H-Y, Hsueh M-C, Chiu Y-H, Huang M-Y, Chou C-C. Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function in Children With and Without Learning Disability: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 2020;37(4):404-22. [DOI:10.1123/apaq.2019-0108]
25. Kumari P, Raj P. Role of Physical Activity in Learning Disability: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Psychology. 2016;2(1).doi:10.4172/2471-2701.1000118 [DOI:10.4172/2471-2701.1000118]
26. Masoudi M, Seghatoleslami A, Saghebjoo M. The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on cognitive performance in children with learning disorders. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2016;18(3):161-8. (In Persian) http://jfmh.mums.ac.ir/article_6887.html
27. Ghasemian Moghadam H, Sohrabi M, Taheri H. The Effect of Selected Motor Games on Static and Dynamic Balance in Children with Specific Learning Disorder. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement. 2019;11(1):103-21. (In Persian) https://jmlm.ut.ac.ir/article_71830_en.html?lang=fa
28. Siminghalam M, Alibakhshi H, Ahmadi Zadeh Z. An investigation of bilateral Coordination of children with specific learning disorder. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2016;5(1):7- 13 .(In Persian) doi: 10.22038/JPSR.2016.6379
29. Jalilabkenar S, Ashori M. The applications for teaching students with learning disabilities (impairments in reading, writing and spelling. Special education. 2013;13(3):1-10. (In Persian) https://irisweb.ir/files/site1/rds_journals/727/article-727-165129
30. Tomporowski PD, Pesce C. Exercise, sports, and performance arts benefit cognition via a common process. Psychological bulletin. 2019;145(9):929. doi: 10.1037/bul0000200 [DOI:10.1037/bul0000200]
31. Sung J, Wickrama KA. Longitudinal relationship between early academic achievement and executive function: Mediating role of approaches to learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 2018;54:171-83. [DOI:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.010]
32. García T, Rodríguez C, Betts L, Areces D, González-Castro P. How affective-motivational variables and approaches to learning predict mathematics achievement in upper elementary levels. Learning and Individual Differences. 2016 ;49:25 -31. [DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.021]
33. McNeill J, Howard SJ, Vella SA, Santos R, Cliff DP. Physical activity and modified organized sport among preschool children: Associations with cognitive and psychosocial health. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2018;15:45-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.07.001]
34. Pontifex MB, Saliba BJ, Raine LB, Picchietti DL, Hillman CH. Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of pediatrics. 2013;162(3):543-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.036]
35. Serra L, Raimondi S, di Domenico C, Maffei S, Lardone A, Liparoti M, et al. The beneficial effects of physical exercise on visuospatial working memory in preadolescent children. AIMS Neuroscience. 2021;8(4):496-509. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2021026 [DOI:10.3934/Neuroscience.2021026]
36. Lee J, Zhang T, Chu TLA, Gu X, Zhu P. Effects of a fundamental motor skill-based afterschool program on children's physical and cognitive health outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(3):733. doi: [DOI:10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.4.341]
37. Johnstone A, Marí-Beffa P. The effects of martial arts training on attentional networks in typical adults. Frontiers in psychology. 2018;9:80. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00080 [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00080]
38. Desai IK, Kurpad AV, Chomitz VR, Thomas T. Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122487. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0122487]
39. Ghasemian Moghadam M, Mirnia E. The Prediction of Taekwondo Poomsae Performance Based on Working Memory Scores. Sport Psychology Studies. 2019;7(26):107-20. (In Persian) 10.22089/spsyj.2019.6681.1711
40. Kim Y. The effect of regular Taekwondo exercise on Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Stroop test in undergraduate student. Journal of exercise nutrition & biochemistry. 2015;19(2):73. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15060904 [DOI:10.5717/jenb.2015.15060904]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb