Showing 251 results for Co
Sharifeh Zarei, Dr. Bohloul Alijani, Dr. Zahra Hejazizadeh, Dr. Bakhtiar Mohammadi,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
This study investigates the most significant synoptic patterns associated with widespread snowfall in the eastern half of Iran. To achieve this, weather code data and snow depth records from synoptic stations in the eastern half of the country were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization for the statistical period of 1371-1400 (1992-2021), focusing on the months of October to March. Days with simultaneous snowfall covering more than 70% of the study area were identified as widespread snowfall events. For the synoptic-dynamic analysis of these events, a classification method utilizing cluster analysis was employed. Maps of representative days were generated, including variables such as atmospheric temperature, moisture flux, geopotential height, vorticity, front formation, jet stream location, omega index, and meridional and zonal wind data. Additionally, trend analysis was conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. The results revealed that three primary synoptic patterns are responsible for widespread snowfall in the study area. These patterns include: (1) high-pressure systems over Siberia and central Europe coupled with low-pressure systems over eastern Iran; (2) high-pressure systems over western Iran paired with low-pressure systems over Sudan; and (3) high-pressure systems over central Europe combined with low-pressure systems over eastern Iran and Afghanistan. In all patterns, the intensification of meridional flows in the westerly winds, along with the formation of high- and low-pressure centers, creates blocking conditions that disrupt the westerly flow and promote upward air motion. The concentration of negative omega fields and positive relative vorticity advection, coupled with the positioning of northeastern Iran in the left exit region of the Subtropical Jet Stream, contributes to significant atmospheric instability and widespread snowfall in the region. Furthermore, the trend analysis indicated that, although there is no statistically significant trend in the number of snowfall days in northeastern Iran, the overall number of snowfall days has decreased over time.
Mrs Reyhane Salehabadi, Dr Mohammadreza Hafez Nia,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, a new perspective on science and technology emerged in Iran. This scientific discourse was profoundly shaped by the principles of the Islamic Revolution and Islamic ideology, leading to the establishment of new values and objectives for the advancement of science and technology. In the post-revolutionary era, as policymakers recognized science and technology as pivotal drivers of societal progress and excellence, they devised scientific policies and strategies aimed at achieving revolutionary and Islamic ideals. This evolving attitude toward science and technology significantly influenced Iran’s scientific and technological development during this period. Given that the Islamic Republic of Iran has assumed a leading role in scientific leadership within the region since 1979, its contributions to the development of scientific capabilities under successive post-revolution governments are noteworthy. To explore this, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed, utilizing reliable data from both domestic and international sources. The research findings indicate that the prevailing discourse in different governmental periods included a focus on industrialization through import substitution and capital resource allocation (1981–1989), modernization and institutional development with an emphasis on advanced technologies (1989–1997), the promotion of advanced technologies, innovation, export expansion, and social justice centered on knowledge-based industries (1997–2005), the transition toward knowledge-based innovation in the economy (2005–2013), and the enhancement of international cooperation with an emphasis on identity and rationality in policy formulation and implementation (2013–2021). The results demonstrate that, in each phase, measures such as the expansion of higher education and scientific research, the establishment of universities and research centers, and the creation of domestic and international scientific networks were implemented in alignment with the dominant discourse.
Faeze Shoja, Salimeh Sadeghi, Shamsipour, Eduardo Gomes,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
The aim of this research is to evaluate the heat mitigation index (HMI) in the Tehran metropolitan area using the Urban Cooling Model (UCM) approach in a spatial framework. UCM produces maps of the Heat Mitigation Index. This index estimates the cooling potential of urban green spaces in a given location, taking into account various parameters such as evapotranspiration, tree shading, albedo, rural reference air temperature, urban heat island intensity, air temperature maximum blending, and maximum cooling distance. The assessment of environmental factors influencing the UCM in the study area revealed that the urban heat island effect was least intense in regions 1, 22, and the northern parts of region 4 of Tehran municipality, where there are scattered trees, shrubs, open low-rise buildings, and water bodies. The temperature differences between the city and the suburbs ranged from 0 to 1.3 degrees Celsius. However, the study area's central parts showed the highest intensity of the urban heat island, particularly in regions 21, 13, and 14. These regions have a dense and compact texture and an expansion of impervious surfaces, resulting in the lowest values of the evapotranspiration index (ranging from 0.12 to 0.45) and albedo (ranging from 0.09 to 0.16). Based on these parameters, the study area's HMI index showed that the cooling capacity varies from 0.08 in the central parts of the city to 0.9 in areas affected by green spaces and water bodies. The maximum cooling capacity index is concentrated in areas with dense and scattered tree cover in the region. On average, these areas have been able to neutralise 2.48 degrees Celsius of the urban heat island effect with a cooling capacity of 63%. The methodology employed in this research can be used as a reference for urban designers in integrating urban cooling approaches and heat island mitigation strategies in urban planning and design.
Dr Naser Shafieisabet, Masoudeh Nikoeifard, Dr Neginsadat Mirvahedi,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
Villagers' self-organization, as a collaborative process, plays a fundamental role in promoting sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This study was carried out to identify the driving forces affecting the self-organization of villagers and to improve sustainable rural livelihoods in Ashtian County, Iran. Utilizing a qualitative research design with an analytical-exploratory approach, data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 30 subject matter experts. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the Delphi method and MicMac software to identify underlying relationships and patterns among concepts. The findings indicate that the distribution of factors and variables influencing the improvement of sustainable rural livelihoods in the study area is characterized by instability. Additionally, among the 24 primary influential factors, 10 critical drivers emerged as pivotal to advancing villagers' self-organization and promoting long-term sustainability in rural livelihoods. These drivers include innovation and creativity of villagers in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, skills and experience in group activities, and the establishment of local organizations as individual factors; increasing the spirit of entrepreneurship, launching, and promoting new local businesses as psychological factors; increasing participation, cooperation, and a sense of responsibility in agricultural and non-agricultural activities as social factors; empowering villagers by increasing their awareness, social and economic skills, and leveraging new IT and ICT technologies for structural empowerment in the direction of self-organization as education and empowerment factors; access to diverse and reliable financial resources for agricultural and non-agricultural activities as economic factors; delegating authority to villagers in line with local planning and decentralization as planning and management factors; and finally, supporting the creation and development of local businesses, diversifying agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and increasing investment in innovative businesses as socio-economic support factors. These drivers collectively contribute to advancing villagers' self-organization and enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods.
Fereydoon . Babaei Aghdam, Rahim Rahim Heydari Chianeh, Qassem Rahimifard,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of destination image and service quality on the competitiveness of tourism destinations, specifically focusing on Tabriz city. This research is classified as applied in terms of its purpose and analytical in terms of its descriptive methodology. The statistical population comprised incoming tourists to Tabriz, with a sample size estimated at 384, calculated using Cochran's formula for an infinite population. To gather field data, a researcher-developed questionnaire was employed, the validity of which was confirmed by subject matter experts. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, with the results affirming the questionnaire's reliability. Data analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS and LISREL software. The findings indicated that both destination image and service quality exert a positive and significant influence on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Furthermore, the path coefficient analysis demonstrated that the impact of destination image on the competitiveness of tourism destinations was greater than that of service quality.
Ghazal Asadi Eskandar, Bahador Zamani, Shahab Kariminia, Maryam Ghasemi Sichani,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Increased temperatures in urban areas due to high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are some of the problems of today's cities. Urban open spaces in hot and arid climates experience this problem more in summer. The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between morphological components of the urban fabric and thermal comfort through integrated analysis. In this study, urban fabric types were extracted by considering ground space index, floor space index, open space ratio, average height, streets orientation, streets organization, and type of plots according to their configuration of mass and space. To study thermal comfort, a field study was carried out in five neighborhoods in the historical context, for five continuous days in summer. Environmental variables including air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, and wind speed were measured, and the physiological equivalent temperature index was calculated using ENVI-met software; thermal comfort in the neighborhoods with different morphological characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that more than half of the data during the day in the hot season in all five neighborhoods are in conditions of extreme heat stress. Comparison of neighborhoods with different morphological features indicated that two neighborhoods with higher open space ratios, despite the difference in the orientation of the streets and the type of plots, have lower thermal comfort compared to other types. A neighborhood with a higher ground space index and a lower open space ratio has a lower average physiological equivalent temperature.
Mr Ebrahim Bairanvand, Dr Amir Gandomkar, Dr Alireza Abbasi, Dr Morteza Khodaghoi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
The torrential rains that occurred in April 2017 in Lorestan Province exemplified severe precipitation that inflicted substantial damage on agricultural, urban, transportation, and communication infrastructures. This study aims to investigate and elucidate the relationship between the physical structure of clouds responsible for two waves of heavy rainfall in April 2017 within the Doroud catchment area of Boroujerd. In this context, the statistical characteristics of two precipitation events on March 25 and April 1, 2019, were analyzed. The microphysical properties of the clouds generating these two heavy rainfall events were examined utilizing the Madis superconductor product and MOD06. Four microphysical factors contributing to the formation of clouds during these two rainfall waves in the Doroud-Borujerd basin—including cloud top temperature (CTT), cloud top pressure (CTP), optical cloud thickness (OCT), and cloud cover ratio (CFR)—were analyzed. Statistical assessments indicated that the first wave of heavy rainfall, occurring on March 25, 2019 (5 April 1398), accounted for 15% of the total annual rainfall, while the second wave on April 1, 2019 (12 April 1398) contributed 20% of the region's average annual rainfall within these two days. The findings from the analysis of the microphysical structure of the clouds producing these two precipitation waves, based on data from the MODIS cloud sensor product, revealed a significant spatial correlation between the four microphysical factors and the recorded precipitation values of these two heavy rainfall events. Specifically, the cloud top temperature and pressure, indicative of vertical cloud expansion in the area, exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the precipitation amounts in the basin. Conversely, the cloud cover ratio and optical thickness demonstrated a direct and significant spatial correlation with the recorded rainfall values. The results of this study thus establish a significant and robust relationship between the microphysical structure of clouds and the precipitation amounts recorded in the region during these two heavy rainfall events.
Mis Zahra Asgari Gandomani, Mr Hamid Roodbari, Mr Yaghoob Mohammadi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Green marketing has emerged as a significant area of interest, particularly among sports consumers who express concern regarding environmental issues and demonstrate a willingness to purchase eco-friendly products. Nonetheless, the actual sales of such green products remain below expectations. Consequently, this study aims to examine the influence of environmental factors—including attitude, concern, and sense of environmental responsibility—on the purchasing intentions of environmentally conscious sports consumers. The present survey study gathered data from 384 Iranian students through a seven-point Likert electronic questionnaire comprising 27 items. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. A total of 390 questionnaires were distributed, with 384 deemed valid for analysis. The data were analyzed using PLS software to assess the reliability and validity of the model, as well as to test the hypotheses of the structural model. Findings reveal that environmental attitude serves as a significant driver of consumers' green purchasing behavior. Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was identified between environmental responsibility and green purchasing behavior. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between environmental concerns and green purchasing behavior. Additionally, the relationship between individual green values and environmental attitude, environmental concerns, environmental responsibility, and green purchasing behavior was statistically insignificant. To leverage these insights, companies should cultivate a positive image of environmental responsibility for their products through strategic branding initiatives. This approach could enhance consumer support among those who prioritize the purchase of environmentally friendly products.
Dr Saeedeh Fakhari,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Investigating the awareness of the local community towards the development of ecotourism is very important and necessary for future planning. Ecotourism in any region affects the lifestyle of local people and their economic-cultural conditions. On the other hand, ecotourists are also influenced by the culture of the host society and its values. Therefore, this study examines the local community's awareness of supporting ecotourism development in Damavand City. Due to the preservation of unique biological diversity, climatic conditions, and the frequent visits of tourists and ecotourists to this region, the local community needs to know about ecotourism, which made this research necessary. The target community of this study is the local community of residents of Damavand city. Therefore, using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity, in addition to seeking opinions from experts (face validity), convergent validity was used. To calculate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability were used. The results of the inferential statistics that were conducted using confirmatory factor analysis (Smart PLS software) showed that the four components of the research (local community awareness, economic poverty, cultural poverty, and ecotourism development) have homogeneity and reliability, and the awareness of the local community It has a significant relationship on the development of ecotourism with the mediating role of cultural poverty with the test statistic value of 4.195 and economic poverty with the test statistic value of 5.397. The results showed that the awareness of the local community on the development of ecotourism with the test statistic value of 2.032 indicates the low level of awareness of the local community towards the development of ecotourism.
Hadiseh Gheysari, , Hosein Kalantari,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
A viable solution to address the challenge of urban poverty in the worn and inefficient contexts of the metropolis of Ahvaz is to reform its structures by integrating poverty-reducing policies into urban planning for the future. Sustainable regeneration has been identified as one such strategy. The premise that substantial capital investment in neighborhood regeneration can enhance the overall conditions of the neighborhood poverty system underscores the critical need to organize economically focused spaces within targeted poverty zones.
Utilizing the normative futures study method, three types of uncertainty scenarios—critical, middle, and desirable—were developed through a Delphi survey for each of the five strategic drivers of the research that can be managed, modified, and monitored throughout the sustainable regeneration process. The sustainable regeneration plan for urban neighborhoods was conceptualized with poverty-reducing policies tailored to each of these five strategic drivers, guided by thematic macrotrends.For each technical area, the key impacts of future-oriented economic interventions aimed at regenerating the targeted neighborhoods were identified and outlined. Based on these dimensions, policies were proposed in the form of thematic actions aligned with desirable scenarios to enhance the status of the five strategic research drivers. This, in turn, aims to reform the structures of urban poverty and improve the overall conditions of the poverty system in the targeted neighborhoods.as a result, The failure of Iran's urban regeneration programs in resolving stakeholder conflicts is rooted in many structural weaknesses related to the procedures and methods of preparation and implementation of these programs. Therefore, a mechanism should be provided in the process of preparing urban regeneration plans, which, in the first step, should pay attention to the dynamic, multidimensional and complex nature of conflicts in the stages before, during and after the implementation of the project, and then identify the conflicts of the beneficiaries in the very early stages. to control.
Kiomars Khodapanah, Arasto Yari,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Water resource management, during the development of its conditions and scope, is subject to various dimensions and constraints. Therefore, identifying the contributing factors for sustainable water resource management is essential for optimizing its use. This research focuses on the central rural areas of Ardabil County, examining farmers' perspectives on the factors influencing the management of sustainable water resources (including Sharif Baigloo, Hakim Gheshlaghi, Sham Asbi, Vakil Abad, Omidche, Pirghavam, Aghbalagh Rostamkhani, Gharelor, and Gilandeh). This study employs a descriptive-analytic approach with an applied focus and utilizes quantitative methods. The statistical population consists of heads of farming households in the central region of Ardabil County. Seven dimensions were considered, encompassing 72 components, with a calculated sample size of 349 participants. The sample distribution across the villages was conducted randomly and proportionally to the size of farming household heads in each village. Smart PLS software was utilized for analysis. The initial assessment of the measurement model demonstrated a good fit, with 68 components exhibiting impacts above the factor of 0.5. The results of the structural model indicated significant structural relationships between sustainable management and economic, social, productivity, technical, educational, and institutional factors. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) exceeded the threshold of 0.26 for all dimensions, indicating strong relationships. Specifically, the lowest R² for the economic dimension was 0.299, while the highest value for the productivity dimension was 0.511. These findings suggest that revising perspectives on agricultural water management, with a shift towards an integrative, participatory approach focused on optimal management while considering economic, social, technical, educational, and other relevant dimensions, is crucial for achieving sustainable water resource management.
