Population growth and the need for economic and social services have accelerated the demands for land and its manipulations over the recent decades. The contribution of policies and interventions of different stakeholders in land change is not adequately addressed in previous studies. This research, therefore, aims to examine the role of key stakeholders, and their policies in land-use change in the study area. In doing so a total number of 20 interviews with senior experts and informants from 13 local organizations were conducted to collect qualitative data on the form, process and cause of land-use change in the area. Atlasti software was used to analysis the interviews' data. Furthermore, Social Networks Analysis (SNA) and questionnaires were used to map the trust among the stakeholders and also the role of their policies and program on land-use changes from the perspective of other stakeholders. The results show that the policies and interventions of the municipality are playing the most significant role in land-use change via disregarding and violations of roles and related for individual illegal benefits. Additionally, departments of agriculture, rural councils are among the most trusted agents in land use governance and management. Furthermore, water shortage was the most important reason pointed out by the many interviewees for conversion of farmlands to other uses. A part from water shortage, some other reasons such as: lack of governmental support for farming, strict official constraints and difficulties in providing amenities for gardens, expensive agricultural inputs, land price increase, immigration, corruptions in local organization are identified as drivers of rural land-use change.
Keywords: Key words: Land use change, stakeholders, governance, Social Networks Analysis, Shariyar County.

Rural management has always undergone various changes. Today, this pillar is the responsibility of the rural municipality Foundation. The purpose of forming this institution is to have a strong executive force in order to develop rural areas. rural municipality, as the executor of village programs and projects, has an important role in reducing urban and rural inequalities and improving the development of the village. Determining the degree of success of rural municipality in performing tasks is possible when its performance is carefully measured. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of rural municipality Foundation in terms of economic, social and environmental indicators in rural areas of Sarbisheh. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of heads of households (1931 households) in 30 villages with rural areas. The sample size at the level of heads of households was calculated using the Cochran's formula of 320 people. The result of one-sample t-test showed that the best performance of rural areas is significantly less than 0.05 in terms of social indicators with an average of 3.78. Also, a significant difference was observed between the studied villages in the field of social indicators with a significant level (0.008), economic indicators with a significant level equal to (0.004) and environmental-physical indicators with a significant level (0.047). In terms of social performance, Dehneh Chah village with an average of 4.43, in terms of economic and environmental performance, Baghestan village with an average of 3.90 and 4.16 are in first place. The study of paired t-test with a significance level of less than 0.05 and an average difference of (-1.271) indicates that the situation of rural development indicators has become more appropriate after the establishment of the rural municipality Foundation.
Keywords: Dehyariha performance, economic, social and environmental indicators, rural areas, Sarbisheh.

Rain water harvesting is an appropriate option for storing surface runoff for subsequent uses during periods with limited access to water. The most important step in the application of rainwater harvesting systems (RWH) is the site selection suitable areas. Therefore, by identifying suitable sites for this purpose, time and cost will be saved . In this research, multivariate regression model and GIS were used to site selection in situ (RWH) in Tajare watershed. For this purpose, layers such as crown cover, litter, rock and stones, soil, curve number, rainfall, slope and depth of field as independent variable and infiltration were considered as the dependent variable. Then, according to the maps, their values were calculated in average for each of the 27 sub-basins. Also, to investigate the relationship between these variables and weighting, each of the effective layers of multi-variable regression was used by the stepwise method The results showed that the linear multivariate regression model with an explanation coefficient of 0.993 was able to estimate the penetration factor values well In terms of grade of importance, the curve number variables with a coefficient of -2.433, depth of soil with a coefficient of 0.3488, and rubble and gravel percent with a coefficient of 0.057, were the most important, and other factors were not significant. Comparison of the map from the site selection of multivariate regression in this research with some recommended criteria of various research studies showed that the predicted classes with good in the central parts of the basin and very good in the upstream areas of the basin which in the eastern and southeastern part of the basin fit have a good overlap with the recommended areas with these criteria.

Wetland cover classification is of special importance in order to identify the type of plant species inside the wetland and also to distinguish it from the wetland margin vegetation and to study their ecosystem changes.  Due to the spectral similarity between different plant species of wetlands and plants along the wetlands and agricultural lands, this is faced with problems using multispectral data and hyperspectral data can be very useful in this regard. in this study power of hyperspectral and multispectral sensors in identifying the characteristics of the wetland and the ability of ETM + (2011), Hyperion (2011) and ALI (2011) sensors to study the characteristics of Shadegan wetland during 1390 and different spectral indices with a suitable combination of The satellite imagery bands of these sensors were compared as input to a variety of classification methods including maximum likelihood, minimum distance, neural network and support vector machine. The results showed that the support vector machine and neural network methods with closer classification accuracy of 85% in all three images show closer results to reality. The classification accuracy for all three images was at its highest for the backup vector machine method, with a total accuracy of 95.73 for the Hyperion image, 88.03 for the ALI and 89.34 for the ETM +. Therefore, the characteristics considered for the wetland, in the three images obtained from the SVM algorithm showed that showing the differentiation of wetland vegetation use from irrigated agricultural land use is more ambiguous than other wetland features. Studies have shown that this part is less recognizable in ALI and ETM + images than Hyperion images, or in some areas these parts are not separable from aquaculture land at all, while Hyperion due to having 220 bands and having a higher level of Spectral details have the ability to distinguish between the two classes.

The development of sustainable entrepreneurship plays a critical role in promoting human well-being and environmental preservation. To achieve this objective, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities in different regions. Therefore, this study aims to explore these factors through a descriptive-analytical survey, with data collected from documentary research and field surveys. The number of experts was 52 who were purposefully sampled using the snowball method. The study employed four indicators and 28 items, which were measured using the Likert scale. A sample of 439 individuals, consisting of 387 villagers and 52 experts, participated in the study. The selection of the 387 villagers was determined using Cochran's formula from a statistical population of 215,104 people. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance, were used to analyze the data. The results of the one-sample t-test revealed that all indicators examined in the study were statistically significant at a confidence level above 95%. These findings suggest that the villagers' perception of these indicators is positive, given that the observed mean value (3.1) is assumed to be positive. Furthermore, the evaluation statistics, such as the multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, indicated that the transcendental model provides a better understanding of the factors influencing entrepreneurial opportunities and the key areas of entrepreneurship. The analysis of the transcendental model demonstrated that government subsidies, investment and facilities, product insurance, and education are the most influential factors in the formation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Additionally, the most important sectors for creating and developing entrepreneurship were found to be handicrafts, home-based jobs, oil and gas, medicinal plants, and date production. Overall, the results highlight the region's significant potential for natural, economic, and industrial entrepreneurship, emphasizing the necessity for the government to prioritize investment in entrepreneurship.

 Assessing and predicting future climate change is of particular importance due to its adverse effects on water resources and the natural environment, as well as its environmental, economic and social effects. Meanwhile, rainfall is also an important climatic element that causes a lot of damage in excess conditions. West Azerbaijan Province is no exception. The aim of this study is to model and predict 30 years of rainfall in West Azerbaijan province. The statistical period studied is 32 years (2019-1987). Selected stations in the province include Urmia, Piranshahr, Takab, Khoy, Sardasht, Mahabad and Mako stations. Average slider time series models, Sarima (seasonal Arima), Health Winters were used for analysis and prediction and also linear regression and Mann-Kendall test were used to determine the data trend. The results show an increasing trend of precipitation in Urmia, Piranshahr, Khoy, Sardasht and Mako stations and a decreasing trend in Takab and Mahabad stations. According to the results of comparing the models used, the Health Winters model with the least error in the absolute mean of deviations, mean squared deviations and the percentage of absolute mean errors was introduced as the best precipitation forecasting model for West Azerbaijan province. province.                                     [A1] 

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One of the aspects of sustainable urban development and balanced physical development is in line with ecological and socio-economic environmental conditions. In the last decades of the twentieth century, despite many efforts in the field of sustainable spatial development of cities, this issue still remains an important challenge for geographers, urban planners, architects and urban planners. In many cities in developing countries, rapid urbanization and increasing urban population have exacerbated environmental hazards. This is doubly important in small cities. Because physical development, in addition to land use change, has met the basic needs of urban society, including the provision of safe and sufficient water, green space per capita, urban waste management and environmental pollution. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of university professors and experts in the field of research in Ardakan who were selected by purposive sampling. They were selected to conduct and implement the research. In order to achieve the research objectives, using a new analytical methodology of interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationships between the factors were determined and analyzed in an integrated manner. Finally, using MICMAC analysis, the factors were analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The results of the interpretive structural model of the factors affecting the inner development of the city showed that the obtained model includes three levels and the results showed that the managerial and physical factors are the most basic factors affecting the inner development of the city that should be addressed in the first place. In other words, any action to pave the way for the internal development of the city, requires attention to these factors along with other factors

Housing is a crucial domain for testing human interactions and serves as a physical framework where social, cultural, and economic resources intertwine. In order to achieve social progress, the realm of housing encompasses not only the residential units themselves but also their surrounding environments. The focus on housing quality indicators is essential for attaining sustainable housing, which in turn lays the foundation for sustainable urban development. However, the increasing demand for housing and the prevailing quantitative approach have led to the neglect of the fundamental issue of housing quality in its true essence. Insufficient access to suitable housing can contribute to or worsen various psychological and social challenges. Hence, this research aims to identify the main indicators and components of housing quality and prioritize them, assuming equal weighting of their influence. The research methodology employed in this study is practical in its objective and descriptive-analytical in its approach. To achieve the intended objective, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model is utilized to determine the weight and prioritize each indicator and component of housing quality. Subsequently, after evaluating the indicators using the ANP model, the results indicate that among the examined indicators, housing facilities and amenities with  0.318, housing security with 0.218, housing comfort with 0.145, compatibility with complementary uses with 0.142, housing durability with 0.109, and housing climate adaptation with 0.065 have been assigned the highest weights, respectively.

Entrepreneurship, a burgeoning force in today's economy, plays a pivotal role in rural development by fostering progress, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, rural areas often grapple with a scarcity of financial capital essential for business initiation or expansion. To address this, governments have introduced micro-rural credits as self-employment loans to stimulate rural employment and entrepreneurship. This study aims to evaluate the impact of government micro-credits on rural entrepreneurship development in Radkan. Adopting an applied, developmental, and descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected through documentary, library, and field research. The study population comprised 27 entrepreneurs, with a sample of 244 individuals from 13 Radkan villages selected using the Cochran formula with a 0.06 error level. Their opinions on research indicators related to the topic were assessed. Findings reveal that micro-government credits have had a negligible impact on rural entrepreneurship in the study area. Most sample entrepreneurs supplemented bank loans with personal funds. Furthermore, insufficient loan amounts, limited credit accessibility, absent insurance support, lengthy loan processing times, and unfavorable repayment terms resulted in low satisfaction levels among entrepreneurs (average 2.32) and rural residents (average 1.91).

The city development strategy(CDS) is a novel initiative that is currently being implemented in numerous cities worldwide, including several in Iran. Its primary objectives are to enhance the quality of life, combat poverty, promote sustainable development, and foster effective urban management through a participatory approach. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the perceptions of residents and municipal administrators regarding various aspects of the urban development plan. This study is characterized as descriptive-analytical. The statistical population comprises managers, employees of urban management, and citizens in Yasouj city. The sample size was estimated to be 384 for citizens and 30 for managers using Cochran's method. One-sample t-test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze sample data. The findings of the study reveal that while municipal administrators are generally content with the current state of these dimensions, residents believe that these elements of the urban development plan are not satisfactory. The descriptive statistics and the t-test demonstrate that the overall mean of the urban development plan dimensions is 1.88 from the people's perspective and 2.98 from the viewpoint of urban administrators. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction with the research's dimensions significantly differs between the two groups. The linear regression analysis indicates that, according to the people's perspective, the dimensions of bankability and the ability to live comfortably hold the highest and lowest significance, with coefficients of 0.413 and 0.167, respectively. However, from the perspective of city managers, the dimensions of livability and good governance are the most and least significant, with coefficients of 0.373 and 0.112, respectively. Ultimately, the findings of this study can assist urban managers in making more informed decisions and delivering services that better align with the needs of the community.

Ancient cities have always possessed inherent distinctions from contemporary cities, which are evident in their physical structures and overall layouts, allowing them to be easily differentiated from their modern counterparts. These distinctions, influenced by economic, political, cultural, and social conditions, have resulted in varying degrees of change in the urban structure and have given rise to two types of urban growth. Organic growth is characterized by a continuous and coherent expansion that prioritizes form in relation to function, in stark contrast to the fragmented and discrete nature of global cities in the modern era. This study seeks to address whether it is feasible to apply the characteristics and developmental patterns of ancient cities in today's world by examining the evolution of urban form throughout history up to the present day. Alternatively, can a favorable outcome be achieved by integrating certain characteristics of ancient cities into contemporary urban environments? Based on this objective, the study explores the evolution of urban form across three historical periods - pre-Islamic, post-Islamic, and the modern era - with a particular focus on the establishment of governmental centers in the central desert of Iran. The comparative method of induction is employed to discuss the subject matter in line with the research assumptions. The findings indicate that the first and second hypotheses have yielded more significant results in a greater number of unsuccessful experiments. Conversely, the third hypothesis has been more successful in a wider range of experiments with diverse outcomes. Moreover, considering the success rate of 0.100 and the absence of unsuccessful experiences for the Kerman experiment, it can be argued that this hypothesis is relatively superior and preferable for assessing the success rate of related projects.

Policy-making in tourism development planning necessitates the adoption of innovative methodologies within the domain of urban governance. In alignment with this framework, it is imperative to implement policies that focus on the processes of "developing a good governance model for tourism in the post-COVID-19 era in Iran." This approach aims to mitigate the challenges posed by the pandemic, which has imposed significant strain on the tourism industry by reducing the evaluation of tourism governance indicators and establishing a foundation for their implementation. The methodology of this research is descriptive-survey with a practical focus, employing both documentary studies and field research. The qualitative component of the study utilized interviews as a tool for data analysis and the examination of relevant tourism indicators. The statistical population comprises experts and stakeholders involved in the tourism sector in Iran, with a sample size of 14 individuals selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed through a process of open, axial, and selective coding until theoretical saturation was achieved, leading to the categorization of main and sub-categories. The data analysis was informed by the grounded theory methodology. The findings of this research, which identify indicators of effective governance and elucidate the causal conditions for the application of such governance in Iran's tourism industry, provide a foundation for potential outcomes, including the enhancement of the business environment, particularly in the aftermath of the economic downturn experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These outcomes may lead to the creation of competitive advantages through the establishment of conducive platforms, including organizational measures, infrastructure development, technological enhancements, and the implementation of information and communication management strategies, marketing strategies, and oversight mechanisms, all of which are articulated as a comprehensive model.

Understanding the daily weather types of any specific location is crucial for identifying its long-term climate patterns. In this study, we utilized the Wos classification method in conjunction with a comprehensive climatological approach to analyze key variables, including minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, as well as cloud cover and daily precipitation. Data from 1985 to 2021 were collected from 39 synoptic stations, which exhibited a well-distributed representation across the country and provided complete datasets. Weather types were identified using established coding techniques. The findings indicated that the predominant temperature types in the country are primarily categorized as hot and very hot, with sub-codes reflecting generally low to moderate cloud cover and negligible precipitation. Furthermore, the application of Ward's clustering method facilitated the identification of three distinct climatic groups. The geographical characteristics of each location, including factors such as altitude, latitude, proximity to the sea, and synoptic influences, play a significant role in the regional differentiation of these groups within the country. The outcomes of this research can be instrumental in developing weather calendars for various regions, with implications for numerous sectors including agriculture and tourism.