Innopolis Daedeok is a beacon of scientific excellence and technological innovation, serving as the nerve center of South Korea's research endeavors. By leveraging the presence of esteemed research institutions and universities, this hub has created a fertile ground for commercializing cutting-edge technologies. The research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical and developmental in nature. The findings indicate that Innopolis Daedeok is strategically divided into five distinct regions, spanning 27.7 square kilometers, to achieve its operational objectives. Notably, 11% of South Korea's Ph.D.-level researchers are affiliated with Innopolis Daedeok. Currently, a workforce of 22,000 researchers and employees is engaged in advanced research, with 10% of the country's research workforce concentrated in this hub. The spatial expansion of Innopolis Daedeok has unfolded in four stages: the establishment of the Daedeok Science Town (1973-1993), the creation of innovation (1993-1997), the formation of an innovation cluster (1998-2003), and the growth stage of the innovation cluster (2004 to present). This evolution has enabled Innopolis Daedeok to become a global innovation hub, with a unique triple helix model of government, industry, and academia collaboration. The development and evolution model of Innopolis Daedeok is characterized by three distinct stages: the initial stage (science park model), the development stage (technopolis model), and the maturity stage (innovation cluster model). This model serves as a benchmark for other innovation hubs, highlighting the importance of strategic planning, collaboration, and investment in research and development.

Each plant needs a certain amount of heat at the time of planting and during its growth and development. The purpose of this research is to determine the thermal requirements of grain corn in the stages of growth phenology in the climatic conditions of Moghan and to determine the suitable cultivation areas in terms of heat requirements in northwest Iran. For this purpose, the technology of corn variety Single Cross 704 recorded consecutively from 2011 to 2014 at the Moghan Meteorological Research Farm and agricultural data from 51 synoptic stations in the northwest of the country (1996-2016) selected from the General Meteorological Organization of the Country have been used. To carry out this research, thermal requirements in each of the 5 main phases of phenology have been determined at the Moghan station, then using the regression equation between the 15-day average of temperature and altitude, a temperature-temperature history map for seed cultivation in all stations from the first half of the year was drawn using Geographic Information System software. Also, the length of scientific periods and the degree of growth day were calculated and the relevant maps were drawn using the Kriging method. Then, it was combined with the layers of altitude, slope of the region and land use, and finally, a zoning map of lands suitable for grain corn cultivation in the northwest of the country was drawn. Based on the results obtained, 27.6 percent of the study area is capable of cultivating this plant.

By assessing the functions and ecosystem services of protected areas, planners and decision-makers of land use planning and sustainable development at the regional and national levels can be of great help. The present study specifically assesses the water and soil resources in the Gandu Protected Area and the economic valuation of these services. In order to model the ecosystem services of water balance, soil conservation and water quality, the hydrological model based on WWPSS remote sensing data was used. The simulation was carried out using a series of one-degree square mosaic images (one hectare) on a monthly scale. The Invest model and the replacement cost method were also used for economic valuation. The results showed that the total water produced in this area is 401,205,344 cubic meters per year. Also, the minimum, maximum and average water budgets are all negative and are equal to -1492.76, -38.04 and -639.24 mm per year respectively, which indicates a lack of rainfall and intense evaporation and transpiration in this region. The average potential pollution of surface water is 4.5% and this region prevents 2 tons per hectare of soil erosion annually. The real economic value of water production and soil conservation is estimated to be 20.18%, 67.54 and 2729.65 billion rials in 2019, respectively, with inflation correction. Three scenarios with discount rates (compound) of 8, 12 and 15% were used in the periods of 5, 10, 15 and 30 years to determine the economic value of the functions of these resources in the future. The results showed that, for example; With a discount rate of 15% and over a period of 30 years, the economic value of the water production and soil conservation functions reaches 4471.82 and 180730.13 billion rials, respectively. In total, the economic value of the water production and soil conservation functions is 0.35 and 14.17 percent of the total value of the region.
 

Today, due to the conditions of globalization, city branding has become increasingly important due to its tourism potentials. Most regions with strategic planning in this area aim to achieve economic development and reduce deprivation through tourism. In this study, the research strategy is deductive, and its purpose is practical. The required data and information were collected from library resources and surveys (questionnaires and interviews) with experts. The meta-SWOT technique, based on an inside-out approach and a resource-based perspective, provides a framework for enhancing the competitiveness of cities and regions. The city of Kermanshah possesses significant capabilities to attract tourism, enabling it to achieve urban, regional, and global competitiveness. The findings of this study show that among the capabilities and potentials of Kermanshah, the existence of historical and cultural monuments—such as Taq-e Bostan, pillars, historic houses, museums, and its role as a center for handicrafts—as well as cultural similarities with people living in Iraq and Turkey, along with its unique culture, beliefs, and customs, serve as key tourism potentials. These attributes align with the four characteristics of the VIRO framework (Value, Rarity, Imitability, and Organization), making them the most strategic fit with macro variables affecting tourist attraction and urban competitiveness through tourism in Kermanshah. Among the major influential variables, the COVID-19 pandemic, international sanctions against Iran, climate change, natural disasters, and lack of funding have the greatest impact on the urban competitiveness of Kermanshah. Based on the analysis of resources and macro variables, a strategic fit map was developed, and appropriate solutions were proposed.

In the domain of spatial planning for border areas, it is imperative to adopt a macro-perspective view of geography to effectively identify the potentialities, capabilities, and limitations inherent to these regions. This approach aims to mitigate tensions and challenges arising from unbalanced development, deprivation, and spatial heterogeneity. The research methodology employed in this study is applied in purpose, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of method. Specifically, a combination of multi-criteria decision-making techniques, including the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and the Shannon entropy coefficient, has been utilized to evaluate the distribution and development of spatial development indicators within the health service sectors of Kurdistan Province. The border cities of this province have been classified according to their levels of these indicators. The central research question of this study is: What is the state of the cities in Kurdistan Province concerning the spatial distribution of health and service indicators? Preliminary findings suggest that the level of access to health services in each of the border cities in Kurdistan Province does not meet the desired standards. The results indicate that, despite its strategic geopolitical significance, Kurdistan Province remains one of the most deprived regions in the country. Furthermore, there exists a notable imbalance and heterogeneity in the distribution and development of facilities and indicators across the border cities of the province. An analysis of 13 indicators pertaining to spatial organization across four border cities reveals that Saqez and Baneh are classified within the semi-privileged (semi-deprived) group, while Marivan and Sarvabad fall within the deprived category. Consequently, the findings underscore that the spatial organization in the border cities of Kurdistan Province is markedly heterogeneous, positioning these cities at a middle to lower level in terms of health service development. It is essential to afford particular attention to this border province to ensure the enduring security and well-being of its citizens.