From the time of human life until now, disasters have had a negative impact on human life; In response, individuals and communities are trying to mitigate the consequences of these disasters and establish scales to assess the initial effects; Also respond to the post-disaster needs and return to baseline. To address these challenges and, as a result, improve the quality of life in cities and metropolises, the need for long-term planning and decision-making in solving these problems is more necessary than ever. Therefore, dealing with new urban theories, each with the aim of solving urban problems, improving the quality and quantity of life of citizens in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, city management, advancing the city to become more desirable, and so on. , Is more important than ever. In recent decades, to solve these challenges and reduce its effects on metropolises and large cities, various solutions and perspectives have been proposed, one of which is to pay attention to the concept of resilient city. The present study is descriptive. - It is analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts and professors familiar with the topics of the city. 35 university professors and experts in the field of research determined the sample size intended to complete the questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the criterion of physical characteristics of tissue with the highest D-R value (0.672) is at the top of the chart and shows that this criterion is the most effective criterion. Also, based on the calculated D + R value, the building quality criterion is the most important criterion. Also, the urban infrastructure criterion was considered as the most influential criterion due to the fact that it has the lowest D-R value.

      Considering the undeniable impact of agricultural plants on climatic and regional changes, it seems necessary to conduct regional research to understand the reaction of each agricultural plant in different stages of growth in relation to weather elements. If the temperature of the air along with the warm cloud is lower or higher than a certain threshold, its development will stop. Between the two limits, there is an optimal temperature where the plant grows the fastest. Temperature and clouds are both the most important climatic elements in agriculture. Both climatic parameters together cause stress in wheat and lower the productivity of the product. Considering the strategic nature of wheat, in order to increase the level of production, in the present research, while taking advantage of the experiences and methods and models used in foreign and domestic researches, it was practical in Kermanshah province due to the extent of the land under wheat cultivation and The significant amount of production, which has a special place in this field at the level of the country, the determination of the statistical threshold and the synoptic analysis of warem cloud temperatures on the performance of the wheat crop are investigated. According to the investigations and consultations with agricultural engineers, the maximum temperature along with cloudy days causes the phenomenon of greenhouse and excessive heat, which causes the fall of flowers, rot, sterility of pollen grains, fruit reduction, Premature aging and poverty become seeds, and this phenomenon occurs mostly in the months of May and June.

The metropolis of Tehran has developed on the basis of modern urbanization and in the last decade, it has witnessed transformations such as the reduction of the biological capacity of the region, uncontrollable socio-economic effects, exorbitant costs in the direction of health protection and also the treatment of the diseases that have arisen. is the aim of the research being to analyze the effects of carbon footprint on the sustainability of Tehran metropolis. The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Library and field method (questionnaire) was used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is Tehran metropolis with a population of 8,693,706 people, and Cochran's formula was used to select the sample, and 384 people were determined and completed by simple random sampling. Information processing was done with SPSS software, and the results of the questionnaire were analyzed with structural equation method and PLS software. The findings of the research showed that the situation of the carbon index in Tehran is in an unfavorable situation. The highest factor loading or standardized regression coefficient for the low-carbon planning index and the lowest for the low-carbon society index is 0.218. Also, it was found that low-carbon planning had the greatest impact on carbon reduction in Tehran metropolis. After that, the indicators of low-carbon urban development, low-carbon environment, low-carbon economy, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon construction and low-carbon society in the reduction of carbon in the city of Tehran respectively have There were different effects.
Key words: carbon footprint, sustainability, sustainable development, Tehran metropolis.

 

Gorgan Bay is considered a geological landscape and a coastal sedimentary environment in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. The hydrodynamics of the coasts of this region is subject to the general hydrodynamics of the Caspian Sea. Due to the low slope topography of these beaches, the slightest change in the sea level will lead to hundreds of meters from place to place in the coastline of this area. Changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea is an environmental and coastal management problem, and today the decreasing trend of the water level of the Caspian Sea during the last few decades has caused destructive effects such as land formation on the coasts of Gorgan Bay. In order to investigate the effect of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea on the southern shores of Gorgan Bay in a period of 66 years, existing reports and studies have been used and field surveys have been used, and the coastlines of the studied area have been monitored through the processing of aerial photos from 1955 and Landsat satellite images. MSS, TM, ETM and +ETM have been carried out in the years 1975-2021 in Arc GIS and ENVI software. Coastal changes were processed during 4 periods. During this period, the level of the Caspian Sea water level fluctuated between -26.5 and -28.7 . Based on the results obtained from satellite images and field visits of Gorgan Bay, 1 stage of water level increase in the period of 1995-1985 by the amount of 131 square kilometers and 3 stages of water level decrease in the years 1955, 1985-1975 and 2021-1995 by the amount of It has covered 246 square kilometers.

 The South Caucasus is a semi-mountainous region located between the Caspian and Black Seas which has always enjoyed a geopolitical and geostrategic position throughout history. The conflicts between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the South Caucasus, which led to remove the seizure of the disputed territory of Karabakh by the Republic of Azerbaijan, have made it difficult to reach a lasting peace in the South Caucasus due to some fundamental differences such as how to access Nakhchivan region. The Republic of Azerbaijan wants unhindered extraterritorial access, which Armenia and Iran strongly oppose due to the severance of land communication between the two countries and the creation of a geopolitical bottleneck. Given the importance of the South Caucasus and the impressionability of Iranian policies from any geopolitical changes and developments in the region, the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question: "What strategies has the Iranian foreign policy apparatus adopted since the beginning of the conflicts to manage the post-Karabakh war developments in order to prevent any border changes and becoming it into a lasting geopolitical bottleneck?" The result of research show that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been a combination of declaring a firm position in oppositing to any border changes and while avoiding tension and increasing cooperation in order to prevent any change in the geopolitical situation to the detriment of Iran's interests, especially in the North-South Corridor. These policies have been pursued at various economic, military, and political levels in interactions with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia.

The Siberian High-pressure (HP) has various effects on Iran’s climate. Climate warming, especially in the last century, has raised the possibility of changes in the Outbreaks of the Siberian High-pressure extending toward Iran (OSH). In this study, to test the mentioned hypothesis, daily sea level pressure maps for 50 years (1972 to 2021) during the month in which the SH appeared more strongly in the monthly composite maps were downloaded from the NCEP/NCAR atmospheric data reanalysis database. The selection of this month was based on the highest central pressure intensity of the high (intensity index) and its greatest spatial extent (spatial index) compared to the other six months. The axes of the OSHs extending toward Iran were classified into four categories: “continuous and reaching,” “continuous and non-reaching,” “discontinuous and reaching,” and “discontinuous and non-reaching.” The design of their synoptic patterns showed a clear decrease in the frequency of “continuous and reaching” OSHs. Continuity refers to the directness of the OSH, and a reaching OSH is one that extends to the borders of Iran or penetrates into the country. Using two criteria— “the integrated advance of cold and dry air from the high-pressure center toward Iran” and “verification of the OSH entering or reaching Iran’s borders”—it was found that cold and dry air travels from Central Asia toward Iran through three main pathways: 1. The pathway of cold and dry air transfer from the western slopes of the Altai Mountains, then across the Turan Plain, and finally into central Iran. 2. The pathway of air transfer from the Dzungarian Plain in western China, then along the Tian Shan Mountains, through Afghanistan, and finally into the north of Sistan-va-Baloochestan Province. 3. The pathway of air transfer from the Kazakh steppes, through the Caucasus corridor (west of the Caspian Sea), reaching Azerbaijan, and extending along the Zagros Mountains. The frequency of OSHs has indicated a decline in five separated decades along all three pathways during the past half century. This decrease is more evident in the third pathway, namely the Caucasus corridor, which already had a lower frequency from the beginning.

Daily maximum temperature data was extracted from ERA5 products in HDF5 file format and processed using the Python programming language. For data analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction, and Ward's clustering method was employed to determine homogeneous climatic regions based on the similarity of weather elements. The long-term mean maximum temperature for the country during this period was estimated at 24.2∘C, with a range of variation from −0.4∘C to 53.7∘C. The results from smoothing the data's time series showed a significant temperature jump around the year 1998, which led to an increase in the mean maximum temperature from 23∘C to 25∘C. In the spatial dimension, the maximum temperature was directly influenced by topography, altitude, and latitude. The southern and southeastern regions were identified as the warmest, while the high-altitude areas of the west, north, and northeast were the coolest. The results of the PCA showed that the first two components explained more than 78% of the spatial variance and 93% of the temporal variance, respectively. This indicates the existence of consistent and interpretable climatic patterns. Additionally, the Ward's clustering analysis, which divided the data into five distinct clusters, reflected the diversity of temporal behavior of the maximum temperature across the country.