SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

fa نقش اقتصاد محلی در جریان مازاد و بازساخت نظام شبکه منطقه ای مورد: استان کرمان Role of Local Economy in Excess Flow and Reconstruction of Regional Network System Case: Kerman Province تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <p dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; "><strong>تغییرات ساخت و عملکرد نظامهای شهری جریانی مداوم و پیوسته در فضا است. این تغییرات که بر سازمان دادن تولید و بازتولید اجتمایی برای پاسخ به منافع نیروهای مسلط استوار است،در طول زمان الگوهای متفاوت ساختاری و کارکردی میآفریند. در این مقاله کوشش شده با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استفاده از دادههای اسنادی رابطه اقتصاد محلی، جریان مازاد و بازساخت نظام شهری در فضای ناحیهای کرمان تحلیل شود. در آغاز و طی زمان طولانی تا اصلاحات ارضی، تملک مازاد بهوسیله مالکان مبنای اشکال مختلف کنترل اجتماعی بر سازمان فضایی ناحیه بوده که سلطهی شهر بزرگ ناحیه (کرمان)، شکل غالب بازتاب فضایی آن در شبکه شهری بوده است. پس از اصلاحات ارضی با شکلگیری دولت رانتی، اثربخشی مازاد ملی نفت در شکلگیری فضای ناحیه مؤثر بوده است. از دهه هفتاد دگرگونیهای شهری بهوسیله تولید ساختارهای جدید شرایط جذب، جریان و انباشت نابرابر مازاد در شبکه شهری را فراهم آورده و بدینسان به اشکال جدید ناموزونی در فضای ناحیهای دامن زده است. بر این اساس، استراتژی واقعی برای یکپارچگی ناحیهای و بازساخت شبکه شهری و منطقه ای بر مبنای کاهش روابط سلطه جویانه مادرشهر ناحیه و دسترسی به فرصتهای برابر رشد برای اعضاء شبکه میبایست بر مدلی استوار باشد که از طریق آن، تولید اشتغال متکی بر ظرفیتهای درونی برای رشد اقتصادهای محلی در طیف پایین شبکه از یک سو و رشد برونگرای گره بزرگ شهری (کرمان) در ادغام با چند گره قدیمی در حال توسعه (رفسنجان، سیرجان، جیرفت، بم و زرند) از سوی دیگر فراهم آید. واضح است، کارآیی این مدل بدون بازنگری و بازاندیشی در مناسبات ساختاری، مضامین و قوانین جاری در جریان سلطه جویانه مازاد ملی، مسئله پیچیده و دشواری خواهد بود.   </strong></p> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Introduction</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Changes in spatial patterns and its structural and functional dynamics which is apparently </span>obvious within physical links and relationships of cities and rural and urban network is fundamentally one of the outcomes of forces that contribute to the controlling process of actual mechanism of capital absorption, its flow, work forces, and population. Such forces play a significant role in excess flow and changes made in the structure of spatial system of regional network and its reconstruction, especially in urban networks. Results coming from changes in urban structures usually appear in form of physical development of structures and physical and functional changes which can cause alternative changes in the spatial structure of regional network system and urban network in terms of regional space and its peripheral relations. So, studying urban mechanisms can effectively help us in developing an efficient analytical framework or strategy of space reconstruction just in case that we try to study changes and understand forces and effective process on the construction and reconstruction of urban systems. This point of view can enable us to justify organization and reorganization of urban networks in regional space.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Methodology</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Considering thinking direction of political economic (as the fundamental theory), this </span>research is investigating the rate of socioeconomic changes and basic mechanisms which lead to the creation and transferring of patterns of spatial organization in regional space of Kerman. Regarding the nature of the subject and its components, making use of analyticaldescriptive method as an excellent approach was something inevitable. The official definition of statistical population of this research includes of urban centers of Kerman Province. Theoretical and quantitative information have been collected from scientific and statistical resources through documentary method. To explain and interpret regularities and rules of distribution of the size of cities and changes related to regional and urban network system, quantitative method of rank - size and prime city have been used to explain spatial hierarchy and intra city relations and links.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle2">Discussion and conclusion</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle0">Local economic relations, excess flow and reconstruction of urban mechanism in regional </span>space of Kerman County have all occurred within a process of three different periods: First period: Rural economic, excess occasions and urban dominant: In the initial years of land reforms and within this time, excess possession of landlords was forming the foundations of different methods of social management in spatial organization of the area. Of course, the domination of the biggest city of the area (Kerman), has been the most prominent form of spatial reflection of urban network. Within this period of time, urbanization has been gradually progressing in Kerman Province. It should be noted that the imbalanced growth of urban mechanism is one of the consequences of inequalities in agricultural sectors and among rural areas that has resulted into imbalanced distribution of regional space. In addition, it has caused all the privileges connected to the concentration of capital, facilities, activities and population to be allocated to the metropolis of the area. The functional feature which is particularly dominant is known as the basic feature of exploitation capitalism which is applied in villages and small cities of the area by Kerman. Second period: Changes in local economic network, the rise of oil rents, and related urbanization: After land reforms and formation of rentier state, national oil surplus has had a great impact upon the construction of the environment of the area. From the time of the complete destruction of local and regional networks used in order to exploit excess rural resources, a series of aggressive actions was begun in the city of Kerman via the absorption of extra mines and industries which was not merely resulted from production. Actually, it was kind of ownership royalty appointed by urban governance to make higher amount of production, activities and concentration. Excess industrial-mining flow is mainly departed into the central area. A great amount of it has been grasped by the regional metropolis of Kerman. Financial mechanisms of budgeting, credit distribution, development programs and distribution of bank deposits by the government are examples of other forms of investment in this period. These forms have made unequal spatial concentration and heterogeneous current of national surplus in urban networks to be possible. A great amount of excess flow is dominantly and unequally devoted to Kerman through development budget and bank deposits. Patterns related to the velocity of money and surplus unequal concentration not only reflected over the spatial organization of settlement system (space of area) in forms of imbalanced development, but has also constructed and reconstructed a new but unequal networks of cities and rural- urban areas within the same space. Third period: Urban changes and excess absorption: Since 1370s, urban transformations caused inequalities in excess absorption, excess flow, and excess accumulation in urban networks through the creation of new frameworks. In this way, new imbalanced forms have gotten expanded in regional space of the area. In this period, the process of urbanization was the main reason of using rents (excess). Excess absorption was also done through these urban changes and transformations. The mostly used rent-seeking structures are made through space creation, high profit-making plans of urban development, designing and performing noncommercial projects by private section and state actors which can lead into the production of value and surplus value. The implementation of these kinds of project which are considered as success tools for urban management in competitions for a closer and longer approaching to rents are the most significant factors affecting urban transformations to absorb and make an unequal excess flow within the cities. Considering this, the real strategy of regional integration and reconstruction of regional and urban networks based on declining hegemonic relations in the metropolis and availability of equal chances of development for networks staff must be relied on a special pattern via which we can provide situations of employment generation based on internal capacities of local economic growth in the bottom of the whole network together with eccentric growth of large urban nodes (Kerman) mixed with several developing old nods (Rafsanjan, Sirjan, Jiroft, Bam and Zarand). It seems obvious that a model like this cannot be effective without reviewing and rethinking of its structural relations and concepts and regulations of the hegemonic process of national surplus.</div> اقتصاد محلی, نظام شهری, مازاد اجتماعی, بازساخت شبکه شهری, کرمان. local economy, urban network, social surplus, reconstruction of urban network, Kerman. 71 92 http://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2-7&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Esmaeil Ali Akbari اسماعیل علی اکبری aliakbariesmaeil@yahoo.com 10031947532846001776 10031947532846001776 Yes Associate Professor of PNU Geography Department and Member of the Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development Geographical Environment, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. دانشیار جغرافیا در دانشگاه پیام نور و عضو قطب توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Mostafa Taleshi مصطفی طالشی 10031947532846001777 10031947532846001777 No Associate Professor of PNU Geography Department and Member of the Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development Geographical Environment, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. دانشیار جغرافیا در دانشگاه پیام نور و عضو قطب توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Nayyereh Haj Amini نیره حاج امینی 10031947532846001778 10031947532846001778 No Ph.D. student of geography and Urban Planning, PNU doctorate Center, Tehran, Iran دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، مرکز تحصیات تکمیلی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران