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In recent decades, land subsidence has emerged as a geomorphological hazard and one of the environmental crises, causing irreparable damage to Iran's plains annually, with the most significant current cause being the water crisis. The Eshtehard plain, as one of the industrial and agricultural hubs of Alborz Province, is of great importance and has been declared a critical prohibited zone by the Ministry of Energy due to the sharp decline in groundwater levels. Therefore, assessing the rate of subsidence and addressing the causes and influencing factors for its risk management is of great importance.
In this study, the Differential Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique was used to examine the subsidence of the Eshtehard plain, utilizing data from the Sentinel-1A satellite over the time period of 2017–2023. During this period, the region's subsidence ranged between -2.08 cm and -2.93 cm, with the highest subsidence occurring between 2019 and 2020, approximately -2.93 cm, and the lowest between 2022 and 2023, about -2.08 cm. The rate of subsidence increases from east to west and in the southern expanse. In fact, the maximum subsidence in all study periods is concentrated in the Eshtehard aquifer area, which contains a large portion of farms and villages, the city of Eshtehard, industrial towns (Kosar, Omid, and Eshtehard), agricultural lands, and the highest concentration of underground resources (wells). The results of hydrographs and interpolation using data from piezometric wells also show a drop in groundwater levels and an increase in depth in this area. At the same time, the results of examining the correlation between land subsidence and groundwater depth changes were significant at the 95% level, indicating that as groundwater depth increases, subsidence in the region also increases. Based on subsidence change profiles, the subsidence pattern in the study area is complex. These temporal and spatial variations indicate various influences, including human activities (such as the intensity and type of activity or excessive extraction of water from underground resources), environmental factors, geological characteristics (sediment composition, aquifer thickness, bedrock position, etc.), the rate of aquifer recharge and discharge, and so on.
 

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The present study addresses the future prospects of urban management of Marand, specifically to study the problems and issues of urban management as well as providing solutions to improve its status. The main purpose of the research is to answer the question of what people and experts have about the causes of the problems of urban management in Marand, and with what road map there can be defined and achieved a perspective for urban management. The method used in this research is descriptive and analytical, and it utilizes the Oregan social vision model.. Oregan model is used to plan the process of strategic vision development in local communities. One of the most important advantages of this model is to adapt to different conditions and environment. The Oregan model is a process composed of four steps, each of which is built on the basis of a simple question: Where are we now? Where are we going? where shall we be? How to get there? Then, in different time intervals, monitoring of the implementation status in order to overcome the shortcomings would be possible. In this research, after analyzing the status quo, using collaborative planning and making questionnaire and receiving the opinions of citizens and experts, different perspectives have been defined for the city and, consequently, the necessary strategies are presented. The results show that the urban management of Marand is not in a suitable position, and it is necessary for the management to try to improve the lives of citizens with the aim of reducing the weak points and avoiding threats based on the strategies for resolving problems and crises of urban areas, attracting citizens, creating well - being for people, creating financial stability, and building administrative stability.