فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی

---

Executive function is a set of processes which is responsible for the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral and performance conduct of human being at the time of activities and problem solving. The aim of this study was the comparison of the executive function of the reorganization of thought in adolescents with cannabis abuse. This study is a casual comparison, so 50 adolescents with cannabis abuse who lived in Ahwaz’ juvenile institution and were between the age of 15 and 18 were selected and were compared with 50 normal adolescents of a high school in Ahwaz city, as the control group, who were similar to each other in terms of some demographical variables and who were selected through availability sampling. To collect the data, Gestalt test, TOVA test (as a continual performance test) and Vygotsky’s concept formation test were used. The data was analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that the adolescents with a cannabis abuse disorder had weaker performance in the behavior inhibition and reconstruction of thought than the normal adolescents and there was significant difference between these two groups. Generally speaking, considering the results of the study, i.e. the weaker performance of the adolescents with cannabis abuse disorder in executive functions (behavior inhibition and reorganization of thought) than the normal students, it seems that this weakness would lead to the inappropriate social behaviors, problems in decision making, inappropriate judgment, problems with innovation and change, distractibility and problems in various aspects of memory.

---

The aim of present Study was The effectiveness of neurocognitive Executive Functions based Play Therapy on improv the ability Response Inhibition,planning-organization and working memory with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD: This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre test and post test control group. The study population consisted of children ages 7-12 years old was diagnosed with ADHD in mashhad city, Through Convenience Sampling ,Twenty four student with this disorder in Taha boys' primary school(District 5 Khorasan Razavi) were identified Through introducing the consultants and the SNAP-IV scale and Were randomaly embedded into both control and experimental groups Based on even and odd list. . Both groups were evaluated in two pre and post-test stages With software version of the Tower of London and stroop and Instrumental version Wechsler digit span test. The experimental group participated as a group in 12 sessions of Executive Functions based Play Therapy. The data were analyzed With univariate covariance analysis(ANCOVA). The result showed Executive Functions based Play Therapy significantly decreased in the post test interference score, delay time), and test time) and total time and data span a significant increase in direct and revers.neurological Functions based Play Therapy is recommended be used as a Natural Approach and non-instrumental as an effective psychological intervention in Designing and Presentation treatment protocols of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

---

Introduction: Emotion regulation problems can cause important disorders in children and adolescents. Since emotion dysregulation has major role in internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents, adolescence is  an important opportunity for changes in emotional experiences, emotional regulation and also increasing mental disorders and generalized changes in social relationships. The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of training emotion regulation skills in improvement of executive function and emotion regulation strategies of at risk adolescents. Method: The method of this research is experimental that we used pre- test and post -test with control group.24 teenage girls have been selected from hazardous areas of Tehran with accessible manner and randomly they have been appointed in experimental and control group.The members of experimental group got education program of emotion regulation skills in the base  of dialectical behavioral therapy that was derived from Linehan model  in 8 group sessions,while the control group don’t take any intervention.Results: Training emotion regulation skills increased the scores of adaptive strategies and decreased the scores of maladaptive strategies. Also there was an increase in total number correct of executive function variable and number of categories completed rather than control group.Conclusion: Training of emotion regulation skills can affect in modifying and moderating of emotional reactions in adolescents and also it can affects on involved cognitive processes.

---

The aim of current study was to investigation the Compare executive functions and cognitive interpretation bias and cognitive estimation in social anxiety disorder patients and healthy controls. In this study, the sample was 100 students with Purposive sampling method selected from public university from the city of Tehran. This means that the first explanation was given about the research and the cooperation to sample every five Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Cognitive estimation, Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire  and، Interpretation bias Questionnaire. Then 50 people who score above the cut-off point in Social Phobia Inventory And in the range of subclinical and clinical, and 50 people who score below the cut-off point gained in social anxiety questionnaire formed the sample. The data was analyzed through multivariable analysis of variance. In sum, the finding of current study Interpretation bias in social phobia patients is higher than normal Individuals and cognitive estimation and executive functions in individuals with social anxiety disorder compared to healthy individuals is flawed.  So that students with social anxiety disorder have lower performance in the components of other groups of students. This problem must be identified and targeted intervention.

---

The current research was conducted by the aim of studying the moderator role of age, Intelligence, and gender in relation to the Executive functions and reading function of elementary students.The sample included 250 students (124 boys and 126 girls) in elementary level that were selected by Multi-stage cluster sampling method among students of Karaj. Different functions were measured as these: Reading through reading test of Karami-noori and Moradi, intelligence by Raven's Progressive Matrices, working memory by Memory span test, attention by Continuous Performance Test, and planning and inhibition by Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (brief). Statistical methods of Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used.The correlation results showed that there is a positive and significant relation between executive functions (working memory, inhibition, subjective planning, and attention) and reading. Regression analysis result showed that intelligence and gender have not a moderator role in the relation of executive functions and reading.  But, age had a moderator role in the relation of executive functions and reading. The results of this research was consistent with Miyake's theory that believes executive functions are separate but related to each other, and individual differences of the students in these functions should be considered, because they affect their school performance.

---

This study to do identifying processes and strategies of emotion regulation and designing developmental model based on self-regulation patterns. Thus, this study examined emotion regulation with a developmental perspective in children age 4 - 12 years In Tehran. To 108 children, scenarios including four emotions namely sadness, madness, worry and pain were read. After the stories were read to the subjects and duly understood by them, and once an emotional atmosphere was created, subjects had an emotion regulation interview (ERI) and observation. Findings show that emotion regulation developed from extra-organismic self-regulation (input and output) toward intra-organismic (central processing). This trajectory is situation, attention and perception change, responding and expression modulating and internal-cognitive regulation. 

---

working memory is the comprehensive cognitive system that embedded attentional and memorical mechanisms and therefore can be used in systematic research of cognitive problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of working memory capacity and executive functions (shifting, inhibition and updating) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.  We selected 164 student   (90 male and 74 female)    from university of Tehran with random sampling method  and they completed Maudsley Obsessional – Compulsive Inventory (Hodgson & Rachman, 1977), the Digit Backward Span Task (workingmemory capacity), Forward Span task (Short Term Memory), Stroop (inhibition, Spreen & Strauss, 1998), Set- Switching Task (shifting, Rogers & Monsell, 1995) and Keep Track Task (updating, Martinez, et al., 2011). Data analyzing used regression showed working memory and executive function totally predict considerable amount (67 percent) of obsessive compulsive predisposition. Therefore it can be concluding, obsessive people have crucial weakness in storage, monitoring and executive cognitive function (in general attention control) and we can use training in these functions as treatment strategies.

---

Abstract

 Addiction has negative effects on people's psychological and social aspects. In fact, addiction is a chronic disease that causes various biological, psychological and social impact of.The aim of current study was Effectiveness of process emotion regulation strategies in improvement on executive functions  and quality of life in recovered addictions in drop in centers. The  method of this research is experimental that we used pre-tests and post-tests with control group. The sample consisted of 24 male  of recovered addictions in drop in centers that selected with accessible sampaling and randomly they have been appointed in experimental and control group. Experimental group recieved emotion regulation strategies based on gross model for ten sessions, while the control group don^,t take any intervention. The information were assessed via Wisconsin card sorting test and quality of life questionnaire.The data were analyzed by analysis of multivariate covariance.  The results show that process emotion regulation strategies improve executive functions and  increase quality of life in experimental group. process emotion regulation strategies suggest positive clinical implications in substance abuse treatment  and relapse prevention.

---

Aim: The being of impairments in executive functions could lead to weakness individual control on health behaviors and cigarette consumption. The aim of present research was to investigate effectiveness of comprehensive intervention in order to retraining executive functions in smokers. Method: A randomized controlled trial design with pre-posttest and two monthly follow up was applied. The study population included all smoker men in the summer 2016 in Gorgan city. A number of 60 eligible adult smokers were chosen according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Fagerstrom questionnaire for assessment of cigarette dependence was administered to two groups people. The experiment group then received 10 sessions (twice weekly) retraining of executive functions (Working Memory and Inhibitory Control), whereas in the control (placebo) group a placebo intervention like the original tasks were performed. The Fagerstrom questionnaire was again performed at post-test and in one month and two month follow up stages in both groups. Results: A repeated measure GLM: Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed significant differences between two groups in Fagerstrom in posttest and two follow up stages. Conclusion: Overall, the retraining executive functions intervention was effective on cigarette dependency and could use from this intervention in cigarette treatment programs. 

---

 
Abstract
Working memory is the comprehensive cognitive system that embedded attentional and memorial mechanisms and therefore can be used in systematic research of cognitive problems. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the developmental changes of working memory capacity, and its components, including phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive (inhibition and updating). A total of 356 children (8 and 12 years) recruited from primary school in Tehran were selected and tested. Digit Span, and the Kim Karad Visual Memory Test were used for measuring phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. Working memory capacity was measured by Backward Digit Span, and finally, the Stroop Task, and the Keep Track task measured central executive. Data analyzing showed as child growth, working memory and its components become more effective. More skills in arithmetic abilities, more flexibility in storage and processing, more experience in academic achievement and more use of metacognitive strategies can be possible reasons for the results of this study.

---

The purpose of this study is presentation the structural model of executive functions and extramarital relationship with mediating role of self­­­-control. The 210 samples were selected by convenience sampling. In experimental situation, for assessing executive function participants did computerized exams include: Stroop, Wisconsin, Go No Go and N- Back and completed self-control questionnaire of Tangney and attitudes toward infidelity scale of Whatley.  Data was analyzed through regression, structural equation modeling. Model has a suitable fit. Results shows that executive functions includes inhibition(-0/13), task switching(-0/13) ,working memory(-0/16)  and self-control(-0/10)had direct effect on extra marital relationship. Executive functions includes inhibition(-0/23), task switching(-0/11) ,working memory(-0/27) had indirect effect on extra marital relationship with mediation of self-control.
 

---

Depressed people, unlike non-depressed, show the higher the right frontal lobe activity than the left frontal lobe. Because the right hemisphere associated with negative emotional processing, pessimistic and maladaptive thinking styles, and the frontal alpha power is the inverse index of cortical activity, the frontal alpha power asymmetry reflects the balance between the left and right hemisphere in the frontal. The aim of this study was to improve the frontal alpha asymmetry for reducing depression and rumination levels and executive functions of people with reactive depression from love trauma syndrome through the neurofeedback interventional method and compare its efficacy with the sham group. In addition, in this study, was considered the neurological characteristics of the emotionally traumatic experience, through the Clinical Q as the evaluation method. This study's participants include 32 students of Tehran and Amir Kabir universities that they experienced love trauma in the recent 6 months and subsequently, they exposed depression and rumination symptoms and reduction of executive functions. For measuring of Pre-Test phase, after the primary interview and performance of Love Trauma, Beck's Depression and Anxiety Scales was evaluated executive functions (continuous attention, working memory and cognitive inhibition) by computer tasks; CPT, N-Back and Go/NoGo. Finally, was measured EEG 2-channel record through Clinical Q. The participants were placed in the trial group (age: M=24.73, SD=3.71) and sham group (age: M=23.46, SD=2.87), randomly. Then, in the neurofeedback intervention performance, was exerted 15 sessions on 45 min in the both of the trial and the sham groups. At the end of sessions were repeated pre-test phase measurements for post-test phase. Results of this study, emphasize on the effects of alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for reduction of depression symptoms similar to some research and against, deferent of other some studies, such as effective neurofeedback training for the decrease of Beck's depression scores. One of the important results of this research was the improvement of executive functions and rumination, the reason of substantial role of the both on depression duration. Effect of frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback on the reduction of love trauma and also, improvement of the neurological index of traumatic event experience was a new finding. Based on this results could be proposed neurofeedback training as a beneficial intervention for reduction of love trauma syndrome.

---

Abstract
The purposeof this study was to compare the effect of  Perceptual skills reconstruction program  and executive function training on perceptual reasoning, working memory and math performance of third grade students with special math disorder.  Methods  this empirical study includes pretest-posttest and control group.The statistical population of the study includes all students with special learning disorder in third grade mathematics in 2017 academic year. The sample consisted of 45 students who were selected by simple random sampling and placed in two intervention groups and one control group. To collect the data, the Key Math Test, the Raven Test, Wechsler–IV Perceptual Reasoning Scale, Math Disorders Diagnostic test, and Stanford-Bine's Working Memory Scale were used to be completed by intervention and control group participants before intervention and one to eight weeks after intervention. The experimental group A underwent 17 sessions of executive function training (45 minutes each) and the experimental group B underwent 16 sessions of rehabilitation training. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis with repeated measures. Findings showed that both interventions methods were effective on perceptual reasoning, non-verbal working memory and were not effective on verbal working memory. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two methods. based on the results, it seems that these two methods can be used as an effective approach for the treatment of students with  special learning  disorder.                                                                                                                                                       
 

---

This research was designed and conducted to compare the cognitive condition of two groups of healthy people and MTBI patients one year after their injury in terms of both executive functions and working memory.In this causal-comparative study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, two groups of individuals, 48(MTBI), male Patients from 30 to 55 years old who were admitted to the ICU in Shohadaye Haftome Tir and Baqiyatallah Hospitals and 64 healthy men from personnel and Patients' Visitors that had all the criteria for entering the research were chosen. Both groups were tested with two scales Wisconsin and Wechsler Number Memory. The two groups had significantly difference (p<0/01), in the executive functions at the levels of Categories, Perseverative, correct and error responses, number of trials to complete first category and conceptual level responses.Also, the results show that the two groups had significantly difference(p<0/01), in the forward and reverse auditory memory, forward and reverse visual memory, total score of auditory memory, total score of visual memory and span auditory memory and the two groups had significantly difference(p<0/05), in the span visual memory. In other words, patients with MTBI has overall poorer results for all the tests than healthy people.according to the findings of this research, mild traumatic brain injury can disturb executive functions of the brain's prefrontal lobes after one year. Hence, it is suggested that in clinical and legal evaluations of the patients, this issue to be considered and both psychological and medical interventions done simultaneously to facilitate the treatment process and cognitive rehabilitation of the patients and to prevent individual, social and financial consequences and costs associated with MTBI.
 

---

Treatment of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder as the most common neurodevelopmental disorder has tended toward the use of computer-based technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The study was a quasi-experimental with pretest posttest and 45 days follow up with control group. The statistical population consisted of all students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Shiraz elementary school in winter of 2019. 32 students were selected as available sample and replaced in experimental and control groups. The Tower of London test, the Stroop test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used. The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation based on computer games three times a week (15 minutes per game for a total of 30 minutes) and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANOVA). The results showed that computer-based rehabilitation had a significant effect on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (Sig <0.05). Experimental group showed improvement in cognitive function after intervention and planning, organization, inhibition and cognitive flexibility variables were observed after 45 days of intervention. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive rehabilitation is based on effective and sustained therapeutic computer games.

 
 

---

---

---

---

---