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Access, plays an important role in rural development as there is a meaningful relationship between rural development and access to infrastructure services. Villages that have less access to essential services, especially transport, faced with a lot of structural and socio-economic constraints, which are obstacles to sustainable rural development. The present study seeks to examine the accessibility and the factors affecting it. Accordingly, it is considered with descriptive-analytic research method. The statistical population of the study, consisted of villages in the central District of Tabriz County (52 villages) that there needed data were gathered from rural municipals. After validity and reliability of the research, in order to evaluate accessibility, we used the Dematel technique and ANP, then to assess the role of different elements in accessibility of rural areas, we used SEM in Amos software. Initial results of Rural Accessibility Survey showed that the Mayan Sefli village had the highest accessibility and the final result of the research are determining the role of factors in rural accessibility based on factors such as distance from the city, service centers and social status of the village are more effective than other factors in accessibility.
Key words: accessibility, rural services, analytical network process, structural equation modeling, Tabriz County.
 

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The Islamic City Councils as an important element of the urban management system as an institution, policymaker, decision maker, and legislator at the local level, have to be fully operational in order to fulfill their role of policymaking and oversight over all matters to be able to carry out policy and oversight tasks in all areas of the city and local organizations concerned. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of city council performance in improving the process of sustainable urban management and development from the perspective of citizens in Tabriz metropolis. This study is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and document studies and field surveys were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is all citizens and residents over 18 years of Tabriz metropolis. According to the 2015 census, this city had a population of 1558693 people and 497898 households. Cochran formula was used to determine the number of samples from 327 subjects were selected. The data for the analysis of quantitative methods, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, regression and path analysis) were used. The results showed that the average index of the performance of Islamic councils is 2.76 and its T-statistic is -6.59, which shows the unfavorable performance of the city council and the performance of the Islamic Council of this city in district 9 (with an average of 248.80). district 8 (with an average of 239.38) and district 2 (with an average of 204.33) have been evaluated favorably compared to other regions. Also, the average of all indicators of empowerment of Islamic city councils in the field of empowerment of Islamic councils is lower than numerical utility 3 and their t-statistic is negatively estimated. Finally, the performance of the Islamic councils in the economic dimension (employment, income and investment) has had the greatest effect with an overall effect of 0.608 and the least effect in the physical dimension with an overall effect of 0.210 in the realization of sustainable development.
Keywords: City Council Performance, Urban Management, Sustainable Urban Development, Tabriz Metropolis.

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The importance of studying development in the field of child psychology is crystallized. On the other hand, cognitive development is a source of awareness in the field of children's development and has a double effect on the process of wayfinding children. Paying attention to this in urban spaces can make it easier for children to successfully wayfinding. The purpose of this study is to develop factors affecting the ease of wayfinding children in urban spaces with emphasis on cognitive abilities. The research method is applied in the present study. In this regard, in order to collect data, field observations, questionnaires and site visits have been used. The sampling method is random using Cochran's formula and the questionnaire was completed by 106 children in the age range of 10-12 years and 106 children in the age range of 12-14 years. Data analysis to analyze the routing pattern of children affected by cognitive development in Lashgar neighborhood has been calculated quantitatively by factor analysis using LISREL software. In data analysis to evaluate the relationship between wayfinding and cognitive development after data collection, the data were analyzed by statistical methods of Ti-dependent test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypothesis test. Based on the analysis of cognitive abilities in the navigation process of children, the results indicate that the elements of the guide and used in navigation are different in two age groups, and the age group of 12-14 years has an analytical mind, and in contrast to the group of 10-12 years, it is searching and Paying attention to secrecy determines the path. Children in the second age range mostly mentioned the color of the facades, the shape of the building and the buildings that have a distinctive form and function, also the children in the first age range pointed to the distinctive signs that have a distinct body compared to other buildings in the neighborhood.
Keywords: Cognitive development, child, wayfinding, Lashgar neighborhood.

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Today, attention to the tourism of historical contexts has been recognized as very important in order to promote socio-economic progress and to recognize the historical values ​​and cultural identity of each region. Therefore, this study was written with the aim of identifying the causal pattern of tourism promotion criteria in the historical context of Tabriz. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the field of research, 15 of whom were selected through targeted sampling. The collection of required information in this research has been done using library and field methods and Fuzzy DEMATEL method has been used to analyze the research data. The results of this study showed that among the identified criteria, the primary element criterion was identified as the most effective criterion and also as the most important criterion for promoting tourism in the historical context of Tabriz. Other results of this study include the causal model of each of the sub-criteria, among the sub-criteria of primary elements, historical criterion, among the sub-criteria related to secondary elements, accommodation facilities, and among the sub-criteria of favorable tourism space. They were identified as the most influential sub-criteria.

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In the classical view, the political dimension study of space has always been considered as the political geography ontological basic. Gradually from the 1980s with the development of post-positivist perspectives on human geography; Politics affected all social spheres from government and political parties to gender and considered the smallest power relations associated with the political concept. The political issue has rejected the organization of space on the basis of formal logic and has introduced new forms of epistemological reconstruction in the study of the relationship between politics and space. In this article, has been attempted to explain the political epistemological consequences in the study of relationship between politics and space. Research findings indicate that political dimension of space study is needed epistemic relativism in context of the political. In this regard, intersubjective cognition has a special dependence on the historical evolution of space and therefore requires to power factor genealogy. This spatial genealogy is always linked to the conflict that exists in human societies and forms the possibility of space antagonistic cognition. In this regard, the social meaning of geographical space; considered as place of conflict and resistance of marginalized groups and hegemonic forces in society Which reach a kind of adaptive balance within a certain time.  This process is caused, the epistemological model adaptation of cultural geography and political geography with each other.

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Today, human settlements around the world are exposed to natural hazards for a variety of reasons. These risks, which bring with them a lot of human and financial losses, require preventive measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of urban space in order to deal with environmental hazards in Noor city. The method of this research is also descriptive. Data collection is using library and documentary studies and questionnaires. In order to analyze the questionnaires using ANP method and fuzzy logic method, evaluate each of the criteria and determine their importance coefficients. Based on the results, spatial assessment was performed using ArcGis software and hazard zones were identified. According to the results of risk potential zoning, the northern and southern areas of the city have the highest risk potential. To predict the development of residential areas, the combined Markov chain model and cellular automation were used. The results showed that the continuous expansion of built areas in recent decades has caused rapid changes in land use and the built areas of the city has increased from 2.43% of the total area in 2010 to 3.68% in 2019. The results also showed that regardless of the natural hazards, the built-up areas will increase and as a result of urbanization, the built-up areas will be more prone to high-risk lands. However, if sustainable development policies are fully implemented, cities and built-up areas will be able to maintain their development spaces from high-risk areas for the benefit of the city and its residents.

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Good governance, having the most important principles and criteria for public participation, accountability, accountability, centralism, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equality, consensus and legitimacy is one of the new management approaches and new approaches to development and poverty reduction, especially poverty. This study aimed was to conduct a comparative analysis of the goog governance model in rural areas with an emphasis on the villages of the central part of Poldakhtar and Mosian section of Dehloran. The statistical population of the study, according to Cochran's formula, is 284 heads of households living in the villages of the two central parts and Mosian. Inferential data analysis was performed using t-test, and the sample villages were ranked in terms of rural governance status using The Topsis method. The results obtained from The Topsis method show that the governance situation in Mosian section of Dehloran Township is better than the central part of Poldakhtar Township, and the one sample t-test showed that the average of all components of rural good governance is above average and their significance level is an amount less than 0.05. The results of Levin test also show that there is a significant difference between the two central parts and Mosian regarding governance and its components, apart from responsibility (±1/96). Furthermore, In Mosian section, the average components (participation, accountability, and transparency) were higher than the central part of Poldakhtar Township and in the components (legality, collective agreement, justice, efficiency, and effectiveness) were less than the central part of Poldakhtar Township.

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Rivers are environmental forms that react strongly to changes in their bed, tectonic is the most important factor affecting morphology of the river, causing significant changes in river systems. In this study, using the digital elevation model (DEM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global mapper 13, we investigated the effect of tectonic activity on river systems in the eastern slopes of Mullah Daghi, southeast of Zanjan province, this The area is drained by Abhar river. Using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Arc Gis 10.2 software environment, required maps including geological maps, topography and…, Geological map of 1: 250,000 leaves of Zanjan was used to prepare the fault map. In order to achieve the research objectives, tectonic activity indicators including: are Mountain front sinuosity, basin shape, drainage density, longitudinal gradient of the river, River maze, basin asymmetry, hypersometric integral, the topographic symmetry of the basin and the width of the valley floor to the height. The combination of these indicators is achieved by the tectonic activity index (IAT). The results obtained through the Iat index indicate the activation of tectonic and neotectonic in the watershed of Ardejin and Abhar and the moderate activities in the basin of the zareh bash basin. The impacts of these activities on river systems that are different from the tectonic indexes in the studied basins, such as river meanders(main stream), coniferous formation (Ardejin watershed basin),  tilt watersheds  abhar and Ardejin and  the shape of the basins (Basin elongation zareh bash)

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Human interventions in natural areas as a change in land use have led to a domino effect of anomalies and then environmental hazards. These extensive and cumulative changes in land cover and land use have manifested themselves in the form of anomalies such as the formation of severe runoff, soil erosion, the spread of desertification, and salinization of the soil. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the temperature inductions of the land cover structure of Lorestan province and to analyze the effect of land use changes on the temperature structure of the province. In this regard, the data of land cover classes of MCD12Q2 composite product and ground temperature of MOD11A2 product of MODIS sensor were used. Also, in order to detect the temperature inductions of each land cover during the hot and cold seasons, cross-analysis matrix (CTM) technique was used. The results showed that in general in Lorestan province 5 cover classes including: forest lands, pastures, agricultural lands, constructed lands and barren lands could be detected. The results of cross-matrix analysis showed that in hot and cold seasons, forest cover (IGBP code 5) with a temperature of 48 ° C and urban and residential land cover (IGBP code 13) with a temperature of 16 ° C as the hottest land use, respectively. They count. In addition, it was observed that the thermal inductions of land cover in the warm season are minimized and there is no significant difference between the temperature structure of land cover classes; But in the cold season, the thermal impulses of land cover are more pronounced. The results of analysis of variance test showed that in the cold period of the year, unlike the warm period of the year, different land cover classes; Significantly (Sig = 0.026) has created different thermal impressions in the province. Scheffe's post hoc analysis indicated that this was the difference between rangeland cover classes and billet up cover.

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When empires and great nations decline, there are many reasons why there is a connection between them. Empire is considered as a regulating power in the world that by studying history, one can discover the existence of several important empires in different eras. Given that empire is related to geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics and space), it can be studied and explored from this perspective. The purpose of this study is a geopolitical analysis of the collapse of empires. This descriptive-analytical study uses the field method to investigate the geopolitical factors of the collapse of empires (Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, British, Russian, Spanish and Arab). The statistical population is 50 experts in the field of geopolitical studies. To test the conceptual model of the research, Demetel method has been used. Findings show that variables such as incompetence and lust of rulers, collapse of the domestic economy, increase and corruption of the male government, oppression and slavery, internal riots, etc. show high interaction and strong systemic relationship with other variables. That is, as long as a country has faced these challenges in terms of manpower and governance, it has not been able to survive in the face of other problems caused by these factors, and these factors have led to crises and the collapse of the empire.

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Industrialization and modernization of societies affect architecture, urbanization, environment, climate and geography; which we can mention the emergence of high-rise building, climate inversion, changes in geography of societies and environmental degradation. The roots of the problems over the last few decades are population growth, increasing migration to cities and metropolises, changes in needs and demands of citizens, etc.; Which faces urban managers, designers and architects with a huge challenge. The main purpose of this article is to theoretically study the uses such as residential towers on the one hand and the ideas mentioned in the theoretical discourse on the other hand with the approach of sustainable social development, and its impact on environmental protection according to the geography of Tehran. This research is "descriptive-analytical" in nature and "survey". It is "practical" in terms of purpose and "quantitative-qualitative" in terms of data. The number of statistical samples was 384 people and data were collected through questionnaires. Analyzes were performed in SPSS software. The most important result of this research can be expressed as the fact that due to population growth, high-rise was formed and through it, issues such as overuse of natural resources and fossil fuels, destruction of nature, reduction of social interactions, climate change, traffic creation, Rising air pollution, etc., has become a huge and insurmountable crisis.

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Factors and stimuli affecting convergence and divergence that play a major role in determining how and the quality of the national coherence is not the same concepts, but variables that have reverse and affected links that identify and analyze their role and effect. It is important to convergence and national coherence, resulting in general security. Regarding this issue, this study was conducted to investigate and analyze the factors and stimuli affecting national convergence and coherence in the southeast of the country. In the same vein, the present article, which is provided in terms of its fundamental purpose and its information, has been providing a response to the question, which has been the most important factor and stimuli on the convergence and coherence of the Baloch people in the southeast. What are the country? The research findings showed that many, different factors affect the convergence, and divergence of the Baloch people in Sistan and Baluchestan province, these factors can be categorized into two groups of internal and external stimuli. The results of the study showed that mutual confidence-determination of people, decentralization and gathering of industries and decision-making centers, strengthening ethnic identity in the direction of national identity, capacity of upstream documents and their role in national cohesion, Baloch and Sistan province And Balochistan with Iran, common social customs, the effective and positive role of the ethnic and national elites of these people and the province can be considered as some of the most important factors and stimuli, and the expansion of the Baloch people in the southeast of the country And the cultural center of the Baloch people in southeastern Iran, regional stress politics, historical economic communications with neighboring countries and the prevalence of today's border markets with the countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan are the most important factors and stimuli affecting convergence and convergence and The national cohesion of the Baloch people is in the province of Sistan and Baluchestan and in the southeast of the country.
 

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The structure of deep moist convection can be influenced by wind shear, available potential energy of convection, relative humidity and vertical distribution of each of these variables, along with other effective factors, among which wind shear plays a more important role in creating convection. Due to the large and synoptic scale processes, along with the adjustment of the available potential energy for convection and the convection inhibitor, create suitable conditions for the creation of convection. The role of the large-scale average causes the reduction of the convection inhibitor, but the vertical velocity of even a few centimeters per second can have an obvious effect on the environment sounding. Also, the presence of potential instability is usually considered an important factor in the initiation of deep moist convection. It can be seen that when the temperature reaches the critical point and the convection inhibitor is removed, moist deep convection begins. In the case that the air parcel that rises above the lower stable layer may have a low relative convective inhibition energy and a high relative free convective potential energy, which causes the support of deep moist convection. The warm air mass continues the initiation of updrafts, and the subsequent development of convection depends on parameters such as vertical wind shear and the inversion cap of the environment, among other parameters. Large-scale convective systems can be released with less forcing due to the massive rise of the air mass on the surface of the front to the level of convection.

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Buildings are one of the main pillars of social and economic development of countries that consume a large part of energy and natural resources. The share of this part of energy consumption is 30-50% on average. Also, in our country, based on the energy balance sheet of recent years, about 33% of the energy produced is related to the domestic, commercial and public sector, i.e. the construction sector. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the location of the building on its energy consumption. The district of the research is the common 4 and 5-story residential buildings in District 5 of Tehran, on Ferdous Sharq Blvd. The descriptive-analytical research method is based on organizational and field data collection, by selecting 6 similar residential blocks and in different lighting positions, different data were collected. These 6 blocks are completely the same in terms of land area, infrastructure area, number of floors, heating and cooling systems and other characteristics, and the only difference between them is their location in a passage. Then, using simulation in Design Builder software, their energy consumption was calculated and compared. The results of the research indicate that the average energy consumption with an accuracy of 98%, the northern blocks, 7 261, the southern blocks, 11 247, the total blocks, 5 254, kilowatt hours per square meter per year, which is about 3 times the ideal building. . Northern blocks consume about 5% more energy than southern blocks. A block that receives light from 3 sides, north, south and west, consumes about 11%, more than the average, and a block that receives light from 2 sides, north and south, consumes about 5%, less than the average. North blocks, energy label D, south blocks, except for the end block that gets light from three sides, north, south and west, get energy label C, and as a result, south blocks generally perform better in terms of energy consumption.