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Maryam Kasayi,
Volume 31, Issue 94 (6-2023)
Abstract
In Nasir Khusraw’s thought system, correspondence, which is constructing similitude and connection among constituents, stages, and domains of the world, human and Ismailism, has a special position. In his view, there are close and delicate relationships and similarities among stages of existence and existential spheres of human being with different dimensions of Ismaili doctrine. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to find answers to the following questions: What are the areas of correspondence in Nasir Khusrawworks? What are the backgrounds and origins of correspondence in his works? And what is his objective of designing and developing the correspondence approach? This study shows that correspondence between the major and the minor worlds, correspondence between the spiritual and the physical worlds, and correspondence between the stages of the call to Ismailism and the constituents of existence are the most important areas of correspondence in Nasir Khusraw’s writings. The origin of the special attention to correspondence in his thought stems from the mythology and philosophical thinking of different nations as well as the works of grand Ismaili priests. The aforementioned domains are interrelated and Nasir Khusraw’s main objectives of his widely propounding this approach are understanding existence, explaining the human place in the world’s stages, and substantiating the truth of Ismaili teachings.
Phd Vida Dastmalchi,
Volume 31, Issue 94 (6-2023)
Abstract
In the series of research and psychological criticism of Sadegh Hedayat’s works, the issue of the evil mother among his various fictional characters deserves a separate study. The term “evil mother” derives from the dual aspect of the mother’s archetype in mythological psychology, which has been applied to the realm of humanities studies by the theories of Freud and Jung and their students. Hedayat depicted the evil mother and the consequences of her presence in the lives of the main characters of his stories in the novel Buf-e-kur (The Blind Owl) with the fluid character of the narrator’s mother (narrator’s aunt / narrator’s aunt’s daughter), in the short story Se ghatre khun (three drops of blood) with the character of Rokhsareh (evil woman), in Abji Khanom (Mrs. Abji), with the character of Abji’s mother, in Zani ke mardash ra gom kard (the woman who lost her husband) with the character of Zarrin Kolah’s mother and Zarrin Kolah herself, and in his two unpublished stories with the characters of the mother of the spider and the mother of the murdered man. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the present article investigates the power of the evil mother’s influence on the tragic fate of the characters in Hedayat’s works (mother complex, psychosis, suicide, homicide). The findings indicated that there are symbols with the supporting role of the evil mother in Hedayat’s stories. Hence, the influence of the evil mother in the lives of the main characters is predictable i.e., confrontation with the mother, psychosis, suicide and homicide are repeated fates of characters in these stories.
Javad Dehghanian, Dr. Saeed Hessampour, Sedigheh Jamali,
Volume 31, Issue 94 (6-2023)
Abstract
In the republishing of the Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan, Jamalzadeh made changes so that the language, expression, tone and writing style of Mirza Habib Isfahani were altered. His changes in the “fragments of old phrases” and “morphology and syntax of sentences” aroused the reaction of the literary community of that time. While Jamalzadeh retained the main framework of the book, his method does not correspond to any of the technical terms for critical correction of texts. In order to understand the whys and wherefores of his method for republishing the book, the present study compared and analyzed three works: Mirza Habib Isfahani’s manuscript, Phillott’s edition, and Jamalzadeh’s reprint. Twenty percent of the volume of the book was selected for analysis: the author’s preface and fifteen chapters (five chapters from the beginning, middle and end of the work). The results indicate that the changes can be subsumed under three categories: 1. reduction through deletion or replacement; 2. expansion and finding equivalents; 3. transposition of parts of speech. The largest volume of changes in the text were created by expansions and finding equivalents for words, phrases and sentences and transpositions of parts of speech while deletions and replacements were used the least. These changes serve two main purposes: 1. strengthening the fictional elements of the book and 2. bringing the story closer to the understanding of the common people based on the capabilities of the popular language, in the continuation of the simple writing movement of the Qajar era. However, Jamalzadeh inflicted irreparable blows on the prose rhetoric of Mirza Habib’s translation.
Dr. Mahdi Nikmanesh, Dr. Sepideh Javaheri,
Volume 31, Issue 95 (11-2023)
Abstract
Curriculum planning has always been based on the needs, opportunities, and constraints of each academic discipline. Meanwhile, due to its indigenous roots and cultural significance, the field of Persian Language and Literature has long held a privileged position. Hence, compilation of instructional materials in accordance with established principles and rules is of significant importance in acquainting students of this discipline with classical and contemporary texts, whether in verse or prose. However, this undertaking is accompanied by constraints such as instructional time, compilation of content for pedagogic purposes, considerations related to assessment, and the like. In this research, six selected excerpts from Tarikh-e-Bayhaqi, which were compiled for pedagogic purposes, were analyzed and critiqued in terms of page layout, editing, and pedagogical aspects. The results of this analysis were presented in multiple tables for clarity. Through this study, the authors surveyed the structuring of the mentioned excerpts and explicated the principles and regulations of developing excerpts for pedagogic purposes.
M.s Marjān Heydari Tamrābādi, M.s Shivā Heydari Tamrābādi, Mr Vahid Vaziri,
Volume 32, Issue 96 (4-2024)
Abstract
This research takes an interdisciplinary approach to examine the role of architectural elements in the surrealist stories “The Blind Owl” and “Prince Ehtejab”. Each of the architectural elements has its own specific definition and function that shapes the physical atmosphere i.e., it creates an atmosphere limited to time and place. However, the content of these elements with their implicit meaning creates atmospheres that are not limited to time and place. As the purpose of this research is to examine the effect of architectural elements in creating the surrealist atmosphere of these stories, first of all, the architectural elements that existed in the stories were extracted and, through comparative studies, their meaning beyond the physical aspect was analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. Ultimately, the crucial role of these elements in creating the surrealist atmosphere of the stories was elucidated. Sadegh Hedayat’s “The Blind Owl” can be considered his most important work. Architectural elements such as the narrator’s house and the buildings in the story play a significant role in shaping the story’s atmosphere. In “Prince Ehtejab”, due to the protagonist’s reminiscence of the last night of his life in his room, a surrealist atmosphere emerges. Upon closer examination, it can be said that the architectural elements in the room, carrying meaning beyond themselves, play a fundamental role in expressing the prince’s personal circumstances and exposing his weaknesses and fears.
Mohammad Hasan Jalāliān Chāleshtari,
Volume 32, Issue 96 (4-2024)
Abstract
The Haft-Xwân/Xâns of Rostam and Esfandiyâr are prominent episodes in the Shahnameh, which have garnered significant attention throughout the history of Persian literature. These episodes depict a series of battles involving warriors. However, there is debate regarding the correct spelling of the term. Traditionally, most manuscripts of the Shahnameh and other Persian works use the term “Haft-Xwân.” Nevertheless, some contemporary researchers argue that the warrior undergoes seven stages in these battles, leading them to propose an alternative spelling: “Haft-Xân.” Additionally, some scholars suggest that the second part of the word (xwân) refers to a feast, as Esfandiyâr supposedly celebrates after each battle. In this article, we explore the accuracy and validity of both opinions, employing historical linguistics. Our interpretation aligns with the content of these battle narratives, considering the original form as “Haft-Xwân.” Furthermore, we propose a new derivation for “xwân”, associating it with the concept of “battle and struggle.”
Ms Fâezeh Qorbâni Jouybâri, Ms Zahrâ Alizâdeh Birjandi, Mr Abbâs Vâezzâdeh, Mr Muhammad Shâh Hosseini,
Volume 32, Issue 97 (1-2025)
Abstract
Language reform is one of the most controversial reforms in the process of modernization. Hence, language engineering is regarded as a risky social-political experimentation in any country. In Iran, The Berliners, an influential school of thought in Iranian intellectualism, were the pioneers of Persian reform. Through their activities including publishing treatises, journals, and holding conferences in Iran and Europe, they formed the most active intellectual group of Iranian immigrants in the contemporary era. Exploring their journals reveals they adopted a pathological approach to language-related problems in addition to proposing practical reform solutions. The Berliners’ Journals also adopted a moderate policy toward describing the challenges faced by the Persian language and criticized reforms through purging mechanisms. Considering the importance of The Berliners and their influential journals in the process of Persian reform, the present paper explores the role of these publications in language engineering in Iran.
Mohammad Hasan Jalâliân Châleshtari,
Volume 33, Issue 98 (5-2025)
Abstract
The goal of achieving an older, more authentic version of the Shahnameh requires meticulous attention to every element, from the general themes to the smallest details. The unique features of this work, in terms of its antiquity and impressive volume, make it one of the most important sources of the Persian language in various fields such as history, mythology, historical language grammar, and rhetorical techniques. They increase the importance of this special attention a hundredfold. With this approach, the current article deals with two main issues, under which some other topics are also addressed. The first issue is to find and prove some cases of using the words bād “wind” and gard “dust” containing the meaning of haste and speed, with or without the preposition az. Another issue focuses on the fact that in the critical revision of the Shahnameh, regarding seemingly unimportant topics that do not differ much between the recording of the oldest (i.e., Florence) manuscript and the consensus of others, such as key and effective issues about the meaning of the verses and the flow of the stories, it is essential to use maximum care and precision in the selection of recordings, and the mere presence of a word of this kind in the oldest manuscript should not be used to judge its authenticity and include it in the text. This question has been addressed by relying on the verse containing the first mention of Zahhāk in the Shahnameh: ke az mehr bahra-sh nabud andaki.
Hasan Shahryâri , Kiânoush Beirânvand,
Volume 33, Issue 98 (5-2025)
Abstract
Epic stories and ideas have capacities that partly nourish revolutionary and liberation movements and partly serve antihuman, dictatorial systems and various forms of fundamentalism. The epic potential of Iranian stories, depending on the needs of each period, has manifested itself occasionally in epic poems, at times between the lines of historical works, and at other times as novels and historical stories. The historical fiction, as one of the newly emerging literary genres in the Qajar period, maintains a deep connection with epic narratives and ideas, and writers have made use of it with different aims and methods. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study aimed at examining the goals of the writers, how they were used, and even the developments that led to the epic and epic ideas in these works. This study was conducted using library sources and a descriptive-analytical and comparative method. The findings indicate that in the first period of historical novels (1905–1921), considering the danger of the destruction of Iranian identity in the face of foreigners, authors sought to promote epic ideas with an educational view to create a spirit of resistance, unity, and defense of the homeland, while in the second period (1921–1941), the epic element functioned as a tool at the service of the court and the expression of the nationalist ideas of the first Pahlavi era. In the third period (1941–1953), under the influence of the Allied occupation of Iran and the weakening of the court, epic ideas declined, and stories and ayyar (rogue) heroes replaced epic thought and heroic champions.
Saeed Amiriniâ, Javâd Dehqâniân,
Volume 33, Issue 98 (5-2025)
Abstract
The trajectory of the Shahnameh studies from its inception in 1915 until the end of 2006 has been critically evaluated in several articles. These studies have examined factors such as the quantitative growth of articles, the reasons behind the fluctuations in the Shahnameh scholarship, and the thematic, content-related, and structural weaknesses of the articles. However, these earlier analyses have paid less attention to the degree of innovation in research methods, hypotheses, and novel findings, which are among the most crucial components of a scholarly article. This study addresses two fundamental indicators of scholarly research articles on the Shahnameh and Ferdowsi published between 2007 and 2011, examining innovation in two of their main sections: the research problem and the research method. For this purpose, 210 scholarly research articles published in the last five years of the 1380s (in the Iranian calendar) were categorized into nine thematic groups based on academic criteria. Subsequently, the level of innovation and trend-setting impact of these articles was assessed based on specific indicators. Quantitatively, the thematic categories of "Textual Studies of the Shahnameh," "Comparative Analyses of the Shahnameh with Other Works," and "Analyses of Characters in the Shahnameh" have higher frequencies than other topics. The results indicate that, compared to previous periods, qualitatively, thematic and methodological shortcomings have diminished in the articles of this era, and fresh perspectives and new approaches have emerged in the Shahnameh studies. In the thematic category of "Textual Studies of the Shahnameh," due to various factors such as the publication of a critically edited version of the Shahnameh, a greater focus on literary theories, and comparative and intertextual studies, some articles have been published that have, at times, been trend-setting.
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