Showing 58 results for reza
Moslem Kord, Jalil Fath Abadi, Shahriar Gharibzadeh, Reza Khosrowabadi,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (volume10, Issue 3 2023)
Abstract
This study aimed to comparison of the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) combined with cognitive training on working memory performance of people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, 45 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in zahedan city were purposefully selected as the research sample. Subjects were divided into three groups: tDCS, tRNS and placebo group. Subjects in the experimental groups received 5 sessions of electrical stimulation (tDCS and tRNS) with an interval of 24 hours between each session; placebo group also received fake stimulation (non-effective). At the same time, all subjects also received cognitive rehabilitation of working memory. All subjects were evaluated before and after the stimulation and one week after the stimulation using the N-back task and the Wechsler Digit span test. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the tDCS group, there was a significant difference in most working memory components from the pre-test stage to the follow-up (p<0.001). In the tRNS group, a significant difference was found in the component of direct digit span and reverse digit span in the research stages. In the comparison between the two experimental groups, the effectiveness of the tDCS group was higher than that of the tRNS group. Also, no significant difference was found in most of the components between the tRNS and placebo groups (p>0.05). Overall, the results of this study show that tDCS was more effective than tRNS in working memory and this method can be used together with other treatments to improve the working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Mr Mohammad Reza Zoghi Paydar, Miss Nasrin Yousefi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (volume10, Issue 4 2023)
Abstract
In different parts of the world, people speak different languages to each other. Some parts of the world are more linguistically rich and more than one language is spoken in those regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and evaluate the executive functions of the brain including cognitive flexibility, selective attention and response inhibition in monolingual and bilingual male and female students of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan. This research has been done by descriptive and causal-comparative method using complex Stroop computer test. The statistical population selected for this study were bilingual and monolingual students of Bu Ali Sina University. The test was performed on 214 male and female students. Data obtained from 165 students were analyzed by independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The obtained results showed that there is a significant difference between gender and executive functions studied in this study. But there was no significant difference between bilingual and monolingual individuals with these functions. In this study, we concluded that gender affects the executive functions of the brain, but bilingualism and monolingualism do not affect the executive functions of the brain.
Seyedeh Neda Gadamagahi Sani, Alireza Moradi, Reza Shalbaf, ,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Volume11, Issue 1 2023)
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in cognitive skills and emotional self-control. Many studies have pointed out the poor functioning of the frontal region in hyperactive patients. Increasing hemodynamic changes in the frontal region of these children can reduce the symptoms of the disorder. Goal: The purpose of this research is to investigate the changes in the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in the frontal region of these children during the cognitive activity of the computerized continuous performance test. Method: The current research is a clinical trial study with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design. From 30 hyperactive children six to eight years old, fNIRS recording was performed along with computerized continuous performance test as a pre-test. Then they were divided into two groups of 15 people by simple random method. The first group underwent CES intervention and the second group underwent Captain Log's computerized cognitive intervention for 14 half-hour sessions, and after the interventions, the amount of hemodynamic changes in the frontal area of all participants was recorded by fNIRS along with computerized continuous performance test as a post-test. was taken Finally, after completing the intervention period 4 weeks later, the participants were followed up with the above tests. Findings: The average difference in oxygen uptake from pre-test to post-test in CES group was significant (p<0.01), but this difference was not significant from post-test to follow-up (p>0.05). In the captain log group, the difference in the average amount of oxygen absorption from pre-test to follow-up was significant based on the results of the t-test (p<0.05). The results indicate the non-significance of the effect of group interaction on time for the oxygen uptake variable, there is no significant difference between the CES and Captain Log groups in the amount of change in oxygen uptake from the pre-test session to the post-test session and follow-up (p>0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that CES intervention and Captain Log cognitive software intervention are effective treatments to increase the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal region of hyperactive children and can also improve persistent visual attention deficit in these children.
Mr. Saadi Ayazi, Dr. Sajjad Rezaei, Dr. Ashkan Naseh, Dr. Maryam Kousha,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Volume11, Issue 2 2023)
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and efforts to improve its diagnostic methods continue. In this study, using CogLab software, a diagnostic model was developed and introduced to help psychologists as an auxiliary tool for diagnosing ADHD. In the context of a developmental and case-control project using targeted sampling in Rasht city, 93 children diagnosed with ADHD were selected by a pediatric psychiatry subspecialist. The parents of both groups (case and control) were also interviewed clinically and after completing the CSI-4 version of the Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire, their demographic information was collected. The control group consisted of 33 working students from Rasht schools without disorders were selected using the CSI-4 4th version of the Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire. Both groups responded to the change detection and spatial marking tests using the attention section of the CogLab software under the same conditions. Data were processed by SPSS-24. In the diagnosis analysis, the results showed that the ratio of the correct response to the detection of change in the so-so mode had the highest predictive power in the separation and differentiation of classes between the case and control groups, and the results of the diagnostic function in the cross-validation section were able to be found in both case and control groups. 80.6 percent of all people in the ADHD group (case) and also 72.7 percent of all people in the control group were correctly grouped; The change detection test and spatial marking in CogLab software platform can be used as an auxiliary tool in the service of psychologists to help the diagnosis process in children with ADHD.
Mrs Faezeh Akbarifeizabadi, Dr Reza Kormi Nouri,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (Volume11, Issue 3 2023)
Abstract
Arezoo Mojarrad, Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi, Ali Sheykholeslami, Ali Rezaei Sharif, Vahid Abbasi,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (Volume12, Issue 4 2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and short-term cognitive rehabilitation protocol on Symptoms of hallucinations and delusions in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease. The research method was an extended experiment with two experimental groups and one control group, which was conducted using the pre-test and post-test method. The statistical population included all elderly people over 65 years of age with mild Alzheimer's who had referred to a neurologist in 1401, and among these people, 60 people were selected by available sampling and then randomly. They were assigned in two experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group). Then, the independent variables of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for 10 sessions of 20 minutes once a week on an experimental group and a short-term cognitive rehabilitation program for 9 sessions (90 minutes each session) It was designed according to the documentary method and based on Luria's (1963) healthy function replacement approach, and after confirming the validity of the content by experts, it was applied to the second experimental group once a week, and no intervention was performed on the third group. After the end of the intervention, the post-test was conducted with an interval of one week on the experimental and control groups. After one month, the studied groups were followed up again. Neuropsychological Questionnaire (NPI) was used to collect data. The results showed that both methods improve hallucination symptoms in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's and there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two methods. while they had no significant effect on the delusion variable. Therefore, it can be concluded that both methods can be used to improve hallucinations in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease.
Vahide Seyed Mohseni, Dr Hadi Keramati, Dr Mohammad Hossein Abdpllahi, Dr Hamid Reza Hassan Abadi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (Volume12, Issue 1 2024)
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the impact of two distinct educational approaches, namely the Montessori and robot-based methodologies, on students' executive functions. The research design was quasi-experimental, with two experimental groups and a post-test and follow-up. A total of 34 available female students from the second elementary grade were selected from the schools where Montessori classes were held. The students were free from physical or mental impairments and did not exhibit learning disorders. Each experimental group received one of the training methods in 12 sessions of 75-90 minutes. Following this, the post-test and follow-up were conducted using the Wisconsin tool to evaluate cognitive flexibility, the Stroop task to evaluate response inhibition, and the Cornoldi task to evaluate working memory. Multivariate mixed-variance analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference between the two educational approaches in enhancing students' executive functions (p<0.01). Additionally, the subscales of executive functions (as defined by Miyake, 2000) demonstrated significant differences, thereby corroborating the efficacy of the Montessori educational method in fostering cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. However, with regard to working memory, the robot-based educational method was found to be of greater importance. Due to the nature of the Montessori education method, which is based on fully targeted tools and activities, the above results are acceptable; Also, due to the sequence of programming in educational robots and the need to use previous information and pay attention to the previous stages of coding, the effectiveness of robot-based education is also acceptable.
Dr. Sajjad Rezaei, Mrs. Seyyede Elaheh Hosseini, Dr. Azra Zebardast,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (Volume12, Issue 2 2024)
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disturbance. Besides drug therapy's effectiveness, non-drug treatments like cognitive therapies, particularly computer-based cognitive rehabilitation (CBCR), are gaining much attention today. This study assessed the applicability and the effectiveness of the Captain's Log software on improving change blindness and response selection in children with ADHD. The design was single-group quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. Before and after the implementation of CBCR, the change detection and Simon effect tasks were performed through CogLab software to measure levels of change blindness and response selection, respectively. Six boys from Babol, aged 7 to 12 years old were selected through purposive sampling and received 10 sessions of CBCR twice a week with each session lasting 40 to 45 minutes. The results of the Wilcoxon test indicated that these children improved their response score in change blindness with flicker (z=-2.041,exact p<0.05); In addition, the response time to this test was significantly reduced (z=-1.782,exact p<0.05). However, the correct response score did not show significant improvement in the non-flicker condition (z=-1.732, exact p>0.05). Also, the time required for this test did not decrease significantly (z=-1.572, exact p>0.05). The response selection ability for spatial congruence condition had a significant decrease in speed (Z=-2.201, exact p<0.05); But in the case of spatial incongruence, no significant improvement was observed (z=-1.363, exact p>0.05). Results indicate relying on the brain plasticity and considering the repetition of cognitive operations that lead to increased cognitive skills, change blindness can be improved. These interventions were somewhat successful in increasing the desirable pausing behavior in response selection for ADHD children.
Fatemeh Yaghoobi Siahgoorabi, Sajjad Rezaei, Azra Zebardast,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (Volume12, Issue 3 2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy, bias, and severity of gender-related facial emotion recognition among normal adolescent girls. The research design was an analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study was adolescent girls from the high schools of Lahijan city in the academic year 1402-1403, and the sample size was 243 people who were selected from public school students using the available sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research tool was the emotion recognition/perception test designed using the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions (2009). The data were analyzed using the student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square, and chi-square goodness of fit tests. The results showed that adolescent girls had greater accuracy in recognizing women's facial emotions and showed more errors when recognizing men's emotions. In addition, happiness and disgust were recognized more accurately (with less errors) in men, same as sadness, fear, and anger in women. Adolescent girls also showed bias when recognizing facial emotions in men and women. This bias was associated with a greater selection of disgust in men's faces and a more selection of surprise and fear in women's faces. Finally, adolescent girls perceived facial emotions in women more intensely than in men. In addition, adolescent girls perceived happiness, sadness, and disgust in men more intensely, and fear and anger in women more intensely. Therefore, the gender of the emotion expressers affects the perception and recognition of facial emotions in adolescent girls.
Hojjatollah Mohammadzadeh, Alireza Aghayousfi, Emad Yousefi,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (Volume12, Issue 3 2024)
Abstract
This study examined the prediction of addiction tendency based on differentiation of self, self-construal, and coping styles. The primary aim was to identify the psychological factors significantly predicting addiction tendency and to analyze the relationships among these variables. The statistical population included all undergraduate students at Payame Noor University of Qom in 2021. Using simple random sampling, 285 students from various faculties were selected as the sample. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires, including the Addiction Tendency Scale, Differentiation of Self Inventory, Self-Construal Scale, and Coping Styles Inventory. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis were applied to analyze the data.The results indicated that differentiation of self, self-construal, and coping styles significantly predicted addiction tendency. Among these variables, coping styles had the highest predictive coefficient (β = 0.50), followed by differentiation of self (β = 0.45) and self-construal (β = 0.32). The findings revealed that individuals with lower differentiation of self and less effective coping styles are more likely to exhibit addiction tendencies.This study highlights the crucial role of psychological factors in understanding addiction tendencies and has significant implications for designing preventive and therapeutic interventions. The findings can serve as a scientific basis for promoting mental health and reducing high-risk behaviors, including addiction.
Maeede Teymori, Mohammadreza Shaeeri, Hojjatollah Farahni,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (Volume12, Issue 3 2024)
Abstract
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Cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems are among the most significant psychological challenges of childhood, potentially affecting children's mental and social well-being in the future. Maternal depression has been identified as a key factor contributing to these problems; however, the underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindful parenting in the relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems.
This applied research employed a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all mothers of elementary school children in Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year, from whom 385 participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Antony et al., 1998), the Mindful Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ; McCaffrey, Reitman, & Black, 2015), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), completed by mothers. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 and LISREL 8.
The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Findings showed a significant positive relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the "being in the present moment with the child" component (a subdimension of mindful parenting) significantly mediated this relationship. Specifically, maternal depression, by reducing the mother's mindful presence in interactions with the child, led to an increase in children's cognitive-emotional problems.
These findings highlight the importance of training parents in mindfulness skills, particularly the ability to be present with their children, as an effective strategy for mitigating the negative impact of maternal depression on children's cognitive-emotional well-being. Consequently, intervention programs in child and family mental health should emphasize the enhancement of mindful parenting among parents.
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Raziyeh Khorramabadi, Maryam Afraze, Mahdi Karvandi Renani, Reza Niknam,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (Volume12, Issue 4 2025)
Abstract
In the information age, the excessive accumulation of digital data has become a significant challenge. This research aimed to investigate the psychological factors influencing digital hoarding, particularly among university students. Using structural equation modeling on data from 413 students at Persian Gulf and Allameh Tabatabaei Universities, the relationship between saving cognitions, emotion regulation difficulties, and digital hoarding was examined. A convenience sampling method was employed, and data was collected using the Digital Hoarding Scale (Neave et al., 2019), Saving Cognitions Scale (Steketee et al., 2003), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The results revealed that hoarding cognitions play a pivotal role in predicting digital hoarding (Β=0.623, P<0.001). Students who held inaccurate beliefs about the value of digital information and experienced difficulty discarding it were more likely to excessively accumulate data. Moreover, a complex interaction between saving cognitions and emotion regulation difficulties was observed. Although emotion regulation difficulties did not have a direct impact on digital hoarding (Β=-0.011, P<0.848), it served as a moderating role when interacting with saving cognitions (Β=-0.147, P=0.022); This means that as the difficulty in emotion regulation increased, the impact of hoarding cognitions on digital hoarding intensified, such that individuals who had both strong hoarding cognitions and difficulties in emotion regulation were more prone to digital hoarding. This research indicates that to address the growing problem of digital hoarding, it is necessary to simultaneously focus on changing maladaptive beliefs and improving emotion regulation skills. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying psychological mechanisms of digital hoarding and can be useful in designing effective therapeutic interventions for this disorder.
Leila Fatehi Khoshknabk, Dr Majid Mahmood Alilo, Dr Ali Asgharzadeh, Dr Amir Panahali, Dr Akbar Rezaei,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (Volume12, Issue 4 2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare recognition memory and memory confidence among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) subtypes—washing and checking—and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using an experimental post-event design. The sample consisted of 45 patients referred to Razi Hospital Clinic in Tabriz in 2023, divided into three groups of 15 each: washing-type OCD, checking-type OCD, and GAD. Participants were aged 20 to 45 years, had at least a high school diploma, and included both genders. Memory was assessed using two computerized word lists, comprising recognition and recall tasks. Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis. Findings indicated significant differences among groups in recognition memory and memory confidence (p < 0.05), with the checking-type OCD group demonstrating poorer performance compared to the other groups. These results highlight the differential impact of emotional disorders on cognitive memory components and emphasize the need for targeted cognitive and psychotherapeutic interventions to improve memory functioning in OCD and anxiety patients.
Mahdiyar Mokhlespour Esfahani, Alireza Moradi, Mehrdad Dadgostar, Nooshin Pourbaghi, Mostafa Khanzadi,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 2025 2025)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the moral development of civil engineers using Kohlberg’s moral dilemma stories alongside simultaneous recording of brain activity. Thirty right-handed male engineers with at least three years of professional experience participated in the study. Hemodynamic activity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) across three phases: story reading, question answering, and prioritization. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results indicated that HbO2 levels in the right DLPFC and left VLPFC during story reading were significantly higher in engineers with higher moral judgment scores (p = 0.047 and p = 0.026). In the prioritization phase, Hb levels in the right VLPFC were significantly elevated in participants with lower moral scores (p = 0.015). These findings confirm the critical role of prefrontal regions in moral judgment processing, consistent with previous research. Although NIRS offers several advantages, its limited depth of measurement is a constraint. This study provides novel neurobiological evidence aligned with moral dilemma questionnaires, representing a step forward in predicting engineers’ moral development and enabling the use of brain data for artificial intelligence–based prediction. Future research is recommended to include female engineers, left-handed individuals, and broader brain regions.
Feresheh Reza, Javanshir Asadi, Arastoo Mirani, Afsaneh Khajevand Khoshli,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 2025 2025)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing perfectionism and thought-action fusion in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder with a two-month follow-up. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest-follow-up and control group. Among the women referring to Sarohana Clinic in Pasdaran district of Tehran, 30 were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 (cognitive-behavioral therapy and control). The research instruments included the Ahvaz Perfectionism Questionnaire, the Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAFS), Spielberger's Overt and Covert Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Maudsley Checklist. The cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention was implemented in 8 weekly 90-minute group sessions. The post-test was conducted immediately and the follow-up was conducted two months after the end of the sessions. The data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The findings showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly reduced perfectionism, thought-action fusion (moral dimensions, possibility for self and others), and anxiety at post-test and two-month follow-up, and these effects remained stable until the follow-up stage. The present study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used as an effective and sustainable intervention in reducing harmful cognitive variables in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Parisa Pakari, Zahra Kavousian, Faezeh Rezaie, Zeinab Hassani Asl, Parisa Hosein Zadeh Yazdi,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 2025 2025)
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a combined adaptive cognitive training and structural-systemic family therapy protocol in reducing depressive symptoms and improving cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. In a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up assessments and a control group, 32 adults (16 per group) diagnosed with mild-to-moderate depression were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control condition from three reputable family therapy clinics in Tehran. The experimental group received 12 sessions of standard structural-systemic family therapy plus 12 sessions of adaptive cognitive training focused on task-switching, set-shifting, response inhibition, and Stroop exercises; the control group received family therapy alone. Measures included the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and computerized Stroop Color-Word Test. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the combined intervention produced highly significant reductions in depressive symptoms and substantial improvements in cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control at post-test and two-month follow-up (p < .001), with very large effect sizes (η² ranging from 0.586 to 0.923). Improvement in inhibitory control remained fully stable at follow-up. Adding adaptive cognitive training to structural-systemic family therapy constitutes a highly effective, clinically meaningful third-generation combined protocol for treating mild-to-moderate depression that not only alleviates emotional symptoms but also directly remediates persistent cognitive deficits, thereby enhancing relapse-prevention potential. This approach is particularly recommended for collectivist cultures and systemic treatment contexts.
Dr Peyman Hatamian, Dr Ali Kazemi Rezaei,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (Volume 13, Issue 2, September 2025 2025)
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on repetitive negative thoughts and anxiety sensitivity in students. the current study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow up. The statistical population included all the male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 30 of whom were selected by purposive sampling method and using the entry criteria. They were assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The research tools included the repetitive thoughts questionnaire of McAvee et al (2014) and the anxiety sensitivity scale of Taylor and Cox (1998). The experimental group received the intervention in 8 sessions of 60 minutes and the control group did not receive such training. Finally, the data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 24 software. the results of covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the post-test phase (p. 0.001). Therefore, it can be said that metacognitive therapy has been effective on negative recurring thoughts and anxiety sensitivity of students. based on the findings, it can be concluded that metacognitive therapy training can be effective in reducing the symptoms associated with repetitive negative and anxious thoughts. Therefore, it is suggested to use metacognitive interventions to reduce the mentioned symptoms.
Mojtaba Ahmadi, Associate Professor Gholamreza Chalabianloo, Associate Professor Reza Abdi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (Volume 13, Issue 2, September 2025 2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Unified Protocol (UP) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) treatment on working memory and continuous attention in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The research design employed a quasi-experimental framework, featuring a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population consisted of patients diagnosed with GAD who sought treatment at clinics and specialized neuropsychiatry centers in Tehran during the first half of 2024. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 45 individuals (31 women and 14 men) was selected through purposive sampling and equally allocated (15 individuals in each group) into the UP intervention group, the combined UP and tDCS intervention group, and the waiting list group. The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-V), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Corsi Block Test (to assess working memory), and the Clock Test (to assess continuous attention) were utilized as assessment tools. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-26 statistical software, employing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings indicated that the use of the UP protocol, both alone and in combination with tDCS, led to a significant improved in working memory and continuous attention (P<0.05). Furthermore, this study suggests that both UP intervention and the combined intervention (UP+tDCS) are effective approaches to improve working memory and continuous attention in GAD patients and may serve as a novel strategy for managing this disorder and improving executive functions.
