Showing 94 results for Development
Sedigheh Mohammad Panah, Hamidreza Varesi, Masoud Taghavei,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
The use of structural analysis of development drivers helps planning to better understand the development situation of the provinces and improves the regional balance during decision making. For this purpose, the ten cities of Ilam province were examined in terms of combined development indicators in the form of 44 indicators. This research is an applied study in terms of targeting and in terms of methodology, it has been done in a "descriptive-analytical" way and is explanatory based on new methods of futurology. Theoretical data have been prepared by documentary method and experimental data by survey method. The development drives has been extracted from the documentary method and environmental scanning and experimental data based on the survey method based on the Delphi method. In data processing, structural interaction analysis method has been used in MIC MAC software. Findings in terms of interaction analysis indicate the dispersion of propulsive forces in a complex and intermediate situation of impact and effectiveness; the drivers clustering system indicates the focus of effective and regulatory drivers. Among the 44 driving forces of development, the effective drivers of development are the borders of Ilam province and the manner of managers' decisions. Research results show that development in Ilam province is not only unbalanced, but the imbalance trend applied towards more inequality and only by better and more comprehensive planning can be partially eliminated inequalities.
Behroz Ghadar, Sadegh Besharatifar, Zarin Forougi Forougi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Abstract
Evaluation of indicators of sustainable development, as the axis of human excellence, is the dominant basis of urban planning and land management and has a decisive role in spatial dispersion and the formation of environmental behavior of human societies. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its main tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were collected using library and survey methods (questionnaire tool). The statistical population is 35 neighborhoods of Bandar Mahshahr that the sample size through Cochran's formula with 95% confidence level using the number of households in Mahshahr 382 people who through simple random sampling in the neighborhood has distributed a questionnaire. Based on the research criteria, the results show that the neighborhoods of Bandar Mahshahr are in a state of instability and the severity of instability is different between them. So that in the selected indicators from the 35 neighborhoods, only neighborhoods 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, 17, 19 are at a stable level and other neighborhoods (28) are in an unstable situation, this situation is affected by their position in It is the spatial structure of the city, which has led to the formation of neighborhood inequalities in terms of indicators of social stability and segregation. The results of route analysis have shown that all economic, social, physical, environmental and spatial justice indicators have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development of Mahshahr city, among which the economic index has the greatest effect on sustainable development of urban areas.
Keywords: evaluation, sustainable development, neighborhoods, planning, Mahshahr
Ms Zahra Sharghi, Dr Mostsfs Basiri, Dr Mahsa Faramarzi Asl,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
The basic purpose of this research is to reveal the physical development process of the new city of Sahand, as one of the new cities of the country, using Landsat satellite images during the statistical period of 1401-1373. In this regard, satellite images required for 4 statistical periods of 1373, 1383, 1393, and 1401 were obtained from two Landsat 5 and 8 satellites. By running a band calculation function on the images of TM and OLI sensors, the values of the physical changes of the urban fabric during the investigated time steps in Sahand city were calculated and extracted. The results of this research indicated that the physical growth and development of the city of Sahand has started since 2013. This year, the area of the urban fabric has reached 282 hectares, which is a 28-fold increase compared to 2013. But in the next decade, i.e. 2013, the area of the city reached 570 hectares with a 100% growth compared to the previous decade, and finally, in the last decade, the area of the city reached 850 hectares with a growth rate of 50%. District 6 of Sahand city, which accounts for about 35% of the physical fabric of the city, has been one of the fastest growing areas of the city during the decades of 1393-1400. Considering that a significant correlation at the confidence level of 0.95 (P_value=0.05) was revealed between the population growth and the physical development of Sahand during the statistical period of 1380-1400 (R=0.91), therefore, the fitted regression model between the population growth And the growth of the urban fabric, by placing the proposed population density of this city after the implementation of Mehr housing policies (185 thousand people), it showed that the area of the physical fabric of this city will reach 1181 hectares in the next decade and will face a growth of 38%.
Ziba Kadkhodaei, Hamidreza Rakhshani Nasab, Mojtaba Rakhshani Nasab,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
One of the contemporary approaches to tourism is the use of virtual space and information technology in tourism, which has created a new attitude to tourism and removed the boundaries between the real world and virtual space. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to investigate the capabilities of virtual space in the development of tourism in Konarak County. This research is "applied" in terms of its purpose and "descriptive-analytical" in terms of its nature and method, and the method of collecting information is "documents and survey (questionnaire)". The statistical population under study is in the field of experts, and 35 people were selected as a sample using the two-stage Delphi method. The content validity of the questionnaire was calculated and confirmed by the professors and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha test at the level of 0.852. To analyze the data, a sample T-Tech test, path analysis and DEMATEL technique were used. The results of the sample T-Tech test showed that the virtual space with an average of 4.22 is more than the base limit (3), so the virtual space has influenced the tourism development of Konarak County. The results of the path analysis indicate that information technology infrastructure with a factor of /608 has the greatest impact and e-commerce with a factor of 250/ has the least impact on the tourism development of Konarak County. The results of the DEMATEL technique showed that among the indicators affecting the tourism of Konarak County, the telecommunication platform index with the value of 5.971 has the most interaction and the information index with the value of 5.671 has the least interaction, the social network index with the value of 1.402 is the most effective factor. And the telecommunication platform index with the value of 2.088 is the most influential factor. According to the results, it can be concluded that by creating technological infrastructure and introducing the attractions of Konarak County through programs such as (TV, news sites, etc.), an important step was taken in the direction of the development of this city.
Hadiseh Gheysari, , Hosein Kalantari,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Stakeholder conflicts and its lack of management are one of the most important obstacles to the success of urban regeneration programs in Iran. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze some of the challenges of urban regeneration programs from the perspective of stakeholder conflicts, with a case study of two regeneration projects in Tehran. The present study is based on a quantitative-qualitative method based on interviewing 15 experts related to selected projects and completing the questionnaire by these experts. Analytical steps include four steps: "Identifying the beneficiaries of each project", "Classifying the beneficiaries according to their power and benefits", "Identifying the conflicts of each project" and "Analyzing how the stakeholders interact with each other in the face of conflicts". In this regard, methods such as sample t-tech test, power-benefit matrix, and social network analysis were used in Gephi software. The results showed that most of the conflicts in urban regeneration projects were of the type of conflicts of interest and behavioral conflicts, and a small number of normative conflicts and cognitive conflicts could also be identified. In the first place, institutional and organizational conflicts and then inter-group conflicts were among the most important obstacles to the cooperation and interaction of stakeholders towards each other. This means that the institutions were only willing to cooperate with parallel institutions or their subordinate institutions.
as a result, The failure of Iran's urban regeneration programs in resolving stakeholder conflicts is rooted in many structural weaknesses related to the procedures and methods of preparation and implementation of these programs. Therefore, a mechanism should be provided in the process of preparing urban regeneration plans, which, in the first step, should pay attention to the dynamic, multidimensional and complex nature of conflicts in the stages before, during and after the implementation of the project, and then identify the conflicts of the beneficiaries in the very early stages. to control.
Elham Nojoomi, Dr Esmaeil Aghaeizadeh, Dr Taher Parizadi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
“Today, in many developing countries, Simultaneously with the rapid growth of urban areas beside of the population growth, countless issues and problems has been created, which sometimes led to the structural and functional deterioration of urban fabrics, and sustainable urban development has been proposed as a solution to such problems in cities. Transportation-oriented development, as an approaches of smart urban development focusing on transportation systems and the centrality of pedestrians in stations, can be an appropriate solutions in the urban system to deal with the issues and problems that are bothering most of the deteriorated areas of big cities, including Tehran. In this research, Safa neighborhood as one of the neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis, which is located in deteriorated fabrics of this city has been studied in order to its shortcomings and strengths to achieve a favorable approach to organizing the fabricdue to its place near public transportation stations. Transportation-oriented development, as an approaches of smart urban development focusing on transportation systems and the centrality of pedestrians in stations, can be an appropriate solutions in the urban system to deal with the issues and problems that are bothering most of the deteriorated areas of big cities, including Tehran. In this research, Safa neighborhood as one of the neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis, which is located in deteriorated fabrics of this city has been studied in order to its shortcomings and strengths to achieve a favorable approach to organizing the fabricdue to its place near public transportation stations. in order to investigate its shortcomings and strengths. Also with a practical purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature, through field investigations and quantitative findings obtained from the statistical blocks of 2016 Iranian statistics, the findings were analyzed by GIS software and spatial statistics analysis models. The results show that this area has good potential for the implementation of the plan base on TOD and in the meantime, the 17 Shahrivar station has the most compliance with this approach according to the five investigated indicators.
Alireza Ghorbani, Ali Shamaei, Moussa Kamanroudi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
One of the problems of the cities around the capitals in the third world countries is that urbanization overtook urban development and this issue has created many problems in these cities. The lack of characteristics such as transparency, accountability, rule of law, participation, efficiency and the like in the urban management system also adds to the severity of the issues. The aim of the present research is to investigate the quality of urban physical-spatial development management with a good governance approach and to provide optimal strategies for the city of Shahryar. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of developmental and practical purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Data collection was done based on documentary and survey methods, and the tools of interview letter and questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests, MICMAC software and SWOT model have been used in data analysis. The statistical population includes the city's citizens and the group of experts. Validity assessment was done using construct validity and reliability assessment using Cronbach's alpha method. The results show that the overall average status of physical-spatial development management in Shahryar city from the point of view of good governance indicators is equal to 2.006, which is in an average situation based on the Likert spectrum. The findings of the investigation of the influential factors on the quality of governance of this city with the help of MICMAC software show the stability of the system. Finally, the examination of the strategies for realizing the model of good governance in the urban management system shows the predominance of the strategy (Strengths and threats) in the urban management system of Shahriar, which is based on increasing the level of supervision, developing the capacity of the audit system and the headquarters to fight against corruption and violations. The administration emphasizes the fight against mafia and lobbying in urban management, the development of plans and programs for the renovation of worn-out city structures, the development of electronic technologies and tools, and the improvement of economic and human indicators of urban management.
Mohammad Shali, Jamileh Tavakolinia,
Volume 15, Issue 36 (6-2015)
Abstract
Nowadays, informal settlements has become a common challenge in many of cities particularly in Metropolises .On one hand, it is a spatial manifestation of social and economical inequalities and injustice at the local, regional and national levels. On the other hand it is the result of urban planning deficiency, absence of citizenship and inattention to social and economical needs of low income groups in urban development plans. In this research, in order to develop main strategies for enabling and regularizing Tabriz informal settlements by zoning the district one’s settlements of Tabriz municipality and identifying the low income and vulnerable zones, the social, economical, physical and environmental indicators have been used. Moreover, the data was analyzed by combining GIS and AHP models and three zones were reached. The research shows the socio-economical and environmental separation between vulnerable zones and others. The CDS strategy has been confirmed because of paying attention to participatory and community-based approach for enabling and regularizing informal settlements of Tabriz district one
Hamid Jalalian, Fariosh Namdari, Asghar Pashazadeh,
Volume 15, Issue 36 (6-2015)
Abstract
Nowadays most of the countries have chosen the tourism as a development strategy for the rural areas. The Hajij village with worthy natural, cultural and anthropological heritage has known as a tourism destination in Kermanshah province and west of Iran. In this research, the effects of tourism are studied in this village. The methodology is descriptive-analytic method. The necessary data were collected through both library and field methods. The population of this study equals to 180 persons- based on Cochran Table- including the 130 residents, 15 local governors and 35 visitors were selected by simple random method. Research tools include a researcher made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed based on the collective opinion of the universities professor's and experts of executive organizations. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated at 0.867 using Cranach’s alpha test based on 20 pretesting. Data analysis was held by factor analysis in SPSS 21 software. The research findings showed that there are six main factors among 30 variables which interpret 70 percent of the variance of the tourism effects the most important is physical- facilitator effects. Moreover, the positive effects were %65.8 and the negative ones were %34.2 based on factor analysis.
Hossein Nzmfar, Ameneh Alibakhshi, Soheyla Bakhtar,
Volume 15, Issue 36 (6-2015)
Abstract
With the aim of development and reducing regional inequalities, regional planning is one of the most important subiects in developing countries. Regional planning requires the identification of the position of areas relative to each other in terms of their development. The aim of this study is to investigate and assess the level of Kermanshah province in terms of development indicators in order to find out the level of regional inequalities. The population of Kermanshah province is considered as statistical population. According to the investigated parameters of the research approach, it is “Descriptive - quantitative and analytical". This research is trying to use the 61 indicators based on 1390 almanac statistics and utilizes three statistical techniques of Vikor, Electre, SAW and integration of results with Copeland technique, classify existing inequalities in Kermanshah province. The results show that the Levels of development has been unbalanced and there is large gap and inequality among different cities of province in terms of development. The difference and inequality exist in various sectors of infrastructure such as economic, health, education, culture, social welfare and social. Only one city Gilangharb is developed and the rest of cities are semi- developed and deprived. To reduce inequalities in development in the province it is suggested that distribution of health, education and infrastructure indicators should be directed towards balanced growth and the index of infrastructure be emphasized more than the other indicators.
Mehrshad Tolabinejad, Hossein Farahani,
Volume 15, Issue 36 (6-2015)
Abstract
Transportation networks‚ particularly roads as a linking elements between settlements has a significant role in the exchange of flows between urban and rural areas and also rural development .The aim of this paper is to study the effect of highways construction and expanding transportation on rural stable development in the rural district of eastern Miankouh which by using survey method (questionnaire) have been turned to the studying of highways construction on development quality of adjacent villages in this rural district. In this study ‚mean time of defining the population community (514 family)‚ the 103 family was selected as a sample with Cochran formula (12 villages).The result of achieved data analysis‚ on the basis of‚ fitting regression test‚ linear regression and path analysis showed that the most general effect of highway construction is relevant to the environmental dimension with amount of (0/591) so that the contamination of soil and water resources have been increased in rural areas. Also using of fertilizers and pesticides is been prevalent. The amount of demolition of water resources such as springs and water channeling have been increased in the rural boundary. and also pastures‚ forests and fertile lands have been allocated to the building constructions and forming dimension with amount of (0/058) has the least overall effect on the rural stable development in the boundary of studying area.
Ahmad Mazidi, Mahdi Narangifard,
Volume 16, Issue 40 (3-2016)
Abstract
Expansion of urban areas has impacted on climate in local and global scale. As a result, residents’ life would be influenced accordingly. In this study, the effects of changes in land cover and land use change on climate of Shiraz and Fasa were studied in a long-term period. To ensure the normal data, Kolmogrov-Smirnoff test was employed. The minimum and maximum temperature parameters and relative humidity were evaluated using non-parametric Mann-Kendall and regression method in a 45-year period (1966-2010). The results showed a decreasing trend for the minimum temperature and humidity for Fasa and minimum and maximum relative humidity for Shiraz whereas other quantities showed an increasing trend. The study examined the effects of land use changes and land cover types in the 23-year period (1987-2010) using images of LANDSAT satellite of TM sensor on temperature pattern in two cities. During these 23 years, a reduction of 113 square kilometers for barren land of Shiraz and 5/7 square kilometers for barren land of Fasa and extending 110 kilometers residential users and 3/5 square kilometers in Shiraz and Fasa were reported.
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Volume 16, Issue 41 (6-2016)
Abstract
Rapid urban development in social, economical, cultural, political and environmental aspects, has affected the human life in recent decades. Introducing the sustainable development as the main theme of the third millennium is the result of urban impact on the biosphere and the range of different aspects of human life too. Concentration on differences in dimensions and indicators of sustainable development in one place and having them compared to other places can use fal for planners to realize the development potential and weaknesses. In theme lines, Boroujerd city have been studied as one of the median cities in the West of Iran to assess the indicators of sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to assess indicators of sustainable urban development in Boroujerd town, compared with Iran urban centers. In this study, methodology, is cognitive in terms of objective, and is comparative- analytical in term of identity and the data collection method is documental studies. To assess the level of development, the concept of sustainable development was classified in four dimensions: social, economical, environmental, physical-institutional and 44 indicators were identified. The data were collected in the Boroujerd city and Iran urban centers. Data were analyzed with sign test in SPSS software. The result has shown that there is no difference between Boroujerd city and Iran urban centers in terms of social and physical-institutional indicators. But, economic and environmental indicators have significant differences. The economic condition is not good but the environmental condition is better. On the other hand, taking into account all indices, the sustainability of Borujerd city, almost is same with Iran situation sustainable.
Majid Yasoori, Sideh Fatemeh Emami, Maryam Sejodi,
Volume 16, Issue 41 (6-2016)
Abstract
The above research evaluates the access and use of rural services of the villages in the province of Gilan, as examples of reducing inequalities and increasing the development. The method used in this article is applicable in terms of target, and cross-sectional in tems of identity. To do this research, morris model, indexing method, standardization and dividing by average are used. After comparing the villages of the province in terms of rural services, the obtained outcome indicates that accomplished results and ranking are in high agreement, so that in all models, villages of Saravan, Kelishami and Gol Sefid have the most access to facilities and services and mountain villages of Talesh, Shuil and Eshkevar Olia are the most deprived villages in rural facilities and services, respectively. Based on studied indicators, the distance between deprived and wealthy villages flactuates from 2 to 10 times. This situation reflects the gross spatial inequality of having advantage of facilities and services in the villages of province Gilan.
Yousouf Bahrami, Ghaderymotlagh Iraj, Behroz Oftadeh, Sid Ali Hosieni,
Volume 16, Issue 41 (6-2016)
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the conformity of Mehr housing projects by Infill development pattern to answer this question: What is the relationship between Mehr housing project in the city of Mahabad with Infill development and with its spatial conditions of the city. The research method in present study in terms of nature is "descriptive – survey" and in terms of purpose "applied" and in terms of collecting data is " field." Statistical society is the whole members of Mahabad Mehr housing that were determined 361 persons as sample by Cochran formula. To data analysis was used the methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test). The results show that Mehr housing policies in the city of Mahabad not comply with its physical conditions. T-test results in this study showed that Infill development due to the use of the maximum of capacity available space of city, Can be considered as a suitable model and as the basis to guide Mehr housing policy in the city of Mahabad. The results of T-test about the physical factors (t-=1/48; p-value<0/05), socio-cultural factors (t=24/35; p-value≥ 0/05), economic factors (t=13/27; p-value≥0/05) and environmental factors (t=27/29; p-value≥0/05) shows that Mehr housing policies in the city of Mahabad comply with socio-cultural factors, economic factors and environmental factors but not comply with its physical conditions.
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Volume 16, Issue 42 (9-2016)
Abstract
Guidance plan does with economic, structure, social and cultural attitude in Iran and this plan has high effect on rural life. Therefore it is essential that we study guidance plan base of rural managers and rural councils attitude. Investigative method was descriptive, analysis (survey method) and research tools were questionnaire. Statistical society includes rural managers and rural council members. Sampling method in rural managers was census method and rural council methods were random sampling method. Number of rural managers was 31 and number of rural council members was 103 respondents (in councils with 3 members we select 3 respondents and in rural councils with 5 members we select 3 respondents). Results shows that guidance plan have positive effect on structure of village. But in economic and cultural dimensions, there is no effect on villages. Maps of guidance plan were weak. Respondent believe that there are low satisfaction about guidance plan among rural managers and rural council members. It is important and we must notice to it.
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Behrooz Mohammadi Yeganeh, Mehdi Cheraghi, Fovad Samadi,
Volume 16, Issue 43 (12-2016)
Abstract
Research goall is survey in the situation of quality of housing and rural vitality and survey of relationship of housing quality and vitality of rural settlements. The population of research is Khawmirabad county (Kurdestan Province, Mariwan Township) with 2737 households. Research method is analytical –description based on questionnaire and it is applicable research . In order to gathering the data we used documentary and field method and interviews and questionnaire based on Likert scale(five – range opinion)has been used. In order to sampling we used random sampling and by using of Cochran formula that sample size is equal to 290 households. In order to analysis of data’s from questionnaire, we used both of Descriptive (mean and deviation) and Inferential(One sample T, Linear regression, Chi- square) Statistics. The results of this study indicate a low level of economic dimensions (2.34) and political (2.97), vitality and quality of housing than the average (2.74). This difference is statistically significant at the alpha level 0.01 numerical difference utility as evaluation and assessment is negative. The results also show that the greatest impact of the quality of housing is on the social dimension with a beta coefficient of 0/570 and the lowest on the economic dimension with 0/077 beta coefficient.
Esmaeil Nasiri, Ali Ahmadi, Reza Rahmani ,
Volume 17, Issue 44 (3-2017)
Abstract
Migration is among important issues that less developed and developing countries have confirmed during the recent five decades. This issues in Iran has attraced a lot of researcher and planner views. Irregular and increasing migrations have created a lot of consequences for cities and the target settlements, social effects of migration on the cities is among such consequence these, in this project, ethnocentrism, linguistic diversity and conformance quality are considered among the city's residents. This issue has been studied in Takestan Qazvin. For illustrating the issue, theories of Michael Todaro, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf and William Samner have been used. The research has been done according to library methods (documents) and field methods (special for questionnaires and measurement).In addition to confirming the questionnaire by the experienced faculties, its reliability has been obtained in accordance with Cornbrash’s Alpha coefficient by 82,2 percent and the SPSS software is used for analyzing and processing. The result obtained by analyzing questionnaire filled in by 400 people that the number has been chosen according to Morgan's Table, and the people have been chosen randomly, shows that there is a meaning full relation ship between ethnocentrism and linguistic diversity with development of the city.
Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad, Jaad Bazrafshan, Sirous Ghanbari,
Volume 17, Issue 46 (9-2017)
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between rural deprivation and environmental sustainability was analyzed. The present research is applied in a targeted, applied way and the method is descriptive-analytical. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire, an interview with the locals, a statistical journal of Lorestan province and data from the deputy of rural development and deprived areas. The statistical population includes rural households in Poldokhtar Township (N= 10619). Using Cochran formula and simple random sampling, 400 households were selected as samples. In order to identify the most important indices of deprivation from the exploratory coincidence rating test, One-sample t-test was used to determine the environmental sustainability factors and Finally, Tobit model was used to investigate the relationship between rural deprivation and environmental sustainability. The results show that the highest rate of rural deprivation is related to the economic and cultural deprivation. In the context of environmental sustainability factors, the results show that none of the factors is in stable condition. Water resources, trees, pasture, and pastures are in a state of instability and the only factor that has a somewhat stable status is the soil. Investigating the relationship between deprivation dimensions and environmental instability shows that the economic and social dimension of deprivation has the most impact and relationship with environmental instability. While cultural deprivation of the region, although high has had the least relationship with environmental instability. Therefore, it can be said that to reduce environmental instability and prevent environmental degradation, consideration should be given to the dimensions of deprivation and planning to reduce it.
Dr Bahram Imani, Mrc Roghayyeh Farshi, Mr Reza Hashemi Masoomabad,
Volume 17, Issue 46 (9-2017)
Abstract
In this study, to show the inequality between different cities in Ardebil province, 60 developmental indicators in different sections including health care, social, educational, cultural and infrastructural sections have been analyzed through VIKOR model. Moreover, for data analysis and graph and table representation of data Excel, SPSS, and ARC Map 10.1 software was used. For determining validity of the research indicators, questionnaires were completed by experts (16 experts and professionals in the related area) through AHP model. A survey in 2011 showed that from among 10 cities in Ardabil province, Ardebil city; Serein Germy and Khalkhal; Parsabad, Bilesavar and Namin; Meshginshahr, Nir and Kosar were developed, developing, less developed, and undeveloped areas, respectively. This inequality is the result of environmental, economic and political factors and it also reflects inadequacy of spatial planning, which places Ardabil in its high priority for development. Furthermore, according to the conducted analyses it is concluded that there is an imbalanced regional inequality on city scale in Ardabil province; there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the population of a city and the degree of its development; finally there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the distance from the provincial capital and the degree of its development.
