Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Human Information Interaction 2023, 10(1): 24-42 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Pouyanfar M, Kiani M, HashemZadeh M. The Role of Communication Apprehension and expression of the true self in Using Instagram and Selfie. Human Information Interaction 2023; 10 (1)
URL: http://hii.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3076-en.html
URL: http://hii.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3076-en.html
The Role of Communication Apprehension and expression of the true self in Using Instagram and Selfie
Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
Abstract: (4038 Views)
purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Expression of the True Self in the use of Instagram and selfies.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension", "Authenticity Inventory Scales", "Instagram Use" and "Taking a Selfie" (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were higher in women than men, but the age of the participants had no role in the variables. Instagram Use was above average and sending selfies and edited selfies was below average. With the increase of most of the studied psychological variables, the use of Instagram, selfies, and edited selfies increased. However, with the increase in communication Apprehension, the Expression of the True Self on Instagram decreased.
Conclusion: In our study population, most people have a greater tendency to introvert and do not want to show themselves. Using Instagram may help reduce communication fears. People with high communication phobia experience more fear or anxiety in their relationships than others, so these people are more likely to avoid experiencing fear or anxiety in their relationships with others. Expression of the True Self in selfies is directly related to one's characteristics, but the expression of the True Self on Instagram is not necessarily related to one's characteristics.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension", "Authenticity Inventory Scales", "Instagram Use" and "Taking a Selfie" (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were higher in women than men, but the age of the participants had no role in the variables. Instagram Use was above average and sending selfies and edited selfies was below average. With the increase of most of the studied psychological variables, the use of Instagram, selfies, and edited selfies increased. However, with the increase in communication Apprehension, the Expression of the True Self on Instagram decreased.
Conclusion: In our study population, most people have a greater tendency to introvert and do not want to show themselves. Using Instagram may help reduce communication fears. People with high communication phobia experience more fear or anxiety in their relationships than others, so these people are more likely to avoid experiencing fear or anxiety in their relationships with others. Expression of the True Self in selfies is directly related to one's characteristics, but the expression of the True Self on Instagram is not necessarily related to one's characteristics.
Keywords: Communication Apprehension, The expression of the true self, Instagram, Selfie, Social media.
References
1. 50+ Social Media Sites You Need to Know in 2020. (2020). Influencer Marketing Hub. Retrieved from https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-social-media-sites
2. Abdolhosseini, M., Roshandel Arbatani, T., & Aghili, S., V. (2020). Designing metrics to measure the effectiveness of advertising on the Instagram social network. Socio-cultural strategy, 8(31), 147-171.
3. AkbarZadeh Jahromi, S. J. & Taghiabadi, M. (2019). Iranian micro-stars in a selfie frame: A semiotic study of micro-fame on Instagram. Communication Culture Studies, 46(20), 113-155.
4. Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A Tale of Four Platforms: Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students? Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1-13. [DOI:10.1177/2056305117691544]
5. Aly, I., & Islam, M. (2005). Factors affecting oral communication apprehension among business students: An empirical study. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 2, 98-103.
6. Andras, S. H. (2013). Study: Instagram is the fastest growing social network among marketers worldwide. Retrieved from http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/studyinstagram-fastest-growing-social-networkamong-marketers-worldwide/296802.
7. Ayres, J. (1988). Antecedents of communication apprehension: A reaffirmation. Communication Research Reports, 5(1), 76-83. [DOI:10.1080/08824098809359804]
8. Ayres, J. (1997). A component theory of communication apprehension. Ruston, WA: Communication Ventures.
9. Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the "true self" on the Internet. Journal of social issues, 58(1), 33-48. [DOI:10.1111/1540-4560.00247]
10. Barthel, M. (2015). The challenges of using Facebook for research. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/26/the-challenges-of-using-facebook-forresearch/
11. Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 680-740). New York: McGraw-Hill.
12. Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J. C., & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communications Monographs, 65, 197-219. [DOI:10.1080/03637759809376448]
13. Bellis, M. (2020). Do You Know Who Invented the Selfie?. Thoughtco. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/who-invented-the-selfie-1992418
14. Bennett, J. (2014). Lorde's Feminist Selfies #FeministsAreUgly #UglySelfie #IWokeUpLikeDis. Retrieved from https://time.com/3099103/feminist-selfies-uglyfeminists-iwokeuplikedis/
15. Bulkley, M. (2015). I Want to See Your Selfie. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mckenna-bulkley/i-want-to-see-yourselfie_ b_6861562.html
16. Butkowski, C. P., Dixon, T. L., & Weeks, K. (2019). Body Surveillance on Instagram: Examining the Role of Selfie Feedback Investment in Young Adult Women's Body Image Concerns. Sex Roles, 81(5-6), 385-397. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-018-0993-6]
17. Cho, Y., Smits, J. A. J., & Telch, M. J. (2004). The Speech Anxiety Thoughts Inventory: scale development and preliminary psychometric data. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 13-25. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00067-6] [PMID]
18. Daemi, F. (2018). Investigating its representation in selfie photography (mobile self-portrait) in Iran. Master Thesis, Tehran University of Arts, Faculty of Visual Arts, Tehran.
19. Daly, J. A., & Friedrich, G. (1981). The development of communication apprehension: A retrospective analysis of contributory correlates. Communication Quarterly, 29(4), 243-255. [DOI:10.1080/01463378109369412]
20. Daly, J. A., & McCroskey, J. C. (1984). Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
21. Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social Media Update 2014. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
22. Erozkan, A. (2013). The Effect of Communication Skills and Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills on Social Self-Efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13, 739-745.
23. Farnham, S. D., & Churchill, E. F. (2011). Faceted identity, faceted lives: social and technical issues with being yourself online. In Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, March 3, (pp. 359-368). Hangzhou. [DOI:10.1145/1958824.1958880]
24. Frampton, J. R., & Fox, J. (2018). Social Media's Role in Romantic Partners' Retroactive Jealousy: Social Comparison, Uncertainty, and Information Seeking. Social Media Society, 4(3), 1-12. [DOI:10.1177/2056305118800317]
25. Frantz, J., Marlow, A., & Wathen, J. (2014). Communication apprehension and its relationship to gender and college year. Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato, 5(1), 1-11. [DOI:10.56816/2378-6949.1136]
26. Franzese, A. T. (2007). To thine own self be true? An exploration of authenticity. Doctoral dissertation, Duke University, Suburban/Urban.
27. Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., Freeman, E. C., & Campbell, W. K. (2012). The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1929-1933. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.012]
28. Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life New York: Doubleday Anchor. United States: University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre.
29. Guarda, T., Lopes, I., Victor, J. A., & Vázquez, E. G. (2019). User Behavior: The Case of Instagram. Marketing and Smart Technologies Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 38-48. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-1564-4_5]
30. Hammick, J. K., & Lee, M. J. (2014). Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 302-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.046]
31. Hashemi Monfared, A., & Rabiei, A. (2015). Studying the way, you show yourself in Instagram social page users. Social Sciences, 26(78), 158-194.
32. HashemiMonfared, A., & Rabiee, A. (2017). A case study of how people display their Instagram social page. Social Sciences, 26(78), 158-194.
33. Helgadottir, F. D., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2014). Safety behaviors and speech treatment for adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 57(4), 1308-1313. [DOI:10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0041] [PMID]
34. Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L. M., Clayton, R. B., & Ridgway, J. L. (2017). Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92-100. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027]
35. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy theory. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340. [DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319] [PMID]
36. Hirshfield, A. (2019). Using Instagram and Selfies to Explore Body Image in Gender Diverse Individuals. Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University, California.
37. Hochman, N., & Schwartz, R. (2012). Visualizing Instagram: Tracing cultural visual rhythms. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Social Media Visualization (SocMedVis)in conjunction with the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM-12) (pp. 6-9). [DOI:10.1609/icwsm.v6i4.14361]
38. Hong, S., Jahng, M. R., Lee, N., & Wise, K. R. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106159. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159]
39. Hsu, C. F. (1998). Relationships between family characteristics and communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports, 15(1), 91-98. [DOI:10.1080/08824099809362101]
40. Hsu, C. F. (2004). Sources of differences in communication apprehension between Chinese in Taiwan and Americans. Communication Quarterly, 52, 370-389. [DOI:10.1080/01463370409370207]
41. Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we instagram: A first analysis of instagram photo content and user types. In 8th International Conference on Weblogs and social media ICWSM 2014, January 1-4, (pp. 595-598). Ann Arbor: AAAI. [DOI:10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14578]
42. Instagram.com. Instagram Help Center. Retrieved from https://help.instagram.com/424737657584573
43. Instagram.com. Our Story. Retrieved from https://instagram-press.com/our-story
44. Jagger, S. (2019). Posting #Selfie. Handbook of Theory and Research in Cultural Studies and Education Springer International Handbooks of Education, 1-12. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-01426-1_65-1]
45. Kathiri, N., Alidousti, M., HeydariSureshjani, S., Mohammadi, S., Abbasi, M., & Hashemi, F. (2014). Comparison of actual self, ideal self and self-worth in teenagers with and without criminal record. Principles of Mental Health, 17(2), 144-50.
46. Kelly, L., & Keaten, J. A. (2006). Development of the Affect for Communication Channels Scale. Journal of Communication, 57(2), 349-365. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00346.x]
47. Khalqati, M., & Molaei, H. (2020). Instagram users read from the traditional female discourse. Iranian Cultural Research, 12(4), 29-50.
48. Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015). Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. New York, NY: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315771359]
49. Laughlin, K. (2020). Instagram Use and Social Comparison. Master Thesis, university of Indiana, Department of Social Sciences, Bloomington.
50. Lazebna, A. (2015). The role of communication apprehension, expression of the true self, and fear of negative evaluation in relation to instagram and selfie use. Master Thesis, university of Wyoming, department of communication and journalism,
51. Lester, P. M. (2014). Visual Communication Images with Messages (6th Edition). Boston: Cengage Learning, 272-278.
52. Madsen, T., Carter, E., & Mayer, J. (2014). Selfeed. Real-time updates of the #selfie tag on Instagram. Retrieved from http://selfeed.com/
53. Mazur, A., Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1987). Mirror, Mirror....The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life. Contemporary Sociology, 16(4), 577. [DOI:10.2307/2069970]
54. McCroskey, J. C. (1984). Communication competence: The elusive construct. Competence in communication: A multidisciplinary approach, 259-268.
55. McCroskey, J. C. (2009). Human Communication. A Publication of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 2(12), 157-171.
56. McCroskey, J. C., & Beatty, M. J. (1984). Communication apprehension and accumulated communication state anxiety experiences: A research note. [DOI:10.1080/03637758409390185]
57. McCroskey, J. C., Booth‐Butterfield, S., & Payne, S. K. (1989). The impact of communication apprehension on college student retention and success. Communication Quarterly, 37(2), 100-107. [DOI:10.1080/01463378909385531]
58. Miller, H. (1995). The presentation of self in electronic life: Goffman on the Internet. In Embodied knowledge and virtual space conference (Vol. 9).
59. MohammadAmini, S., & Khalatbari, P. (2015, December 14). Review of Instagram social network and its functions (Instagram social or business network?). International Conference on New Approaches in the Humanities, Leading Karin Conference Institute, Malaysia.
60. Morgan, G. N. (2015). What I Learned When I Turned the Camera on Myself. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/giselle-noellemorgan/what-i-learned-when-i-turned-the-camera-on-myself_b_6733424.html
61. Navidi, F. (2017). The role of online social networks in the information-seeking behavior of users' daily lives. Human interaction and information, 2(1), 50-59.
62. Niles, A. N., Craske, M. G., Lieberman, M. D., & Hur, C. (2015). Affect labeling enhances exposure effectiveness for public speaking anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 27-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.004] [PMID]
63. NowruziChakli, A. R. (2007). The main and effective factors in the behavior of information seekers. Library and information, 9(1), 144-174.
64. Obaidi, N. (2017). Information behavior of users in social networks and mobile-based messengers with emphasis on psychosocial aspects. Master Thesis, Birjand University, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Birjand.
65. Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. pew research. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018
66. Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2020). Social Networking Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/
67. Phatiphong, K. (2020). Instagram Activity and its Correlation with Loneliness and Self-Esteem. Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School, Illinois.
68. Robinson, W. (2014). Selfies almost killed me: Schoolboy who took 200 photos of himself every day because he wanted perfection describes how addiction drove him to attempt suicide. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2588364/Selfies-killed-Schoolboy-took-200-photos-day-wanted-perfection-describes-addiction-drove-attempt-suicide.html
69. Rosenblum, M. (2015). Selfie world. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-rosenblum/selfie-world_b_7421664.html
70. Rouse, M., Holak, B., & McLaughlin, E. (2017). Instagram. TechTarget. Retrieved from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Instagram
71. Samani, S. (2016). Selfie and identity: Look at me. Society, culture and media, 4(14), 89-100.
72. Samani, S., & Farahani, A. (2017). Online identity and Instagram (study how to show the identity of young people on Instagram). Media, 27(2), 85-104.
73. Saqqa, S. (2017). Aesthetic analysis of mobile photography as a new medium. Master Thesis, Tehran University of Arts, Faculty of Visual Arts, Tehran.
74. Shane-Simpson, C., Schwartz, A. M., Abi-Habib, R., Tohme, P., & Obeid, R. (2020). I love my selfie! An investigation of overt and covert narcissism to understand selfie-posting behaviors within three geographic communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 1-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106158]
75. Shi, X., Brinthaupt, T. M., & McCree, M. (2015). The relationship of self-talk frequency to communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 125-129. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.023]
76. Simons, K. A., & Riley, T. J. (2014). Communication apprehension in accounting majors: synthesis of relevant studies, intervention techniques, and directions for future research. Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations (Advances in Accounting Education, Volume 15) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 15, 1-32. [DOI:10.1108/S1085-462220140000015001]
77. Sing, T. T. (2020). Examining How Instagram Travel Influencers Shape Travel Decisions. Master Thesis, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa.
78. Skues, J. L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414-2419. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012]
79. Sollenberger, S. D. (2015). How a Separation Selfie Pulled Me Out of My Darkest Days. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/samanthadarby sollenberger/how-a-separation-selfie-pulled-me-out-of-my-darkestdays_b_7352850.html
80. Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A., & Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119-123. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.037]
81. Steele, A. (2015). What do #selfies say about the psychology of you? Retrieved from http://mastersinpsychologyguide.com/articles/what-do-selfies-say-about-psychologyyou
82. Stewart, V. T. (2019). Self-Discrepancy, Instagram Photo Manipulation, and Negative Romantic Relationship Outcomes. Master Thesis, College of Communication & Information, Florida.
83. Strano, M. M. (2008). User descriptions and interpretations of self-presentation through Facebook profile images. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 2(2), 4-5.
84. Stritzke, W. G., Nguyen, A., & Durkin, K. (2004). Shyness and computer-mediated communication: A self-presentational theory perspective. Media Psychology, 6, 1-22. [DOI:10.1207/s1532785xmep0601_1]
85. The Demographics of Instagram and Snapchat Users. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.marketingcharts.com/digital-37745
86. Tom, A. A., Johari, A., Rozaimi, A., & Huzaimah, S. (2013). Factors contributing to communication apprehension among pre-university students. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(8), 665-669. [DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p665]
87. Wayles, K. (2020). Self-Discrepancy, Instagram Photo Manipulation, and Negative Romantic Relationship Outcomes. Master Thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
88. Weilenmann, A., Hillman, T., & Jungselius, B. (2013). Instagram at the museum. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '13. [DOI:10.1145/2470654.2466243]
89. Weilenmann, A., Hillman, T., & Jungselius, B. (2013). Instagram at the museum: Communicating the museum experience through social photo sharing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1843-1852). [DOI:10.1145/2470654.2466243]
90. Wilson, T. D. (2000). Human information behavior. Informing science, 3(2), 49-56. [DOI:10.28945/576]
91. Witt, P. L., Brown, K. C., Roberts, J. B., Weisel, J., Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (2006). Somatic Anxiety Patterns Before, During, and After Giving a Public Speech. Southern Communication Journal, 71(1), 87-100. [DOI:10.1080/10417940500503555]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
