Showing 42 results for Ann
Fatemeh Ghiasabadi Farahani, Faramarz Khoshakhlagh, Aliakbar Shamsipour, Ghasem Azizi, Ebrahim Fattahi,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
The present research about the spatial changes of precipitation is mainly focused on western areas of Iran. Precipitation data for three seasons of fall, winter, and spring have been obtained from Esafzari Database, with 15*15 km spatial resolution in the form of a Lambert Cone Image System for the period from 1986 to 2015. To examine the prevailing pattern of precipitation in west of Iran, we have used geostatistical methods of spatial autocorrelation. The changes in precipitation trends have been analyzed using parametric and non-parametric analyses of regression and Mann Kendal. We have used MATLAB for analysis of the data. We have also used ArcGIS and Surfer for drawing maps. The results of inter-decade changes of positive spatial autocorrelation of precipitation in west of Iran have indicated that there has been a decline in spatial extent of the positive spatial autocorrelation pattern in spring and fall, except for winter with a negligible increasing trend. Nevertheless, except for the second period, no considerable spatial changes were observed in the spatial pattern of precipitation in the region. However, there was a decreasing trend in the negative spatial autocorrelation of precipitation in annual and seasonal scales. The results of trend analysis have indicated that there was a decreasing trend in a vast area of the west parts of the country in annual scale and also in winter. Although there was an increasing trend in precipitation in fall and spring, but the trend was not significant in 95 % of confidence interval. The results of Man Kendal test have confirmed the results obtained from linear regression.
Sajad Ferdowsi, Najmeh Nazari Mazidi, Mehdi Modudi Arquhdi,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (3-2018)
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the index of Remaining carrying capacity of host community to tourism development. The method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect the initial data, a field survey and a questionnaire were used. The study population is comprised of specialists related to the subject and residents of Shahroud (host community). The sample size for distribution of the host community questionnaire is 125 people (65 inhabitants, 41 tourism business owners, 19 officials). In this regard, 20 questionnaires have been considered for the survey of experts. Method of determining the carrying capacity of the host community in the study adapted of Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) that it is used for environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the limits of acceptable change (LAC). The results of data analysis showed that based on barometer of sustainability Alan Prescott, and according to the parameters obtained by (0.426), carrying capacity of the host community, by positioning the floor of 0.41 to 0.60 of the situation is balanced state. Therefore, it is understood that the host society has a balanced attitude towards tourism and is not opposed to its development. As a result, it is essential to use existing potentials in order to sustainable tourism development, necessary planning should be made by tourism managers to attract more tourists to this area.
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Hujjat Mirzazadeh, Taher Parizadi,
Volume 18, Issue 50 (3-2018)
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Unbalanced distribution facilities and services on Economic, Social and between regions, need to the planning and balanced spatial development the spatial structure of the country is inevitable This study aimed to determine the level development of the provinces of Iran and rank them based on the level of development and different levels of development of the country From 1345 to the present to help make the planning system and national policy has been done.
Methods: This study is based on cognitive research and in terms of the goal of the evaluation research method - comparative. The population according to the latest political divisions of 31 provinces and indexes evaluated 33 indicators in four dimensions (Economic, infrastructure-physical, socio-cultural and health), respectively. For data analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques were used.
Findings: The results show, between the provinces in terms of development, there are differences and inequalities. So that in Tehran alone during the decades the highest level of development and Sistan and Baluchestan province are the lowest and most disadvantaged. Comparison provinces during different periods of development of the center over the periphery of inequality.
Conclusion: According to the results of research to reduce disparities between provinces The placing of the country due to the talent and potential of each region and prioritizing disadvantage and less developed provinces in the planning of regional demands.
Elham Yarahmadi, Mostafa Karampoor, Hooshang Ghaemi, Mohammad Moradi, Behrouz Nasiri,
Volume 19, Issue 53 (6-2019)
Abstract
Investigating of rainfall behavior in the spatial-temporal dimension and determining the tolerance thresholds of different geographical areas with respect to vegetation, animal life and human activities, is essential for any decision in the environment. Therefore, precipitation data of 27 stations were received from the Meteorological Organization during the 60-year period and After the data were evaluated qualitatively, The distribution of temporal and spatial mean, coefficient of variation, skewness and probability distribution of 20% maximum and minimum monthly and seasonal autumn and winter, for a period of 60 years (1951-2010), two 30-year periods (1980-1951), (1981- 2010) and two 10-year periods (2010-2001), (1951-1960) were calculated and were zoned using GIS. Studies show, except on the shores of the Caspian Sea, there is little change between autumn and winter patterns. The average rainfall of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea has decreased to the west and east. in other areas of the country, the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall in the autumn are very highand from the north to the south, the mean decreases and the coefficient of variation and skewness increase. In winter, maintaining the pattern of autumn, the average precipitation increases and the coefficient of variation decreases. The average precipitation of 30 years and 10 years of the second winter season, compared to the first 30 years and 10 years, and also the 60 year period, has decreased in most stations, which is consistent with the results of the Mannkundal test. Analysis and review of the 20% minimum and maximum seasonal rainfall show that the intensity and range of performance of winter precipitation systems in the second 30 years have decreased. Also, the frequency and severity of drought in the autumn season have increased in the second 30 years and in the last 10 years. The highest decline occurred in the western and eastern parts of the Caspian coast and in the northwest, which requires special attention to managers in light of the areas of activity and concentration of the population.
Hosseinali Roohbakhsh Sigaroodi, Mostafa Karampoor, Hooshang Ghaemi, Mohammad Moradi, Majid Azadi,
Volume 19, Issue 55 (12-2019)
Abstract
Investigating the variability of the spatial-temporal pattern of rainfall, which can lead to climate change, due to its strong impact, is of interest to various scientists. For this purpose, after receiving the daily precipitation data of 27 stations for the period of 60 years (2010-1951), its quality and the total monthly precipitation and statistics necessary for the continuation of the research process such as mean, coefficient of variation, skewness, probability estimate of 20% The upper limit of the maximum and minimum rainfall average were calculated experimentally for a period of 60 years and two 30-year periods (1951-1980 and 1981-2010) and two periods of 10 years (1951-1960 and 2010-2001) for each of the spring and summer seasons Was calculated. The studies show relatively modest variations in spring and summer precipitation patterns on the Caspian coast, Northwest-West, 30 and 10 years old, compared to the 60-year, 30-year, and 10-year periods. In general, the mean of precipitation decreases from north and northwest to south and south east and increases the amount of coefficient of change and skidding. Except for the Caspian Basin, in the remaining stations, the average spring precipitation is higher than the average summer rainfall. There is a clear difference in the long-term characteristics of precipitation and its changes. It is worth mentioning that the increase in the coefficient of variation of the 30-year and 10-year periods is comparable to the corresponding periods at all stations, which indicates a decrease in the monthly and seasonal mean of spring and summer precipitation, which confirms the results of the decade and the first decade of the second decade. The greatest decrease occurred in the northern and western parts. In the second 30 years, the incidence of dry sunshine and drought-affected stations has increased. Therefore, it confirms the climate change for the Caspian and the Southwest coast.
Amin Kooshki, Mr Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad,
Volume 20, Issue 56 (3-2020)
Abstract
In this research, the development of cross-border cooperation (CBC) to study the factors and stimuli affecting the stability of the ::::union:::: in the border regions were discussed. The aim of the present study, functional and combination method (qualitative and quantitative) is. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. The statistical community included various experts in the fields of political science, geography, economics, sociology, law enforcement experts, governorate and governorate in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Using a targeted sampling, 70 experts were selected. For analysis of data, descriptive tests and binary logistic regression model (LM-Newton-Marcard-Raphson method) were used. The results showed that in the area of planning for unity in Sistan and Baluchestan except for the determination of the right of the Hirmand River in the Sistan region, which was concluded with the country over a period of time, the plan was not approved or implemented, and among the five factors Economic, social, cultural-religious, institutional-structural and political security, three economic factors (0.478), political-security (0.473) and cultural-religious (0.363) have the most effect on the stability of unity of border regions in Studied area. The results of this study can be used to develop border cooperation cooperation and coherence stability in different border regions of Iran.
Dr. Mohammad Eskandari Sani,
Volume 20, Issue 56 (3-2020)
Abstract
One of the UN Millennium Development Goals is women's participation in urban management. This article develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between community- based planning and women participation in cities. In this regard, collective action, social capital, and neighborhood as location for community planning are used. The framework identifies a series of variables that are theorized to affect a community's capacity to women participation. Method of study is analytical descriptive. The statistical population is women over 18 years old in Nematabad neighborhood. 29 questionnaires are distributed randomly. According to the findings it is recommended that, the strategy for development of community-based planning can be very effective in urban planning system in Iran as this strategy for host communities could bring about social welfare, justice, and socio- economic suitability. Also Social Network, marriage, education level, employment are the most important elements that affect women's participation in the development of community-driven development programs.
Amin Shahsavar, Mousa Kamanroodi, Taher Parizadi, Mahlagha Abolghasempor,
Volume 20, Issue 57 (6-2020)
Abstract
Urban neighborhoods play a major role in urban life and decline. The transformation of the relationship between mass and space and the changing in population and construction densities due to changes in lifestyle, population growth and ... has caused a major transformation in the spatial structure of the neighborhoods and, finally, amount of social communication and interaction at the local level. These inevitable changes in the neighborhood and the city have caused major problems in which according to the relationship between the spatial and social structure of urban neighborhoods, it is necessary to improve the situation on the other side by interfering and changing in each of the fields. In the present research, neighborhood-centered spatial development strategy and plan in Ferdowsi neighborhood have been investigated. This research in terms of purposing is applied; in terms of nature and method is prescriptive; according to type of data is quantitative and qualitative; and in terms of time, is cross-sectional. In this research, by using the AIDA technique and based on strategies and decision areas, a strategic project has been presented in order to empowerment of Ferdowsi's neighborhood.
Ali Bahri, Younes Khosravi,
Volume 20, Issue 58 (9-2020)
Abstract
Considering the vast application of sea surface temperature in climatic and oceanic investigations, this parameter was studied in Oman Sea from 1986 to 2015. The SST was surveyed using trend analysis and Global and local Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation. In trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend of SST changes and the Sen's Estimator method was used to examine the slope of the changes. Using these methods, it was found that during January, February and December, there was no significant ascending trend in SST values, and only parts of the Strait of Hormuz had a significance descending trend. On the other hand, there was no significant descending trend in March, and the ascending trend in the SST was seen in the southern part of the Oman Sea. Other months of the year had a significant ascending and descending trend in different parts of the Oman Sea, which October had the highest ascending trend. In the annual time scale, it was also found that the southern parts of the Oman Sea had ascending trend in the SST value and Western parts had a descending trend. The occurred changes in the high amounts (positive and negative) were corresponding to the significance ascending and descending trends. The results of Global Moran for the annual time scale indicated an ascending trend of autocorrelation values and cluster patterns of SST data over time, using the local Moran analysis, it was found that warm clusters of SST are increasing in the Oman Sea, and on the other hand, cold clusters of this parameter have been reduced over 30 years. According to the results of trend and spatial autocorrelation analysis, it has been found that SST have been increasing in different parts of the Oman Sea during 30 years, so climate change and global warming may have affected this region.
Parisa Ahadi, Shahriar Khaledi, Mahmoud Ahmadi,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
Dust is referred to sediments of less than 100 microns in size which are transmitted as suspended particles. Dust storms are events which naturally occur in arid and semi-arid areas, especially in subtropical latitudes. One of the most known sources of dust is the west of Asia, including Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, especially Khuzestan Province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and trend of dust phenomena on hourly, monthly, seasonal and annual scale between 1995 and 2015 in Khuzestan Province. The method in this study is based on statistical computation of dust parameters and also the trend analysis of data based on Mann-Kendall test and spatial distribution maps of dust phenomena. The results suggests that 78.57 percent of dust event are occurred between 9.30 am to 15.30 pm local time, concurrent with peak of sun radiation and earth surface warming, dryness of soil and local pressure difference. The hourly trend analysis is increasing and significant in all hours and the highest increase occurred at 9.30 pm to 12.30 pm.49 percent of dusty days occurred in June, July and May and also 73 percent of them are in spring and summer as following from temperature increase and water and soil resources drying in the province. The seasonal and annual spatial distribution of dust indicates that most of dusty days in all seasons are located in west of province which suggests dominance of external sources as the main source of dust and the importance of topography factor in this area.The Z value spatial analysis suggests high increase of dust event in recent 20 years in southeast, south and central areas of the province and also on last hours of day which demonstrator development of internal sources activities in increasing trend of dust event in recent decades.
Mehdi Feyzolahpour, Marziye Manafi, Reza Khoshraftar, ,
Volume 21, Issue 62 (9-2021)
Abstract
Reviewing the damage caused by landslide proves the need to examine the factors influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon and the prediction of its occurrence. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to improve the prediction of landslide occurrence in the Taleghan watershed using Shannon Entropy Theory. Among the factors influencing the occurrence of landslide, ten factors of elevation, slope, slope direction, geology, vegetation, land use, water congestion, fault, road, rainfall as independent variables and sliding zones were considered as dependent variables. Then, using the entropy index, weighing was calculated for each of these factors based on their effectiveness, and the value map of each parameter was calculated according to its weight. In the next step, by mapping these maps with the map of landslides, a risk zoning map for the basin was drawn up. After calculating the Shannon entropy index, it was determined that 86% of the landslide area is in three medium-risk, high-risk and highly hazardous areas, indicating that the final map of the zoning is based on the correct method. Also, the total quality index (Qs) in this method was equal to 2.3, which indicates that this method is more reliable and more suitable for zoning of landslide hazard in Taleghan watershed. The accuracy of the method (P) for the entropy model was equal to 0.24, indicating a more appropriate resolution of the risk zones in this method.
Arash Sadri, Mahmod Heidari, Arezo Bangiyan Tabrizi,
Volume 21, Issue 62 (9-2021)
Abstract
The city health, social and physical environment with all facilities that perform life activities with ease and efficiency makes possible. Urbanization, followed by its specific problems such as environmental degradation, water pollution, air, soil, increase mental illnesses and civil society more than ever threatened. This has led to today's urban design and urban management many challenges in the field of population, housing shortage, pollution and environmental degradation, social conflicts and provision of services and facilities infrastructure is facing. In this regard, the plan to create a healthy city public participation plays an important role in cities. In fact, a healthy city, city to realize a healthy person. The urban design approach and engage in healthy people. This cross-sectional study and data collection instruments and survey was conducted in two ways. According to the results, the neighborhood Shiite index of the five health (social, economic, environmental, health and culture) desirable standards Healthy City away in some areas also need to redesign and greater participation authorities and people in the neighborhood felt. The paper solutions to create healthy city with the participation of the people through the realization of indicators and metrics have reached a healthy city.
Nafise Marsousi, Majid Akbari, Nazanin Hajipour, Vahid Boustan Ahmadi,
Volume 21, Issue 63 (12-2021)
Abstract
According the increasing population, especially the urban population in the world and increasing environmental pollution caused by it, The need for urban planning and management approaches based on indicators such as Healthy Cities approach seems inevitable. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency and ranking of healthy city indicators through 36 indicators (socioeconomic, health services, environmental and health care). research method applied research is descriptive, analytic and development. To analyze the data from the non-parametric linear programming technique of data envelopment analysis, cross ineffective, models and software Dea slover Shannon entropy is used. The geographic area of this study is Khuzestan province and its statistical population is 22 cities according to the census of 2016. The results of this research show that in terms of relative efficiency of Ahwaz city due to the centrality of the province and the availability of infrastructure and sanitary services with a relatively high distance with the highest performance and high level of performance was in the first rank. And the cities of Dezful, Shosh, Khorramshahr, Shoshtar, Abadan, Masjed Soleyman and Behbahan were selected as semi-efficient cities. Finally, it can be concluded that in terms of having the indicators of the healthy city, most of the cities of the province are Inefficient (64%).
Mansor Azizi, Rasol Darskhan, Mohamadreza Poormohamadi,
Volume 22, Issue 64 (3-2022)
Abstract
The Urban Development Strategy Plan is an attempt to take into account the potential and talent capacities of the city in an institutionalized and systematic framework and the construction of a clear future as one of the current concerns that identifies strategies for creating urban sustainability conditions in good governance. The main idea of this policy is that it is imperative for all cities in an increasingly competitive and increasingly global economy to have a clever and clear strategy for how its land is positioned to minimize negative effects, predict potential shocks, and exploit the comparative potential and Competitive In such a situation, making decisions for urban issues and planning for the future is much more difficult. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban development strategy of District 22 as one of the tools for implementing urban governance paradigm. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The tool for evaluating AHP's hierarchical analysis technique is implemented according to the views of the experts and stakeholders. The results of the research indicate a significant difference between the design of CDS and its implementation phase.
Dr Ahmad Aftab, Mr Ali Majnoony, Mr Akbar Houshmand,
Volume 22, Issue 65 (6-2022)
Abstract
The present study aims at identifying geopolitical components affecting the spatial planning of border regions in the East Azarbaijan province. The research is an applied research that has been carried out using statistical tests, path analysis and Promethean decision making model. The results of the research showed that social variables with r = 0.811, r = 0.662, political, r = 0.851, ranked first to third. The results of path analysis also showed that political components with 0.96, social and cultural components with 0.93 and economic components with 0.36, have a direct effect on the realization of eastern Azarbaijan province boundaries. Finally, the results of the Prometheus model showed that Sardasht, Maku, Oshnaviyeh, Piranshahr, Orumiyeh, Salmas, Khoy, Siah Cheshmeh and Sardasht, respectively, are in the first to the nineteenth priorities. Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it is suggested that security and security measures are implemented with economic, political, and socio-cultural approaches.
Engineer Amenh Khosravi, Doctor Mahmood Azari,
Volume 22, Issue 66 (9-2022)
Abstract
The study of meteorological characteristics and its variability is important in assessing the climate change impacts for water resources management. Trend analysis of hydrological and meteorological time series is a method for determining the change in climate variables that is performed with different parametric and non-parametric methods. In this research, the annual, seasonal and monthly trends were analyzed regarding rainfall and temperature time series for 1986-2017 in 28 stations of Kashafroud basin in the Northeast of Iran. For this purpose, the annual, seasonal and monthly trends were evaluated using non-parametric Mann Kendall and Pettitt test at 95% level significance. The results showed the trend for the monthly maximum temperature in spring and winter and also the annual trend for all stations was increasing, whereas the summer and autumn pattern differed. The trend of minimum temperature in all seasons and stations do not have a uniform pattern. The results of precipitation trend indicated that the annual precipitation of the basin had not changed and did not have a significant trend in 5% level of significance. Precipitation of the basin in the winter decreased. There was an increasing trend in the Southern half of the basin in autumn. The noticeable decrease of precipitation in winter season especially during January and February with an increase in November can be a serious challenge for water resource management of basin during the dry season.
Sirous Rahimzadeh Sisibig, Alireza Shichaslami, Kianoosh Zakerhaghighi,
Volume 22, Issue 66 (9-2022)
Abstract
In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of non-governmental organizations in improving the urban management system of Tehran metropolis in six physical, functional, social, economic, environmental and institutional dimensions. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was documentary and survey. The research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the citizens of Tehran and the sample size was 383 people. The data were analyzed using T-test and confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the level of significance in all dimensions is lower than 0.05; Therefore, according to the average scores, NGOs in Tehran have mainly played a greater role in the social and environmental dimensions and in the economic and institutional dimensions in the form of an intermediary relationship between urban management and citizens. In the framework of confirmatory factor analysis, comparison of explanatory variance by six factors showed that social, environmental, functional, physical, economic and institutional factors have the highest variance in explaining the role of factors in the urban management system of Tehran. A total of 20 main factors in explaining the role of semen were confirmed; Thus, it was found that the Samanids, given that they are in direct contact with citizens, can accurately reflect urban issues and realities to the urban management system; For this purpose, it is suggested that first, according to their different functions, the subdivisions should be classified into specialized subdivisions on various urban issues, and also their position in the urban management system should be upgraded.
Dr Gholamabbas Fallah Ghalhari, Fahimeh Shakeri,
Volume 22, Issue 67 (12-2022)
Abstract
In this Research, the maximum temperature of selected stations in Khuzestan province and the numerical values of 8 extreme climatic indicators belonging to the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) were used in the statistical period of 1987-2017. To analyze the trend of extreme climatic indices, the Man-Kendall test was used and to estimate the slope of the trend line, the Sen’s estimator was used. In this study, given the importance of global warming that severely affected all aspects of life, the authors explore the relationship between climatic factors and maximum temperature in Khuzestan province until to rely on it, and ones can predict and forecast air temperature at this region. For this purpose, the temperature of selected stations in Khuzestan province and numerical values of 8 climate indicators in the period 1987-2014 have been used. To understand the relationship between climate indicators and maximum temperature at 1 to 12 months of delays, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that most of the extreme climatic indicators in the study period had a significant trend. The TX10 and TN10 indices have had negative trend in most stations and the TX90, TN90, TXx, TXn, TNx and TNn indices have had positive trend. According to the results of correlation coefficients can be concluded that all studied signals have a significant effect on the province's maximum temperature. The correlation between maximum temperature and indices PNA, TSA, WHWP, WP and NAO, was more than the other climate indicators. Results also showed that the entire indices except NAO have significant positive correlation with maximum temperature of the province. PNA index with a delay of 10 months has the highest positive correlation with maximum temperature of study area.
Mina Mirian, Mostafa Karampoor, Mohamd Moradi, Houshang Ghemi, Behrouz Nasiri,
Volume 23, Issue 68 (3-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term variations in rainfall data as well as to identify wet and dry periods of 35 synoptic stations in Iran. In order to know the variation of rainfall in studied stations, average maps, coefficient of variation and skewness were drawn. Then, using the Mann-Kendall test, the significance of the trend on each station was tested at 95% confidence level. Finally, wet and dry periods were identified by using 20% high and low extreme rainfall during the 50-year study period. The results show that the general model of the country's regime is that the rainfall levels from the north to the south-east and from the west to the east of the country are reduced. The lowest values of the coefficient of variation and skewness are related to the northern regions especially the Caspian seaside and the highest amounts are in the southern regions, especially in the south and south-east. In general, the results of the Mann-Kendall test show that rainfall data in the seasonal scale, with the exception of several synoptic stations, do not show a significant trend. Most wet periods occur in the spring and the lowest in summer and the highest dry periods occur in the autumn and the lowest in spring. The number of droughts in the cold periods is significant. Also, the frequency of occurrence of dry periods is more than wet periods.
Hajar Jahanshahi, Hamidreza Varesi, Masoud Taghavei,
Volume 24, Issue 74 (9-2024)
Abstract
In fact, the growth of urban consciousness is a wise strategy to drive urban development and control dispersion and drive urban growth toward sustainability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of Bushehr city area in terms of growth indices. In this regard, this research is a goal-oriented, applied-developmental one, and a combination of documentary, analytical, causal and survey methods. Reliability of the research instrument based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research was 0.749 which is higher than 0.7 and is appropriate. The statistical population of the study is Bushehr inhabitants which according to Cochran formula is estimated 384 samples. According to the statistical population, the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the citizens. In order to compare between two regions, T-test with two independent samples was used for evaluation of urban smart growth in District 1 and 2 of Bushehr. In this test, the first option to be considered is the significance level while the significance level or sig between the two regions is less than 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two regions and vice versa. Significance level analysis (0.000) shows that there is a significant difference between the two regions in terms of urban smart growth. Meanwhile, the mean of Region 1 with 3.21 was higher than that of Region 2 with 2.86. Although there is a significant difference in Bushehr region in terms of smart growth indices, this difference is not significant and in general Bushehr regions are not in a good position in terms of smart growth indices.
