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Thinking of death is a characteristic of human's soul. Man is afraid of death and is after contrivances to overcome it to the extent that the appearance of Isfandiar, Garshasep, and other heroes in Iranian and non-Iranian myths are claimed to be the product of this phobia. The need to suppress the fear resulted in the appearance of priests, oracles, and fortune tellers. The simplest reaction to death is manifested in the form of resort to Taaviz (seeking refugee in God), Herz, Tamime. This article describes the types of Taaviz in Khaghani's poems especially the poems sung in memory of his 20 year old son. Furthermore, the qualities of the Taaviz will be discussed.

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Del (heart) is one of the recurrent themes in Nezami-e-Ganjavi’s Makhzan-al-asrar. This paper addresses the concept and its true nature as well as its ranks. One may hypothesize that the poet has his own technical interpretation of Del spreading all through his ideas and thoughts and reflected in various sections of the collection. To answer the research questions posed in this research, content analysis method was utilized

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This paper presents a new description of "Tabriz" in one verse of  Mathnavi, Volume 6. The story begins with the journey of a poor man (Darvish) to Tabriz working for a loan from an official. Molana composes the poem from the point of view of this man about "Tabriz" and its residents. The poem reads : God`s empyrean mercy awarded to "Tabriz", the heaven on the earth, and whole residents.  In this paper, attempts are made to examine this claim of Molana based on historical documents and religious scholars’ views through adopting a library investigation mode of research. Interpretations are based of direct meanings of words.

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The great scholar Dehkhoda is one of the most outstanding characters of culture and literature of Iran who besides his contributions to political fields played an important role in journalism, research, editing, writing, and versification. He belongs to the time of abundant ups and downs in which Iranian society had passed important events such as Constitutionalism movement, the first and second world wars, Rezakhan’s despotism and nationalization of oil industry. He is indeed a knowledgeable researcher on political issues and a writer whose political talent had influenced the events of his age or was influenced by them. Some of these events left hesitating reflections on his versifications and a closer investigation of them  may explain the importance of the events and Dehkhoda's ideas. In this article, beside brief explanation on Dehkhoda’s life, works, cultural services and poetical power, attempts were made to illustrate the reflection of these events on his versification using a descriptive–analytic method. Obviously, the criticism of functional evaluation of those people named for different excuses is not the aim of this article and claims its own proper opportunity. Result of this research offer a  new understanding about Dehkhoda in the politics field and give clues to the significant events that engaged his mind, as confirmed through the forthcoming events.

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The influence of heaven and its contents on Iranian poets and artists hasproduced beautiful descriptions of heaven, the sun, the moon, the stars and other constellations in Persian poems which illustrate the power of the Iranian poets in creatingbeautiful images,exotic art and elegance. The present article is an attempt to show the waycertain astronomical imagesare used in Anvari’spoetry and also the poet’s innovation in languageand diction is studied. Moreover,by showing the art of Anvari’s verbal painting and conceptual creativity, the researchersendeavor to explain some of his complicated verses.

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According to experts in rhetoric, Interrogation refers to asking about a thing which is unknown to the speaker and aims at knowing something; they mention, however, that these statements deviate from their real purposes sometimes and refer to some other secondary meanings. Writers have mentioned more or less different secondary purposes mainly based on the Quran. More recent writers have also provided some examples of more secondary rhetorical purposes. Persian language is among those languages in which different meanings can be inferred from statements. This paper intends to survey the secondary purposes of interrogative statements in Saadi's Ghazals. In addition to improving rhetorical knowledge of secondary purposes, this paper shows that secondary purposes of interrogative statements are not limited to what were introduced by old and modern rhetorical writings, since special verbal structures were used by Saadi to indicate minute rhetorical intentions. His Ghazals are the best sources to identify secondary purposes of interrogative statements in Persian. The survey is a theoretical research based on library studies with descriptive-analytic method and the results have been analyzed contextually. Statistical society is 714 and the sample size is 238 based on Krejcie-Morgan's formula arranged in random sampling. The results show that Saadi paid attention to 45 secondary purposes in interrogations and used different meanings and purposes in one statement simultaneously.

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In contrast to the traditional rhetorical view of aesthetic metaphor, which is a purely linguistic phenomenon, Linguists such as George Lakoff and Mark Johnson consider metaphor to be perceptual and conceptual in nature. This view of metaphor falls within the framework of cognitive semantics, in which meaning is based on conceptual constructs and, like other cognitive domains, represents subjective categories. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze conceptual metaphors and pictorial schemas in proverbs. Love, life, science, disability, humiliation, worldliness, and modesty are among the mappings of positive and negative concepts in conceptual metaphors in proverbs derived from literary texts. Among these, “water” and “fire” are words that have been used in Persian proverbs and the divans of poets and prose of former and contemporary writers to indicate the material and spiritual realms.The findings of this research indicate that the main mapping in the metaphorical sense of the proverbs based on the word “fire” is destructive, which is repeated with a frequency of 42 times.The main mapping in the conceptual metaphor of proverbs based on the word “water” is in the form of a spatial scheme (displacement) that is repeated 18 times. This highlights the central mapping of the word “water” and its rotation and instability. In general, by borrowing these mappings, poets and writers have created themes that always keep the listener enthusiastic and have contributed to the promotion of proverbs.