Today, the huge economic damage of natural hazards, especially of the micro-organisms, to human societies has led the concept of economic sustainability to mitigate the effects of crises to become an important area in crisis management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of environmental hazards (effluents) on Ahwaz economy. This research can be considered as a type of applied-development research, and is a descriptive-analytical study in a correlation manner. The population of the study consisted of all residents of Ahwaz, in 1395, there were no more than 1302000 people. The sample size was 384, based on the Cochran formula, and randomly available. To investigate the data, the structural equation path analysis was used in Amos18 software. The results indicated that the microprocesses had an effect on the economy of Ahwaz with a coefficient of 0.31 and a significant level of 0.002. Also, the effect of fiery gradients was 0.73, and the significance level of 0.000 on the tax, the microguns, with the coefficient of influence 0.45 and the significance of 0.000 per facility, the effects of the micrographs with the coefficient of 0.55, and the significance of 0.000 on the housing, With a coefficient of influence of 0.17 and a significant amount of 0.008 on transportation. Accordingly, microblogging has the most impact on finance with a coefficient of 0.73, and transportation with a coefficient of influence of 0.17 has had the least effect.

Cities are dramatically turning into complex social, economic, and environmental systems. Each urban system is vulnerable when it can not adapt to its changing conditions and critical situations. Therefore, in recent decades, natural disaster response approaches have introduced a new concept of urban resilience to prepare for disaster as much as possible. Is. Despite the recent attention and the abundant use of the concept of resilience in different areas of theoretical and practical limitations of this concept, this study aims to explain the causal pattern of resilience of cities. The present research is based on the descriptive-causal methodology. The statistical sample of the study was compiled by 35 experts and specialists in urban planning. Fuzzy Dumbled Fan was used to achieve the research goal. The findings of this study showed that based on the values ​​of D-R, among the four metrics of urban resilience, the physical criterion with the value (0.943) was the most effective measure of resilience in the city. Also, based on the D + R values, the physical criterion with the value of (896/2) was identified as the most important resiliency criterion in the city.

The rapid expansion of cities and their uneven physical growth, so-called "urban creep", have corrupted the villages and their surrounding lands, causing irregular conversion of agricultural lands and degradation of environmental resources. This situation has also been widespread in Shahrekord, the capital of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The purpose of this descriptive-survey research is to determine the physical developments of rural settlements around Shahrekord with emphasis on urban sprwal. The statistical population is household heads of rural areas (15000 people). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, 400 individuals were selected. The tool used is a researcher-made questionnaire on three dimensions of economic, social, cultural and environmental physical consequences. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The results show that the consequences of urban sprawl are respectively environmental-physical consequences (3/98), economic consequences (3/96) and socio-cultural consequences (3/89 (. The most important environmental-physical consequences are increased environmental pollution, destruction of traditional architecture, destruction of biodiversity; major economic consequences of stock markets and rising land and housing prices, diminishing villagers' reluctance to productive activities (agriculture and livestock), capital flight from villages And their savings in the city and the rising cost of living amidst the socio-cultural consequences of luxury and the tendency to consume luxury goods, reduce solidarity and participation, crowding and crowding in cities, modeling of life and urbanization culture. have been.

The limitations and boundaries of agricultural production is dependent on climatic conditions. Weather is one of the most important factors in human activities, especially agriculture. Corn cultivation in the country's food supply is essential.  Kermanshah province, with the potential favorable climate, optimum conditions for corn are cultivated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of precipitation and temperature in determining the agricultural calendar and to determine suitable areas for planting corn. To do this, climate data from 10 synoptic stations during the period of 20 years (1390-1371) were used. Use, Hoteling test and test observational data were analyzed. According to research, the station is under study, corn crop water demand in the months of June, July, August and September not secure and High temperature areas due to reduced need frequent in the months of May and June and in the lowlands due to a sharp increase in flowering time, seed maintenance and handling problems during the growing season makes this crop. Based on the results of Hotelling test 62 percent of the land area suitable Kermanshah province, 24 percent and 14 percent for maize is unsuitable. And also based on the results of t-test found 47 percent good, 38 percent moderate and 15 percent are unsuitable for corn. As a result, the central area of moderate temperatures for planting, eastern and northern areas of the southern and western areas of the province due to tropical cold and not suitable for maize cultivation.

Urban neighborhoods play a major role in urban life and decline. The transformation of the relationship between mass and space and the changing in population and construction densities due to changes in lifestyle, population growth and ... has caused a major transformation in the spatial structure of the neighborhoods and, finally, amount of social communication and interaction at the local level. These inevitable changes in the neighborhood and the city have caused major problems in which according to the relationship between the spatial and social structure of urban neighborhoods, it is necessary to improve the situation on the other side by interfering and changing in each of the fields. In the present research, neighborhood-centered spatial development strategy and plan in Ferdowsi neighborhood have been investigated. This research in terms of purposing is applied; in terms of nature and method is prescriptive; according to type of data is quantitative and qualitative; and in terms of time, is cross-sectional. In this research, by using the AIDA technique and based on strategies and decision areas, a strategic project has been presented in order to empowerment of Ferdowsi's neighborhood.

Training is one of the most convenient, and fastest ways to enable a society. Rural administrators are no exception; therefore, in order to achieve sustainable rural development, it is essential to enable Dehyars (rural administrators) through education and training courses. Accordingly, to improve Dehyar’s performance, they are provided with some training courses held by various organizations dealing with rural issues. Therefore, measuring the quality of training services is a prerequisite for improving the quality of training services and their performance. The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytic method. The population was comprised of all Dehyars in Nasrabad District, Torbat-e-Jam County. Nevertheless, due to small number of the participants, all Dehyars were included in the study. According to the results of the correlation test, both dimensions of ‘expectations’ and ‘perceptions’ have a positive and significant relationship with the individual characteristics of the Dehyars. The results of single sample t-test indicate that the mean of respondents' views in two dimensions of perceptions and expectations from training services is moderate to high. Further, according to the gap analysis (using the SERVQUAL model), in all aspects of the quality of training services, there is a negative gap between the perceptions and expectations of the Dehyars from training services. Nevertheless, the most important component which met the expectations of Dehyars about training services was related to accountability dimension; therefore, it is proposed to reduce the gap through organizing the workshops and training courses in an independent location with adequate equipment for the staff and instructors. It is also recommended to consult the Dehyars to see what courses they need.

 In today's world, the process of globalization and communication and information innovations has brought the "cities" into an actor of national and global competition. No urban point in the world can rely on maintaining its traditional role in the urban hierarchy, as other urban areas compete in a network structure with other cities in order to enhance their position on the network and overcome other competitors. In contemporary cities, forces, activists, and urban actors face a different role in their political, economic, social, and cultural domains, with a view to their modern and highly sensitive interests, and therefore competition between the positive and the negative ones It has emerged or is underway. Given the importance of this, political geographers and geopolitics are studying the important process, which is in fact the "urban geopolitics", created in the wake of urban competition, and with the growing competition of urban action-makers and forwards ahead. , Pay. The present paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to make it clear that urban geopolitics, on the one hand, includes a set of common rivalries, ideas and perceptions of political factions, religious denominations, or other social centers that social groups It brings to the fore and creates a worldview for them. On the other hand, the concept of this survey shows how these perceptions, the field of decision-making by citizens, and the occurrence of competition, change, and sometimes even protests in urban environments. It then changes with inspiration from geopolitical conditions. Hence, a kind of geopolitical measure on a city scale has made cities important actors in diverse geographic areas. The results of this research show that the multi-dimensional phenomenon of the city is studied by political geographers and geopolitics, with emphasis on the pivotal elements of space, politics, power and competition.

This research aims to study the impact of temperature and wind in the southern low-pressure system and its associated precipitation in the southern regions of Iran. As The southern low pressure system moves eastward, it crosses the southern regions of Iran, causing medium and heavy rainfall in these areas. In this study, two southern low-pressure systems that caused heavy rainfall on March 11, 2015 and January 17, 2000 in southern Iran were selected, analyzed and simulated using the numerical Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Since the wind and temperature fields play a significant role in the southern low-pressure systems, four experiments were performed for investigating the effects of temperature and wind on the intensification and weakening of the southern system. The simulation results showed that the simulation for the increased (decreased) temperature caused the weakened (intensified) the southern low pressure in the studied area. This result showed that the vertical structure of the southern low-pressure and its physical characteristics are similar to the mid-latitudes cyclones, and these systems were different from the thermal low pressures. The results of wind speed changes showed that the increased (decreased) wind speed simulation caused an increase (decrease) in relative vorticity, thus the southern low pressure was intensified (weakened). In both cases, the rainfall was decreased by the increased temperature simulation, and decreased temperature caused an increase in rainfall. It was also seen that the increase in wind speed caused the special humidity advection to be increased and then the rainfall increased. Also the amount of rainfall decreased when conditions did not provide for the advection of specific humidity or the wind speed reduced.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of urban viability indicators in Shahrekord, based on the position of urban management. Research in terms of purpose (type of use) is an applied research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is Shahrekord residents, and the statistical area of ​​the whole area is located in Shahr-e-Kord. The number of statistical population is equal to (160,000). The sample size was 383 people, determined according to the Cochran formula and available randomly. The collected data were analyzed by AMOS and TES and Friedman tests using SPSS software and structural equation path analysis. The results show that based on the analysis of the path of structural equations of urban management, the social index, with a coefficient of 0.22, on the economic index, with a coefficient of 0.85, and on the environmental index, with a coefficient of 0.30. have been. Accordingly, the economic index has the most impact, and the social indicator has the lowest impact. Based on the T test, the economic index is in the best position, followed by the management index, the social index, and the last rank of the environmental index. According to the Friedman test, the first rank index, the social index ranked second, and the environmental index ranked third.

The plant community in an area is the most sensitive indicator of climate. A visual comparison of climate and vegetation on a global scale immediately reveals a strong correlation between climatic and vegetation zones and this relationship, of course, are not co-incidental.  The main object of this study is to reveal the spatiotemporal association between climatic factors andvegetation Cover (NDVI) incorporate MODIS and TRMM product in Kohkiloyeh O Boirahmad province of Iran. So that the in this paer we use MOD13Q1  of MODIS product as NDVI layer for study area. MOD11A2 as landsurface temperature and 3B43 TRMM as meanmonthly accumulative rainfall for study area during 2002 to 2012 in 0.25° spatial resolution also were used as climatic factors. We use the correlation and cross-correlation analysis in 0.95 confident level(P_value =0.05) to detection the spatial and temporal association between the NDVI and 2 climatic Factor(LST and rainfall). The results indicated that during winter (December to March) the spatial distribution of NDVI is highly correlated with LST spatial distribution. In these months the pixels which have the high value of NDVI are spatiallyassociated with the pixels which have highest value of LST (6 to 14C°).As can be seen in table 1. Season the spatial correlation among NDVI and LST is so high which is statistical significant in 0.99 confident level  in winter. In transient months such as May, October and November,(temperate months in study region ) the spatial correlation among NDVI and LST is falling to 0.30 to 0.35 which is not statistical significant in 0.95 confident level. Finally in summer season or warm months including Jun to September, we found the minimum spatial association among the NDVI and LST.. In temporal aspect we found that the maximum correlation between NDVI and LST simultaneously appears and not whit lag time. The spatial correlation of NDVI and TRMM monthly accumulative rainfall was statistical significant in spring season (April to Jun) by 1 month lag time in remain months we don’t find any significant correlation between NDVI and rainfall.

Tourism with a wide range of environmental, economic, social and physical impacts is one of the factors affecting the pattern of land use which, depending on the region's ability to attract tourists, as well as the type, volume and forms of tourism, the intensity and quality of this change effect varies. One of the many factors that can affect sustainable urban development is tourism and its consequences, so that a comprehensive study of the implications of tourism development in a metropolitan area needs to be considered as a sustainable urban development. The method of research is after collecting field information. Using a completed questionnaire, SPSS software is used to analyze the data. Then, using descriptive and inferential statistics, we analyze the relationships between the variables. And also, to show the results of analytical and descriptive data GIS and Excel software were used.  Finally, in GIS software environment, the zoning of the best places for tourism development will be analyzed. The results of this research show that from the perspective of half of the officials and government experts, the expansion of tourism industry, on one hand, causes the region's economic prosperity and, on the other hand, reduces regional security and causes pollution of the environment. 

Urban land utilize planning, for optimal use of existing facilities and urban spaces is one of the main cores of urban planning, which is usually defined as a multi-objective issue. In line with the absence of specific categorization, system for land use in Iran the use of metaheuristic algorithm and artificial intelligence is required. One of the algorithms that introduced and used in recent years are the optimization algorithm (BBO) based on biogeography. Current research is from practical research group and type of descriptive-analytic research, the data analysis method would be write and execute in MATLAB software by using biogeography algorithm. The purpose, after identifying most effective variable, will be to improve the present status of the system's distribution use indicators and their adjacency in the county surface. For comparing the results of current research, in terms of desired area needed uses with development plan of Semnan County, each dimension of (GIS) layer should be provide.overlapping of the layers would be compare with development design.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of climate change on the border security of Thalassa Babajani villages. The study area consists of 11 villages of Salas Babajani city with a population of over 2500 people. 333 questionnaires were designed using Cochran formula. The research method was a descriptive-analytic and statistical questionnaire. The results showed that the impacts of climate change were firstly on food security and consequently security in the border villages of Thales Babajani so that most of the population in the study area were concerned about climate change such as flood and drought. Forced to change their livelihoods due to lack of food. The results also showed that with climate change, some former farmers have moved to their village boundaries for daily livelihoods due to climate change and food scarcity, which could in the future be the third border region and its villages. Serious challenges lead to insecurity. Because these people will face the same dangers as engaging in border guards between the two countries, Iran will result in the risk of death for those who were once farmers or ranchers and the security of the area would also be compromised.

In an agricultural system, crop production is related to climatic conditions. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the impact of regional climate change on production ensures global food security. Wheat is one of the most strategic crops and examining different aspects of its production is a necessity of every agricultural community. According to studies, wheat production is affected by various variables including environmental, individual and social, economic and technological. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of these variables on changes in wheat production in different climates of Fars province. The required data were collected and analyzed through multi-stage random stratified sampling and 522 completed questionnaires through face-to-face interviews with farmers in the province. Farmers' attitudes were measured in the Likert scale and Cobb Douglas, Transcendental and Translog production functions were used to estimate the effect of variables. Results of comparing effective variables in three Cobb-Douglas, Transcendental and Translog functions; demonstrates the superiority of translog. From the perspective of the farmers of the province in the translog function, respectively; Soil moisture at planting time (0.692), effective rainfall during growing season (0.68) and at planting date (0.66), heat wave at harvest time (0.63), damaging rainfall (0.59) , Profit from wheat production (0.51), farmer education (0.49), soil quality (0.49) and cultivation method (0.49) with the coefficient of the mentioned criteria next to them; The most important factors explaining wheat production in Fars province. Independent variables in the translog function explain 92% of the changes in wheat production in Fars province.