Volume 7, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Human Information Interaction 2020, 7(2): 16-31 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
PouyanFar M, Kiani M R, HashemZadeh M J. The Role of Communication Apprehension and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Using Instagram and Selfie. Human Information Interaction 2020; 7 (2)
URL: http://hii.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2942-en.html
URL: http://hii.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2942-en.html
The Role of Communication Apprehension and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Using Instagram and Selfie
University of Birjand
Abstract: (17851 Views)
Purpose: Today, social networks and smart phones have become very popular. One of the interesting topics in the field of information science and cognition is the study of users' information behavior in mobile-based social networks. In this area, this study examines the role of psychological variables: communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use from the perspective of undergraduate students of Birjand University.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension" (McCroskey, 1982), "Fear of Negative Evaluation" (Leary, 1983), " Instagram Use " (Lazebna, 2015) and "Taking a selfie" (Lazebna, 2015) (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were significantly higher in women than in men. However, there was no significant differences shown for the other variables. Instagram usage was above average and sending and edited selfies were below average. The increase of most of the psychological variables investigated also showed the increase of use of Instagram, selfies and edited selfies. Also, with the increase of communication apprehension, the fear of negative evaluation increased.
Conclusion: Review of the literature revealed that there wasn’t any interest in the field of knowledge and information science for the topic at the national level. Although, there were limited studies presented in the international arena.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension" (McCroskey, 1982), "Fear of Negative Evaluation" (Leary, 1983), " Instagram Use " (Lazebna, 2015) and "Taking a selfie" (Lazebna, 2015) (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were significantly higher in women than in men. However, there was no significant differences shown for the other variables. Instagram usage was above average and sending and edited selfies were below average. The increase of most of the psychological variables investigated also showed the increase of use of Instagram, selfies and edited selfies. Also, with the increase of communication apprehension, the fear of negative evaluation increased.
Conclusion: Review of the literature revealed that there wasn’t any interest in the field of knowledge and information science for the topic at the national level. Although, there were limited studies presented in the international arena.
Keywords: Communication Apprehension, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Instagram, Selfie, Social Networks.
References
1. Abdolhosseini, M., Roshandel Arbatani, T., & Aghili, S., V. (2020). Designing metrics to measure the effectiveness of advertising on the Instagram social network. Socio-cultural strategy, 8(31), 147-171.
2. AkbarZadeh Jahromi, S. J. & Taghiabadi, M. (2019). Iranian micro-stars in a selfie frame: A semiotic study of micro-fame on Instagram. Communication Culture Studies, 46(20), 113-155.
3. Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A Tale of Four Platforms: Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students? Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1-13. [DOI:10.1177/2056305117691544]
4. Aly, I., & Islam, M. (2005). Factors affecting oral communication apprehension among business students: An empirical study. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 2, 98-103.
5. Andras, S. H. (2013). Study: Instagram is the fastest growing social network among marketers worldwide. Retrieved from http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/studyinstagram-fastest-growing-social-networkamong-marketers-worldwide/296802.
6. Arab Mohebbi Shahrabi, A., Pakdaman, S., & Heidari, M. (2017). The relationship between self-disability and unstable self-esteem: The mediating role of fear of negative evaluation. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 12(50), 143-155.
7. Ayres, J. (1988). Antecedents of communication apprehension: A reaffirmation. Communication Research Reports, 5(1), 76-83. [DOI:10.1080/08824098809359804]
8. Ayres, J. (1997). A component theory of communication apprehension. Ruston, WA: Communication Ventures.
9. Ayres, J., Hsu, C-F, T., Schmidt, N., & Sonandre, D., & Wongprasert, T., (2009). A component theory of communication apprehension: Nervous system sensitivity, motivation, fear of negative evaluation, and communication competence as predictors of state communication apprehension. In Daly, J. A., McCroskey, J. C., Ayres, J. Hopf, T., Ayres, D. M., & Wongprasert, T. (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (3rd Ed). (pp. 67-83). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
10. Barthel, M. (2015). The challenges of using Facebook for research. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/26/the-challenges-of-using-facebook-forresearch/
11. Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J. C., & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communications Monographs, 65, 197-219. [DOI:10.1080/03637759809376448]
12. Bellis, M. (2020). Do You Know Who Invented the Selfie?. Thoughtco. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/who-invented-the-selfie-1992418
13. Butkowski, C. P., Dixon, T. L., & Weeks, K. (2019). Body Surveillance on Instagram: Examining the Role of Selfie Feedback Investment in Young Adult Women's Body Image Concerns. Sex Roles, 81(5-6), 385-397. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-018-0993-6]
14. Cheraghpour Samavati, G., & Gol Aghaei, N. (2018). Tendency to communicate, fear of communication, and personal perception of the ability to communicate in first and second languages among Iranian language learners: A comparative study. English language educational and applied research, 10(20), 50-71.
15. Cho, Y., Smits, J. A. J., & Telch, M. J. (2004). The Speech Anxiety Thoughts Inventory: scale development and preliminary psychometric data. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 13-25. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00067-6] [PMID]
16. Daemi, F. (2018). Investigating its representation in selfie photography (mobile self-portrait) in Iran. Master Thesis, Tehran University of Arts, Faculty of Visual Arts, Tehran.
17. Daly, J. A., & Friedrich, G. (1981). The development of communication apprehension: A retrospective analysis of contributory correlates. Communication Quarterly, 29(4), 243-255. [DOI:10.1080/01463378109369412]
18. Daly, J. A., & McCroskey, J. C. (1984). Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19. Demarcheli, N., Kakavand, A., & Jalali, M., R. (2020). The mediating role of fear of positive and negative evaluation in the relationship between social anxiety and eating disorder. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 13(51), 271-284.
20. Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social Media Update 2014. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
21. Erozkan, A. (2013). The Effect of Communication Skills and Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills on Social Self-Efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13, 739-745.
22. Frampton, J. R., & Fox, J. (2018). Social Media's Role in Romantic Partners' Retroactive Jealousy: Social Comparison, Uncertainty, and Information Seeking. Social Media Society, 4(3), 1-12. [DOI:10.1177/2056305118800317]
23. Frantz, J., Marlow, A., & Wathen, J. (2014). Communication apprehension and its relationship to gender and college year. Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato, 5(1), 1-11. [DOI:10.56816/2378-6949.1136]
24. Guarda, T., Lopes, I., Victor, J. A., & Vázquez, E. G. (2019). User Behavior: The Case of Instagram. Marketing and Smart Technologies Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 38-48. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-1564-4_5]
25. Hammick, J. K., & Lee, M. J. (2014). Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 302-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.046]
26. HashemiMonfared, A., & Rabiee, A. (2017). A case study of how people display their Instagram social page. Social Sciences, 26(78), 158-194.
27. Helgadottir, F. D., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2014). Safety behaviors and speech treatment for adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 57(4), 1308-1313. [DOI:10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0041] [PMID]
28. Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L. M., Clayton, R. B., & Ridgway, J. L. (2017). Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92-100. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027]
29. Hirshfield, A. (2019). Using Instagram and Selfies to Explore Body Image in Gender Diverse Individuals. Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University, California.
30. Hochman, N., & Schwartz, R. (2012). Visualizing Instagram: Tracing cultural visual rhythms. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Social Media Visualization (SocMedVis)in conjunction with the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM-12) (pp. 6-9). [DOI:10.1609/icwsm.v6i4.14361]
31. Hong, S., Jahng, M. R., Lee, N., & Wise, K. R. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106159. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159]
32. Hsu, C. F. (1998). Relationships between family characteristics and communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports, 15(1), 91-98. [DOI:10.1080/08824099809362101]
33. Hsu, C. F. (2004). Sources of differences in communication apprehension between Chinese in Taiwan and Americans. Communication Quarterly, 52, 370-389. [DOI:10.1080/01463370409370207]
34. Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we instagram: A first analysis of instagram photo content and user types. In 8th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media ICWSM 2014, January 1-4, (pp. 595-598). Ann Arbor: AAAI. [DOI:10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14578]
35. Instagram.com. Instagram Help Center. Retrieved from https://help.instagram.com/424737657584573
36. Instagram.com. Our Story. Retrieved from https://instagram-press.com/our-story
37. Jagger, S. (2019). Posting #Selfie. Handbook of Theory and Research in Cultural Studies and Education Springer International Handbooks of Education, 1-12. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-01426-1_65-1]
38. Kelly, L., & Keaten, J. A. (2006). Development of the Affect for Communication Channels Scale. Journal of Communication, 57(2), 349-365. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00346.x]
39. Khalqati, M., & Molaei, H. (2020). Instagram users read from the traditional female discourse. Iranian Cultural Research, 12(4), 29-50.
40. Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015). Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. New York, NY: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315771359]
41. Laughlin, K. (2020). Instagram Use and Social Comparison. Master Thesis, university of Indiana, Department of Social Sciences, Bloomington.
42. Lazebna, A. (2015). The role of communication apprehension, expression of the true self, and fear of negative evaluation in relation to instagram and selfie use. Master Thesis, university of Wyoming, department of communication and journalism,
43. Lester, P. M. (2014). Visual Communication Images with Messages (6th Edition). Boston: Cengage Learning, 272-278.
44. Lipton, M. F., Q 38asmieh, N., Racz, S. J., Weeks, J. W., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2020). The Fears of Evaluation about Performance (FEAP) Task: Inducing Anxiety-Related Responses to Direct Exposure to Negative and Positive Evaluations. Behavior Therapy, 1-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2020.01.004] [PMID]
45. Madsen, T., Carter, E., & Mayer, J. (2014). Selfeed. Real-time updates of the #selfie tag on Instagram. Retrieved from http://selfeed.com/
46. Mazur, A., Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1987). Mirror, Mirror....The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life. Contemporary Sociology, 16(4), 577. [DOI:10.2307/2069970]
47. McCroskey, J. C. (1984). Communication competence: The elusive construct. Competence in communication: A multidisciplinary approach, 259-268.
48. McCroskey, J. C. (2009). Human Communication. A Publication of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 2(12), 157-171.
49. McCroskey, J. C., & Beatty, M. J. (1984). Communication apprehension and accumulated communication state anxiety experiences: A research note. [DOI:10.1080/03637758409390185]
50. McCroskey, J. C., Booth‐Butterfield, S., & Payne, S. K. (1989). The impact of communication apprehension on college student retention and success. Communication Quarterly, 37(2), 100-107. [DOI:10.1080/01463378909385531]
51. MohammadAmini, S., & Khalatbari, P. (2015, December 14). Review of Instagram social network and its functions (Instagram social or business network?). International Conference on New Approaches in the Humanities, Leading Karin Conference Institute, Malaysia.
52. Navidi, F. (2017). The role of online social networks in the information-seeking behavior of users' daily lives. Human interaction and information, 2(1), 50-59.
53. Niles, A. N., Craske, M. G., Lieberman, M. D., & Hur, C. (2015). Affect labeling enhances exposure effectiveness for public speaking anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 27-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.004] [PMID]
54. NowruziChakli, A. R. (2007). The main and effective factors in the behavior of information seekers. Library and information, 9(1), 144-174.
55. Obaidi, N. (2017). Information behavior of users in social networks and mobile-based messengers with emphasis on psychosocial aspects. Master Thesis, Birjand University, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Birjand.
56. Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. pew research. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018
57. Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2020). Social Networking Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/
58. Phatiphong, K. (2020). Instagram Activity and its Correlation with Loneliness and Self-Esteem. Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School, Illinois.
59. Rouse, M., Holak, B., & McLaughlin, E. (2017). Instagram. TechTarget. Retrieved from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Instagram
60. Samani, S. (2016). Selfie and identity: Look at me. Society, culture and media, 4(14), 89-100.
61. Samani, S., & Farahani, A. (2017). Online identity and Instagram (study how to show the identity of young people on Instagram). Media, 27(2), 85-104.
62. Saqqa, S. (2017). Aesthetic analysis of mobile photography as a new medium. Master Thesis, Tehran University of Arts, Faculty of Visual Arts, Tehran.
63. Shafiee, H., Zare, H., Alipour, A., & Hatami, J. (2015). Fear of adolescents' negative evaluation and their selective attention to socially threatening words. Cognitive Science News, 3(16), 42-52.
64. Shane-Simpson, C., Schwartz, A. M., Abi-Habib, R., Tohme, P., & Obeid, R. (2020). I love my selfie! An investigation of overt and covert narcissism to understand selfie-posting behaviors within three geographic communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 1-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106158]
65. Shi, X., Brinthaupt, T. M., & McCree, M. (2015). The relationship of self-talk frequency to communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 125-129. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.023]
66. Simons, K. A., & Riley, T. J. (2014). Communication apprehension in accounting majors: synthesis of relevant studies, intervention techniques, and directions for future research. Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations (Advances in Accounting Education, Volume 15) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 15, 1-32. [DOI:10.1108/S1085-462220140000015001]
67. Sing, T. T. (2020). Examining How Instagram Travel Influencers Shape Travel Decisions. Master Thesis, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa.
68. Skues, J. L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414-2419. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012]
69. Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A., & Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119-123. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.037]
70. Stewart, V. T. (2019). Self Discrepancy, Instagram Photo Manipulation, and Negative Romantic Relationship Outcomes. Master Thesis, College of Communication & Information, Florida.
71. Stritzke, W. G., Nguyen, A., & Durkin, K. (2004). Shyness and computer-mediated communication: A self-presentational theory perspective. Media Psychology, 6, 1-22. [DOI:10.1207/s1532785xmep0601_1]
72. Tavakoli, N., Jamhari, F., & Farrokhi, N., A. (2015). The relationship between attachment styles and fear of negative evaluation with Internet addiction in students. Information and communication technology in educational sciences, 5(2), 61-77.
73. The Demographics of Instagram and Snapchat Users. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.marketingcharts.com/digital-37745
74. Tom, A. A., Johari, A., Rozaimi, A., & Huzaimah, S. (2013). Factors contributing to communication apprehension among pre-university students. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(8), 665-669. [DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p665]
75. Wayles, K. (2020). Self Discrepancy, Instagram Photo Manipulation, and Negative Romantic Relationship Outcomes. Master Thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
76. Weilenmann, A., Hillman, T., & Jungselius, B. (2013). Instagram at the museum. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '13. [DOI:10.1145/2470654.2466243]
77. Weilenmann, A., Hillman, T., & Jungselius, B. (2013). Instagram at the museum: Communicating the museum experience through social photo sharing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1843-1852). [DOI:10.1145/2470654.2466243]
78. Wilson, T. D. (2000). Human information behavior. Informing science, 3(2), 49-56. [DOI:10.28945/576]
79. Witt, P. L., Brown, K. C., Roberts, J. B., Weisel, J., Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (2006). Somatic Anxiety Patterns Before, During, and After Giving a Public Speech. Southern Communication Journal, 71(1), 87-100. [DOI:10.1080/10417940500503555]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
