Showing 229 results for Ca
Rahman Zandi, Najmeh Shafiei, Ebrahim Akbari, Ali Hajizadeh Shikhanlo,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Natural parameters are one of the main determinants of the physical development of cities and settlements. In a mountainous area, the effects of these factors have become a barrier to development and can have natural hazards. In this research, it is tried to identify the optimal directions of physical development of the city of Nurabad as a relatively high region by identifying its effective factors and evaluating it. To achieve this, seven effective indicators (elevation, gradient, gradient direction, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway) were used and to assess, model, and predict areas suitable for physical development of the city from Landsat satellite imagery and Models of FUZZY-AHP and Makov and Markov's predictions have been used. So that each of the layers is fuzzy according to the fuzzy membership functions in GIS Arc 10.3 software. An analytical comparison on the appropriate areas of the city based on the critical points with the appropriate zones. Finally, the final map with the two models was classified into five classes. The results of the research showed that up to 1404 horizons of the city were developed eastwards in Although this pathway is not a suitable route, due to the existence of the main Kazeroun fault and the main waterway, the most important risk factors in the city are considered to be the best place for the development of the city of the western and southwestern regions of the region, which is 13% of the area of the basin Includes.
Majid Yasouri, Samira Mahmoudi, Ali Reza Darban Astaneh, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Emami,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Social capital plays an important role in increasing bioavailability, which undoubtedly is the main goal of all planning and development, including rural planning and development. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical approach that is conducted with a sample of 355 people among the people of Kurdish villages in Rudbar city. The data gathering tool in this research included: library studies for gathering information about research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is Kurdish villages of Guilan province in Rudbar with 12 villages and 2955 population (according to the census of 1395). The number of samples was determined using the Morgan table, 340 people were selected. To increase the level of confidence and reduce the error in the data, the number of samples was increased and 355 questionnaires were completed The research was used to systematically explain the factors influencing location and achieve a comprehensive model of multivariate path analysis. The direct and indirect effects of the variables discussed were studied in a model. The results of the research indicate that the physical variables of spatial belonging (0.445), the dimension of social capital trust (0.126), the environmental dimension of spatial attachment (0.168), spatial sense of belonging dimension (0.99), social correlation dimension And then social capital participation is the most important factors that directly affect the location of the villagers' affiliation.
Mohammadreza Zamiri, Dr Mahin Nastaran, Dr Mahmud Galenoyi,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Considering important role of housing in contemporary urban areas, evaluating urban housing quality has become one of the most popular topics in recent researches. Housing has vast conceptual perspectives which include many aspects of urban life beside the dwelling purpose of it, such as recreation, primary schools, and play yards and so on. The most efficient tool for achieving such purposes is evaluation of qualitative and quantitative urban housing indicators. Using quantitative, objectivistic, positivistic methods and models frequently observes in Iranian scientific journals recently. This article aims to study and evaluate such researches, using scientific analytic methods which have accepted and published in domestic scientific journals. The emphasis of this article is to review papers which studied urban indicators in any area in Iranian urban areas which published between March 2011 and September 2019. To do so, the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) has introduced and applied and 39 papers have selected. These papers selected among all papers had indexed in Scientific Information Database (SID.ir) and Comprehensive Iranian Humanities Portal (ensani.ir) which include one of these keywords: housing indicator, urban housing. Complete information of these papers has cited and method, data resources and conclusion of each paper discussed briefly. Some criteria introduced and measured to evaluate different aspects of selected papers considering PRISMA suggestions. The most cited sources (papers, books, dissertations and statistic reports) have identified and applied in conclusion.
The results have shown that applying quantitative methods on urban indicators led to analogous assessments in various contexts and using novel methods and models, especially applying qualitative and mixed methods would resulted in novel and efficient perspectives to future urban housing programming and applying the PRISMA method would increase quality of survey reviews and strongly recommend to achieve comprehensive and qualified study of similar researches.
Dr Elham Mobarak Hassan, Dr Ebrahim Fatahi, Dr Abass Ranjbar Saadat Abadi, Dr Nasim Hossein Hamzeh,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
The Great Khorasan in northeast Iran has a variety of surface structures and plains and high peaks, but due to its vicinity to the deserts of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, it is affected by dust all the time, especially in summer. The purpose of this study was to simulate summer dust in this region by RegCM model. For this purpose, during the period 2000 to 2017, three extreme dust events were selected. The satellite image used to confirmed dust mass presence and then the synoptic structure was analyzed. Finally, the simulation results of RegCM 4.6 model were compared with the observational data including the horizontal visibility and aerosol optical depth (AOD) of Aqua satellite. The synoptic analysis showed that during the summer, low thermal pressures form in the southern Afghanistan and high pressure in the north. This structure lead to the development of north and northeast winds with speeds of 12 to 21 m / s and dust emission on the eastern border of Iran and western Afghanistan. Investigation of RegCM accuracy done by visibility, Aquas’s AOD showed that model performance in South Khorasan is better as Razavi Khorasan. The highest correlation coefficients of AOD of model and horizontal visibility were obtained at Khorasan central stations including Gonabad, Ferdows, Nahaband and Ghaen at -0.82, -0.77 and -0.44 respectively. RegCM model performed a better dust simulation in severe dust with a horizontal visibility down to less than 1000 m, high continuity and horizontal extension. Overall, the RegCM model underestimates the AOD value for the Aqua satellite algorithm.
Dr Mostafa Mirabadi, Mr Hosein Nazari, Dr Sadegh Besharatifar,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
One of the key measures in the passive defense debate Critical facilities and facilities not to be hidden, sensitive and important is choosing the right place for them. Given the complexity of the problems Related to choosing the right place for creating custom applications various factors must be considered. The purpose of this study was applied and considering that specific method has been used to identify optimal locations for prison location which is less used, it is considered a development and is, from a methodological point of view, an analytical descriptive research. The method of data gathering is documentary and field. In this research 14 criteria have been used to locate ideal zones for prison establishment. So tools and software like software Arc GIS In order to store, manage, process and analyze data And also the AHP model In the form of software Expert Choice, Depending on the purpose of the study and the type of criteria, Various functions such as distance function, slope function, slope direction function and digital model function Height in software Arc GIS They are used to create maps. The results of locating operations were to identify different zones in the city of Doganbadan Finally, considering the distance dimension and access status of the zones, four optimal zones were introduced. These zones (with total area of 5382 square kilometers) surrounded by the village of Talkhab, respectively, of the village of Gardanqalat, around the village of Dezsoleiman and the village of Baba Muhammad.
Mr Alireza Thernasab, Dr Leila Ebrahimi, Dr Ameneh Haghzad, Dr Mehrdad Ramezan Por,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Today, urban and rural planning and management programs need to obtain accurate spatial information at successive times about land use changes. The main purpose of this study is to study and evaluate land use changes due to physical development with respect to 4 land uses in Bayer, agricultural lands, water zones and man-made lands in Pakdasht. Data were collected through Landsat satellite images from 2019 and 1989 captured by OLI and MSS5 sensors with a resolution of 30 m, which transformed Landsat 8 and 7 satellite images to 15 m in ENVI 5.3 software. These images were classified in ENVI 5.3 software based on the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then the accuracy of the maps obtained from the maximum likelihood algorithm was estimated. Fragstats software was then used to extract land cover metrics at two levels of the classroom and the simulator. A total of 15 landslides were quantified in the years 1989 to 2019 (1368-1688). According to the results, the area of residential land has increased during the years under study so that its share has increased from %7.1 in the region to %19.5.
D.r Pakzad Azadkhani, D.r Mohammad Salavarzizadeh, Ms Fatemeh Farogh Doost,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Deterioration of urban textures is an issue that most cities in Iran are faced with and the organization of such textures is of great importance. One of the safest and most practical solutions for urban planners is to assess the feasibility of regenerating such textures to determine the levels that can be regenerated and are relatively good and tolerable for urban society. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the feasibility of regenerating worn-out textures of Ilam City based on urban smart growth approach using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population of the study includes residents of central worn-out texture of Ilam city (population: 12676 people), 384 of whom are selected as the sample of the study using cluster sampling method. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been confirmed by face validity and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, turning out to be 0.701. Data analysis is done using single-sample t-test, fuzzy multi-criteria analytical hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP), and its integration with GIS layers. The findings show that the condition of worn-out textures of Ilam city is unsuitable in terms of urban smart growth approach. Evaluation of the digital strata shows that some indicators (including size of the sections, access to services, main and secondary access points) are in a good condition and others (including unused land, population density, gender ratios, active population, employment rate, and literacy rate) are in a poor condition. Finally, the results show that 2.3 hectares of the worn-out texture of Ilam City, including 22-Bahman Square, Ashrafi Esfahani St. where it crosses Resalat Intersection, the northern edge of Moghavemat Intersection, the northern edge of Imam Square, and the area around Koudak Park, have the highest priority for regeneration and revitalization.
Zeynab Khaleghi, Farah Habib, Hossein Zabihi,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Water as one of the most essential natural elements of landscape and consequently urban landscape from yesterday till today has had a great impact on the formation and effectiveness of urban spaces and its various effects have always stimulated human tendency towards beauty. It should be noted that the existential values of water are not merely aesthetic, rather it goes back to the deepest and innermost part of nature. Such a stimulus has led human beings to recognize different aspects of water, including sensory and perceptual, visual, semantic, functional, physical-aesthetic, environmental, psychological, social, and temporal and this knowledge has provided the backdrop for a variety of water-based designs in the urban landscape. The main purpose of the present study is to identify all the features and existential values of water and their proper application in the urban landscape. In other words, the explanation of a specific pattern including major water criteria and indicators in the urban landscape has been considered to improve the quality of the landscape in urban environments. The research method is applied and the type of study is descriptive-analytical and data collection is based on the study of library resources and content analysis of text. The results of the research indicate that by applying all the existing dimensions and values of water element in the urban landscape, the quality of urban spaces can be improved. The use of water criteria and indicators in the urban landscape in a coherent and integrated manner requires a compiled pattern that is presented in the end in a tabular form.
Mr Ehsan Shahiri Tabarestani, Dr Hossein Afzalimehr,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
One of the problems of controlling erosion and sedimentation in catchment areas is the lack of statistical data to accurately estimate the amount of sedimentation and erosion. In order to implement soil protection programs and determine methods to reduce sedimentation, it is necessary to estimate the total volume of annual sediment production. The purpose of this study is to estimate the erosion intensity and sedimentation of Babolroud catchment located in Mazandaran province using EPM and Fournier empirical methods and to determine the accuracy of these models. The results showed that Babolroud catchment is located on the moderate zone of sedimentation and the value of erosion rate is Z = 0.54. Also according to EPM method the sedimentation rate is . The highest amount of erosion is in the northern part of the catchment, which is due to the existence of Non-cultivable land use and erosive soil formations, including alluvial and marsh soils. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained from the empirical model, the observed information of the two sedimentation stations was used and the results indicate a relative average difference of 23.24% in the EPM model. Also, the results obtained from the Fournier method indicate the inefficiency of this method in estimating the Babolroud catchment due to the lack of consideration of the erosion potential of the area.
Khadigeh Khatiri, Iran Ghazi, Nemat Hasani,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Identifying the level and trend of social capital among the people of a society can help to identify the social and cultural changes of that. The purpose of this study is to explain the development of social capital in urban water crisis management using factor analysis. This research is of applied-developmental type and descriptive-survey study method. The questionnaire is used to collect information and SPSS software and exploratory analysis statistical test is used to analyze the data. The statistical population includes the countrychr('39')s crisis and water supply managers (15 people chosen by targeted sampling); Also, all residents of Karaj during 1396 - 1395, which was used as a statistical sample using the Cochranchr('39')s table for 350 people, of which 44.3% were women and 55.7% were men. The results of statistical analysis showed that in people (sampled) of statistical population’s opinion the level of social capital was lower than what desired. Also, the factors involved in the development of social capital for the water shortage crisis were counted and measured in the form of 24 variables. And finally 5 items eliminated to be effective ones to development of social capital in crisis management of urban water which are ( in order of preferences ) social trust, motivating policies, change in attitude atmosphere, infrastructures of interactions and values in the society, mutual reconciliation between people and government
Rasoul Ghorbani, Akbar Asghari Zamani, Rahim Gholamhosseini,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
There is a wide body of literature indicating a strong link between urban form and carbon emissions in the transport sector, this is done through the impact of city form components on citizen’s travel behavior. Therefore, in urban low carbon development theory, the reduction of cavalry production through changes in urban form elements is considered. This paper investigates the effects of urban form components on Tabriz Metropolitan travel behavior. Tabriz’s single-engine city form makes maximum use of personal cars for city trips resulting in increased carbon emissions in Tabriz’s urban air. Therefore, the impact of urban form elements on car-driven travel behavior has been selected as the most fundamental pillar of low carbon studies in Tabriz. The results of the application of the Moran method show that the criteria used are mainly clustered and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and it is very useful to use location- based regression methods such as geographic weight regression. The results of this method show that access to metro stations in Tabriz metropolitan area the coefficient of importance of 0/40 have the least relationship with urban travel behavior, respectively and the two factors combining urban land use and business center access with a factor of importance of 0/54 are most important in urban travel behavior. It was therefore concluded that the components of urban form are more important in urban travel behavior and it needs to get more attention form city managers and planners in shaping a low-carbon city.
Hasan Kabouri, Seyed Ali Almodaresi, Mohammad Hossin Ramesht, Mohammad Mehdi Karim Nejad, Malihe Zakerian,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to model a community- based development approach in neighborhood development planning using structural equation methods. The analytical-descriptive research method is applied with a practical purpose and the approach governing the research space with a methodological focus is a quantitative approach. Two library and survey methods have been used to gather information on the subject of study. The statistical population studied in this study is all people over 18 years of age in the study neighborhood of Abarkouh city (Golkaran). Using a questionnaire tool that was adjusted according to the Likert spectrum, it was collected and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which includes both the total coefficient and the coefficient of different sections in the dimensions of the questionnaire and also to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Experts in the field of urban planning benefited. In the data analysis section, two levels of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to measure and evaluate the amount of components affecting the community-based development approach and also to formulate an operational model in the study neighborhood using structural equation model in Amos software environment. Was. This model examines the interrelationships and interactions of variables and the degree of effectiveness and effectiveness of each other.The results of data analysis using the model of structural equations show that having a community-based approach to neighborhood development has a direct and significant effect on promoting neighborhood development.
Mr Hamed Baniamerian, Dr Alireza Andalib, Dr Laala Jahanshahloo,
Volume 23, Issue 71 (12-2023)
Abstract
Urban regeneration as a comprehensive approach to the restoration of historic centers, despite maintaining the main features of the space seeks to improve all the qualities of historic sites and tries to motivate development drivers in the process of historical reconstruction. The aim of this study was to identify the most effective components of regeneration stimulating the development of historical centers following the adaptation of relationships between criteria on the historical core of Kermanshah. The method of data analysis in this study is quantitative and the components of the theoretical framework in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire with closed questions, subject to validation of experts in the old context of Kermanshah (15 people in a purposeful and accessible way) Is located. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method and SPSS software and the value was /76. It is a sign of acceptable level of reliability. Also, the adaptation of the components to the studied texture was plotted in the form of two decision trees with the help of Rapid Miner software, and the importance rank of the components was extracted. The results show that the central core of the historical context of Kermanshah, due to the high volume of physical destruction, requires the formation of new construction while developing infrastructure, and the main existing functions require the reproduction of historical identity. It also seems necessary to inject the flag project in combination with the development of accesses and local area network infrastructure in order to change the mood of the place. Another result is that development drivers should define and refine the role of the historical core in the city as a whole and connect it as a development driver to the surrounding context in an interconnected network. The results of applying the conceptual model of the research to the historical core of Kermanshah, confirm that the main criteria of the model are to a large extent applicable to the historical center of Iranian cities.
Fahimeh Shakeri, Gholamabbas Fallah Ghalhari, Hashem Akbari, Zahra Hejazizadeh,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
In this research, the sensitivity of the meteorological elements (such as mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) to different physical parameterizations in the numerical forecast model (WRF) was evaluated to simulate the climate of the city and adjust the Urban Heat Island of the study area.To study urban environmental issues, the Urban Canopy Model (UCM) was coupled to the WRF model. Several experiments were performed to achieve optimal configuration for simulation in the period from 18-21 August 2016 in the stable atmospheric conditions in summer. Selection of the most appropriate configuration with the least error is proposed as an appropriate setting for urban climate simulations and the study of Urban Heat Island (UHI). Increasing surface reflections to reduce UHI in the range was applied. Two indices of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Bias Error (MBE) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model and its corresponding observational values. The results showed that in the province of Tehran, in general, all configurations estimate the air temperature and wind speed less than real and relative humidity more than the actual value. In Alborz province, all configurations estimate the air temperature and wind speed more than real and relative humidity less than real value. By increasing the reflection of urban levels, the mean temperature of Tehran and Alborz provinces decreases 0.6 and 0.2 ° C, respectively. Wind speed, especially in urban areas, increases somewhat. We also see an increase in relative humidity (especially in urban areas) in the studied areas.
Akbar Mirahmadi, Hojjatollah Yazdan Panah, Mehdi Momeni,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
In recent years, the technology of crop production has been greatly expanded using satellite data. Today, Landsat 8 and OLI sensor data, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, allow the discovery of factors that control phenology on a local scale. In this study, the remote sensing indices - NDVI, EVI, Greenness, and Brightness - obtained from the OLI sensor and the GCC index obtained from digital camera images were used to estimate the phenological stages of the rapeseed plant. The Savitzky-Goli filter was used to remove outlier data and to produce smooth curves of time series of plant indices. The results showed that the curves obtained from the indices of NDVI, EVI, GCC show all four stages of remote sensing phenology – green-up, dormancy, maturity, and senescence - well, but the Greenness index did not show the dormancy stage well. The Brightness index curve shows the inverse behavior to other curves. According to Pearsonchr('39')s correlation test, GCC index data are correlated with NDVI and Brightness index data .we used the ratio threshold, rate of change and first derivative methods, to estimate "start of season" and "end of season" and the results showed that the first derivative and ratio threshold methods with an average difference of 18 and 19 days in the "start of the season" and the rate of change method, with an average difference of 8 days, has the best performance in estimating the “end of the season”. Also, the Brightness index with an average difference of 16 days and the EVI index with an average difference of 7 days have the best performance in estimating "start of season" and "end of season", respectively.
Kaveh Mohammadpour, Mohammad Saligheh, Tayeb Raziei, Ali Darvishi Bloorani,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
Mineral Dust, the most important type of aerosol, has a significant direct and indirect role in weather and climate. In this case, it intend to investigate the capability and capability of MACC model validated by MODIS for detection of dust episodes in the Kurdistan province during 2003-2012. To achieve that, we analysis satellite and model data using Man-Kendall trend and statistical tests. The results of the temporal distribution indicated that the mean Aerosol Optical depth (AOD) in 2008 was 0.36 and its lowest was 29.04 for 2004. In addition, average AOD in menthioned year was 0.036, 0.335, 0.385, 0.377 and 0.3368 for the cities of Sanandaj, Saqez, Ghorveh, Kamyaran, Marivan, respectively. The spatial distribution of AOD average in different seasons showed that winter and autumn had the lowest amount and spring, and summer season had the highest AOD. AOD's monthly spatial distribution showed that high dust belonging to April-August period to covers completely interested area.The results of the Man-Kendall test showed that the area had a significant positive trend in the spring season throughout the province and the summer season in the east of the province. Therefore, the spring season in the area known Extreme Season and June 19, 2009 between the five days of the dust extreme is as an extreme episode with an average AOD of 1.16 and a horizontal visibility of less than two kilometers that it have the highest and most widespread mineral dust. In general, the results of the MACC with multidimensional approach showed that optical depth (AOD, DOD) is a more appropriate criterion than horizontal visibility in determining dust storm.
Dr Raoof Mostafazadeh, Dr Fariba Esfandiary, Miss Mahnaz Hamzeei, Miss Nazila Alaei,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temporal variations of vegetation cover of Gharesou River riparian area in Ardabil province using landscape metrics over a period of 8 years which is important for morphology assessment and river ecosystem protection planning and management. The Google Earth imagery for the years 2011, 2016, 2019 due to their live view and high resolution were used to map the Gharesou River riparian area vegetation. Correlation analysis in R environment was used to evaluate the relationship between landscape metrics in the study time period. The results showed that there is an increase in the number of patches, which showed an increase in landscape fragmentation of the riparian area vegetation. Landscape connectivity index was 91.52% to 95.49% in this region during the study period, indicating the removing small patches of vegetation communities around the river. The number of patches in the present study showed an increasing trend, which was the highest amount at 2019 year. The results of changes in the width of the Gharesou River showed that the river width in 2019 was 27.43m and 3.97 m, respectively. Comparison of river width values over the three study periods indicates an increasing trend in river widths, which may be due to the limitation of river width by human activities or the protection of river banks to protect agricultural lands against flooding effect. Also, the correlation of river width showed that the correlation between time period 2019 and 2016 was 0.63 and significant at 0.001 levels. The lowest correlation between the period 2019 and 2011 was 0.30 at 5% significant level. In conclusion, the results of changes in riparian area communities can be linked to the extension of agricultural land adjacent to the main river course.
Amir Alimmohamadi, Hassan Sattari Sarebangholi, Mahsa Faramarzi Asl, Mohammadreza Pakdel,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
Abstract
Historical contexts have rich cultural and cultural resources and are not very important not only because of the existence of valuable historical buildings and spaces, but also because they are real narratives of the life and activities of human beings who have lived throughout life. They lived in them themselves. Today, due to urban development and the blockade of the technology of historical textures, the issue of restoration of cultural and historical textures and the implementation of urban design projects in them has faced a double challenge of the intervention and protectionist approach. According to these two approaches, new constructions and contemporary architecture do not have enough identity to be included in the valuable urban contexts, and the process of burnout has been manifested more rapidly in historical contexts. The need to pay attention to the reconstruction and protection of historical contexts with a comprehensive approach and taking into account the physical, legal, environmental, economic and social dimensions is one of the objectives of the present study. This research has been studied in terms of practical purpose and with a qualitative approach and using content analysis method and to collect the required information and data, documentary studies and field studies have been used. The findings show that the neighborhood is worn out and to recreate the historical core of Qazvin city, the approach of urban revitalization and urban and strategic regeneration strategies is essential in line with the principles of sustainable development.
Mr Jaefar Derakhshi, Dr Behroz Sobhani, Dr Saeed Jahanbakhsh,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
In this study, the prediction of precipitation and temperature values using the general atmospheric circulation models during 1964-2005 is investigated. Climatic data including daily values of total precipitation and mean temperature were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization. Considering the climate change scenarios RCP4.5, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for the coming period 2010-2100 were evaluated under the canESM2 climate change model of Aharchai Basin. Due to the low accuracy of the general circulation models, the SDSM4.2 miniaturization model was used and the changes in precipitation and mean temperature parameters were simulated for future time periods. In this study, to calibrate the SDSM model, among the 26 large scale climate parameters (NCEP), on average, 3 parameters have the highest correlation with the mean temperature and 5 parameters have the highest correlation with the average precipitation in the Aharchai Basin. The results of climatic parameters prediction showed that simulation of climatic parameters mean temperature was performed with higher accuracy than mean precipitation values. The reason is that the precipitation data are not normal and unconditional. The results show that the basin temperature averaged more during the period 2070-2099 under the scenario RCP8.5 than the observations period of 1964-2005 and the basin precipitation during the period 2070-2099 under the scenario RCP2.6 showed the highest increase in the entire study period.
Alireza Mohajeri, Reza Shaabani, Sina Foroozesh,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
The Qajar period should be considered as a period of numerous economic, political, and military treaties, treaties, and treaties. Territorial, trade, and economic expansionism imposed on Iran by the clever politicians of foreign governments with superior military power, and many benefits from these treaties and agreements benefited these countries, especially Russia. Following that, geographical and historical developments began in the Turkmen settlements of northeastern Iran. This article has been prepared with the aim of analyzing the historical geography of Khorasan region in the northeast and the approach of the government-nation of Iran to the Akhal contract. It is a descriptive-analytical research method. Research data is collected through documentation and library. The analysis of the article has been done with a qualitative approach based on documents and arguments. The analytical results showed geographical and border changes in the northern part of Iran. As part of the Akhal contract, parts of northeastern Iran were annexed to Russia and Iran's historical geography in northeastern socio-political changes and the reaction of the Turkmen people while the photo There was no action among Qajar government officials.
