Borders are known as places where government institutions implement their own law in a variety of ways and forms. Given the different approaches to border control and management, it can be seen that this issue is still viewed as a security issue in developing countries, including Iran, and most of the approaches related to this are from a purely security perspective. The boundary view must be multidimensional and comprehensive. In this study, we seek to answer the questions of how land border management can be done. And which of the indicators of border management is more weighty and important? Therefore, the research method is a combination of Kendall, Demetel and AHP methods. The findings of the study show that we have five main components of border management in economic, cultural-social, civil, security-military and integrated management, and each of the seven components. Using these techniques, it can be stated that indicators such as identifying and identifying opportunities and identifying their fertility factors (0.1), studying and understanding the geographical location and spatial conditions of border regions (0.099), can be determined and determined. Identifying threats and identifying their roots and factors (0.098) and excluding border areas of isolation (0.096) are the most important. Therefore, it can be concluded that border management should be considered in combination with other factors, ie the application of only one approach, such as economic or security, cannot solve the problems of the country's border regions.

Deterioration of urban textures is an issue that most cities in Iran are faced with and the organization of such textures is of great importance. One of the safest and most practical solutions for urban planners is to assess the feasibility of regenerating such textures to determine the levels that can be regenerated and are relatively good and tolerable for urban society. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the feasibility of regenerating worn-out textures of Ilam City based on urban smart growth approach using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population of the study includes residents of central worn-out texture of Ilam city (population: 12676 people), 384 of whom are selected as the sample of the study using cluster sampling method. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been confirmed by face validity and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, turning out to be 0.701. Data analysis is done using single-sample t-test, fuzzy multi-criteria analytical hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP), and its integration with GIS layers. The findings show that the condition of worn-out textures of Ilam city is unsuitable in terms of urban smart growth approach. Evaluation of the digital strata shows that some indicators (including size of the sections, access to services, main and secondary access points) are in a good condition and others (including unused land, population density, gender ratios, active population, employment rate, and literacy rate) are in a poor condition. Finally, the results show that 2.3 hectares of the worn-out texture of Ilam City, including 22-Bahman Square, Ashrafi Esfahani St. where it crosses Resalat Intersection, the northern edge of Moghavemat Intersection, the northern edge of Imam Square, and the area around Koudak Park, have the highest priority for regeneration and revitalization.

One of the problems of controlling erosion and sedimentation in catchment areas is the lack of statistical data to accurately estimate the amount of sedimentation and erosion. In order to implement soil protection programs and determine methods to reduce sedimentation, it is necessary to estimate the total volume of annual sediment production. The purpose of this study is to estimate the erosion intensity and sedimentation of Babolroud catchment located in Mazandaran province using EPM and Fournier empirical methods and to determine the accuracy of these models. The results showed that Babolroud catchment is located on the moderate zone of sedimentation and the value of erosion rate is Z = 0.54. Also according to EPM method the sedimentation rate is . The highest amount of erosion is in the northern part of the catchment, which is due to the existence of Non-cultivable land use and erosive soil formations, including alluvial and marsh soils. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained from the empirical model, the observed information of the two sedimentation stations was used and the results indicate a relative average difference of 23.24% in the EPM model. Also, the results obtained from the Fournier method indicate the inefficiency of this method in estimating the Babolroud catchment due to the lack of consideration of the erosion potential of the area.

Irregular and unstable urban development has increased marginalization, destruction of urban green areas and increased demand for urban land, which in itself has led to the disappearance of urban green spaces and land use change of such lands and is possible. Cause certain global environmental problems such as the formation of urban heat islands, because urban green space is one of the important models in achieving sustainability in urban space and the physical and natural fit of the city. At the same time, the protection of the environment and urban green space is the main pillar of sustainable development, which has been discussed in developed countries for decades and in recent years has been highly regarded by planners in developing countries. The present study, in terms of Weberchr('39')s applied and developmental purpose, is a descriptive-analytical descriptive survey or field study in which the researcher-made questionnaire tool is used and the existing maps of urban green space are used. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of green space in coastal cities in attracting tourists with the approach of sustainable environmental development in the coastal city of Noor, but in addition to the main purpose of the sub-objectives, the researcher The results also increase the per capita urban green space, increase the number of urban tourists, prevent environmental damage and increase the income of the citizens of the coastal city of Noor.

In this article, the aim is to Recognition the features of the entrances of Pahlavi period buildings in Zahedan and then prioritize these features. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative. Data collection in the first stage is through content analysis method based on images and researcher observations of 8 buildings in the city. In the second stage, building features were prioritized through a questionnaire tool and using AHP method. The number of experts to weigh the criteria was 10 people. The result of the research shows that the architectural style of the 8 buildings studied is the traditional architectural style; A study of the typology of the entrance of the building based on the facade decorations shows that the decorations are based on the traditional architectural style and most of the designs, shapes and inscriptions on the entrance of the building include brickwork, use of simple designs and shapes. In fact, the use of bricks and materials compatible with the climate of the region with simple designs and in many cases without designs on the entrances, is the dominant species. Therefore, the predominant type of buildings at the entrance of Zahedan city is of traditional architecture and in a simple way and decorations are also based on bricks. The result of AHP method showed that simple, truncated, snake and vein decorations weighing 0.282 are known as the most important decorative features of the entrance of the building in Zahedan. The use of simple brick inscriptions weighing 0.181 is also in the second place in terms of importance in terms of decorations on the entrance of the building.

In this research, the sensitivity of the meteorological elements (such as mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) to different physical parameterizations in the numerical forecast model (WRF) was evaluated to simulate the climate of the city and adjust the Urban Heat Island of the study area.To study urban environmental issues, the Urban Canopy Model (UCM) was coupled to the WRF model. Several experiments were performed to achieve optimal configuration for simulation in the period from 18-21 August 2016 in the stable atmospheric conditions in summer. Selection of the most appropriate configuration with the least error is proposed as an appropriate setting for urban climate simulations and the study of Urban Heat Island (UHI). Increasing surface reflections to reduce UHI in the range was applied. Two indices of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Bias Error (MBE) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model and its corresponding observational values. The results showed that in the province of Tehran, in general, all configurations estimate the air temperature and wind speed less than real and relative humidity more than the actual value. In Alborz province, all configurations estimate the air temperature and wind speed more than real and relative humidity less than real value. By increasing the reflection of urban levels, the mean temperature of Tehran and Alborz provinces decreases 0.6 and 0.2 ° C, respectively. Wind speed, especially in urban areas, increases somewhat. We also see an increase in relative humidity (especially in urban areas) in the studied areas.

In recent years, the technology of crop production has been greatly expanded using satellite data. Today, Landsat 8 and OLI sensor data, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, allow the discovery of factors that control phenology on a local scale. In this study, the remote sensing indices - NDVI, EVI, Greenness, and Brightness - obtained from the OLI sensor and the GCC index obtained from digital camera images were used to estimate the phenological stages of the rapeseed plant. The Savitzky-Goli filter was used to remove outlier data and to produce smooth curves of time series of plant indices. The results showed that the curves obtained from the indices of NDVI, EVI, GCC show all four stages of remote sensing phenology – green-up, dormancy, maturity, and senescence - well, but the Greenness index did not show the dormancy stage well. The Brightness index curve shows the inverse behavior to other curves. According to Pearsonchr('39')s correlation test, GCC index data are correlated with NDVI and Brightness index data .we used the ratio threshold, rate of change and first derivative methods, to estimate "start of season" and "end of season" and the results showed that the first derivative and ratio threshold methods with an average difference of 18 and 19 days in the "start of the season"  and the rate of change method, with an average difference of 8 days, has the best performance in estimating the “end of the season”. Also, the Brightness index with an average difference of 16 days and the EVI index with an average difference of 7 days have the best performance in estimating "start of season" and "end of season", respectively.

Different methods are used for baseflow separation, filtering method one of these methods. In this study, the filtering methods with different algorithms, inclusive One-Parameter, Two-Parameter, Three-Parameter, Lyne & Hollick, Chapman, Furey & Gupta, Eckhardt and Ewma used for daily baseflow separation of Kahman karst spring in Aleshter county. The statistical period used in this study was a period of 27 years. The Isotope content method used as the main method for baseflow separation. Samples analyzed at the Mesbah Energy Company laboratory. Each algorithm has different parameters. First the parameters of each algorithm optimized based on the isotopic content method in the water year of 2017-2018. Then the optimized parameters used for the period 27 years.  At the end, using the evaluation of different critical compared to the different algorithms. The results showed that the Eckhart algorithm performs better than other algorithms. This algorithm estimated baseflow and surface water indexes, respectively 81 and 19 percent.

In the past, architects in many parts of Iran had built traditional public buildings to create a community convenience and comfort. Ab Anbars are good example of this facility structures which they were suppose to collect water in rainy condition and keep it cool for use in dry condition of year espacialy in hot and arid climate. To study amount of radiation and heat absorption 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Yazd (hot and arid climate) and 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Qazvin (cold climate) were selected. In order to simulate the domes, they were first modeled in Revit software 2017, and then models were transferred to Rhino 5 software, using the honeybee & lady bug, and with the Energy plus Engine analysis of the received solar radiation and shading were done. In the analyzes, uniformity of the dimensions of the Ab Anbars domes were used, so that the optimum dome can be obtained in terms of receiving solar radiation and absorbing heat in the shadowed area. To equalize the domes, the absorption of the sun's radiation of each dome is divided by the amount of shadowing of the same dome.Radiation absorption in hottest day of the year in hat and arid climate and coldest day of year in cold climate were calculated using Energy Plus software Honeybee & ladybug Plugins. Result shows that amount of radiation is dependent to form of domes. During study day (14,16 and 18 o’clock ) 78, 71 and 64 percent of high rise Domes  is facing radiation while 93,81 and 64 percent of  low rise domes is facing radiation. From this results it can be concluded that high rise domes have better function in hot and arid climate and low rise domes have better function in cold climate in relation to radiation absorption.

The aim of the present study is to dynamically model the spatial-temporal characteristics of dust in the south and southeast of Iran with REG-CM4 model using monthly dust data and RegCM4 data. For this purpose, the dust distribution of the IDW method along with the dust diagrams were plotted. The RegCM4 model was implemented with the paired Lambert image imaging system for 40 km horizontal separation with the paired chemistry model. The location of monthly and annual dust distribution shows the highest amounts of dust for the cities of Zabol, Bandar Abbas, Zahedan and Jask compared to Sirjan, Kahnooj and Lar stations. The highest frequency of dust in Sistan and Baluchestan (48%), Hormozgan (27%) and Fars provinces with 16% and the lowest frequency for Kerman province (9%). In general, the summer seasons (at Sistan station) and the winter (Kerman station) have the highest and minimum dust events, respectively. The time survey also has the highest amount of dust for the warm months of the year and the lowest for the cold months of the year. July at Zabol station and November and December at Sirjan station have the highest and lowest dust levels, respectively. The RegCM4 climate model also shows maximum dust on the southeast, south and south coasts for different variables.