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Binary oppositions are among the essential concepts and components of structuralism and linguistic and semiotic theories that are rooted in human ancient beliefs. One of the fundamental functions of the human mind is the creation of binary oppositions, which are seen in art and literature. The study of binary oppositions in literary works leads to a better understanding of them. This article is an attempt to discuss the binary oppositions in the lyrics of Attar Neishabouri. A close study of 100 chosen lyrics of Attar shows that many of the lyrics are formed by binary oppositions and even in some verses there are two, three, or four binary oppositions, as if binary oppositions are the driving force behind many of Attar's lyrics. The study of these lyrics shows that there are 843 cases of binary oppositions of which 47 percent (396 cases) are lexical, 35.5% (298 cases) are semantic, and 17.5 percent (149) are thematic. There are about 8.4 binary oppositions in every lyric which shows the great frequency of this type of diction. The main reason that Attar is interested in binary oppositions is that the poet is influenced by his unconscious, the importance he gives to moral and religious issues, his consideration of mystical concepts, the effect of the social environment and the his interest in aesthetics and music. In short, binary oppositions are considered as one of the stylistic characteristics of Attar's lyrics that have semantic and aesthetics functions.

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Mantiqu't-Tair, a description of human love for self-scrutiny and meeting with God, is the most significant mystical work of Attar in the form of allegory of birds in search of Simurgh or phoenix. The contradictory presence of the author as a mystic and a historian at the beginning of the book is astonishing. Although the introduction is short and distinct from the mystical text, it is of great importance owing to the interaction of mysticism and history. The historian tries to discover the truth based on the valid documentations and through a retrospective look into the past and carefully analyzing the accuracy of historical quotes and reviews whereas the mystic avoids politics and analysis. In general, history is independent of mysticism but it is the best support for the mystic. Attar is a creative mystic in the sense of innovating mystical symbols and sometimes creating historical characters out of mystical symbols, while he is oblivious to the judgment of history. Symbolizing the historical figures and disregarding the historical documentations, in addition to invalidating his judgment of the individuals, have other outcomes, including a crisis of reasoning and a rejection of mystical principles that Attar himself adheres to. This study is conducted to prove this claim in the introduction of Mantiqu't-Tair.

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The presented research is a psychological reading of the short stories of Laili and Majnoon in Attar's three important works, namely, Elahi Nameh, Mantegh Al-Tair, and Mosibat Nameh, which aims to express the mystical concepts that have been formed in the mind and consciousness of Attar. The inquire about issue of this proposition is to explore the characters, circumstances and model images of these conventions. For this reason, the conclusions of two popular clinicians, Freud and Jung, have been utilized; Based on Freud's identity hypothesis, it is conceivable to check the degree of having a place of enchanted characters to instinctual (Forman), reality (man) and profound quality (Faraman), and with the assistance of Jung's paradigm hypothesis, the typical prime examples duplicated by these characters in these conventions can be found. The main purposes of the presented research are as follow: 1- creating a new perspective for the readers of mystical texts. 2- The effectiveness of Lili and Majnoon's stories in Attar's works through the Freud and Weaving's theories.
The working method here is that first the stories of Lili and Majnoon are collected from these three works and the type of association between them is determined with the theme before it. This case is important in order to understand what mystical concepts these characters symbolize in Attar's subconscious mind and how they were created and discussed. Then they are analyzed based on Freud's personality theory and Jung's archetype is investigated, we realize that Attar's associations are based on similarity, contiguity and contrast, which is the largest volume of associations of the type of similarity. Considering the content of the stories, we found the characters and archetypal symbols of these stories.
Current investigation revealed that the archetypes expressed in the stories of the above-mentioned works have been the place of emergence of associations for the mystical theme, and the most important of them are the meeting place of love, instinct, spiritual elder and God, and their relationship with each other is exactly in line with mystical teaching is.



 

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The entry of artificial intelligence into the field of Persian texts opens a new horizon for a deeper and faster rereading and understanding of the mystical literary heritage and provides the possibility of interpreting the hidden layers within these texts. The term “sea”, which in the works of Attar Neyshaburi symbolizes the infinity of the divine essence, the boundless depth of knowledge, and the stages of spiritual journey and conduct, is examined in this study by comparing its literary meanings with the interpretations produced by advanced language models (such as GPT-4, Cloud, etc.). The main goal is to examine the literary, metaphorical, and cognitive differences of this term in the two literary and machine semantic systems. Although artificial intelligence can produce poetic images and facilitate text analysis, it lacks the intuition, deep spiritual experience, and inherent mystery of these texts. This limitation creates a fundamental gap between human understanding and the output produced by the machine. This study shows that despite the similarities in similes and metaphors, AI is unable to reproduce the semantic richness found in human intelligence. This shortcoming highlights the need to reconsider the application of AI in mystical literature. Nevertheless, AI can serve as an effective tool to support the research and analysis of mystical literary texts and be used as a capable and intelligent assistant in discovering hidden patterns and meanings