SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

fa دگرگونی اقتصاد کشاورزی و شکل گیری پدیده روستانشینی شهری و روستاگرایی مورد: روستاهای شهرستان رباط کریم Changes of agricultural economy and formation of urban ruralization Case: villages of Roobat Karim County پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify; ">تحولات در زمینه اقتصاد کشاورزی و شکل گیری پدیده روستانشینی شهری در پیرامون کلانشهرها به عنوان فضای دوگانه (نه شهر- نه روستا) و تلفیقی از نشانه‌های زندگی شهری و روستایی، چالش ها و مشکلات متعددی به دنبال داشته است. اولین گام در راستای حل معضل یاد شده، شناسایی و طبقه بندی ساختار مناطق روستایی و تعیین درجه روستاگرایی و سپس روستانشینی شهری است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، در گام نخست توصیف و تبیین ساختار روستایی شهرستان رباط کریم، به منظور شناخت سکونتگاه‌هایی که پدیده روستانشینی شهری در آن‌ها رخ داده و سپس تبیین علل شکل گیری آن می باشد. این پژوهش توصیفی و تحلیلی در سه مرحله کلی شامل رتبه بندی توسعه کشاورزی، تعیین درجه روستاگرایی، مشاهده میدانی و طبقه بندی سکونتگاه‌ها به دو بخش روستاگرا و روستانشینی شهری و استخراج عوامل موثر در شکل گیری پدیده روستانشینی شهری انجام شده است. تکنیک های بکار گرفته شده در این پژوهش شامل پرومتی، خوشه بندی سلسله مراتبی، مدل روستاگرایی کلاک و نظریه بنیانی ساده شده می باشد. نتایج بیانگر این است که پدیده روستانشینی شهری در روستاهای آلارد، شترخوار، سفیدار، کیگاور، پرندک، منجیل آباد، انجم آباد و ادران رخ داده و مهم‌ترین عوامل در شکل گیری این پدیده، ابعاد کالبدی فضایی، اجتماعی – فرهنگی، اقتصادی و قانونی، برنامه ریزی و نهادی بوده است.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Introduction:</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Rural regions have experienced varied changes and social and economic reconstruction </span>during last three decades. There exists great tendency toward functional integration between villages and cities due to increase in mobility, improvement in communication information as well as rural services. This in turn, resulted in the expansion of urban function including construction mass housing units, production, services, recreations and tourism activities in these regions. These functional changes case conversion in the nature of rural areas based on agricultural production, into consumption-orientation center. This new entities are non-homogeneous. This situation is influenced by many factors including physical conditions such as geographic location, isolation, and characteristics, climatic and sometimes human differences responsible for rural economic and social variations. Taking into account these variations and nonhomogeneities in rural area, efficient and optimum development plans are nonexistence. Increase in urban-ruralization around Tehran metropolitan has led to major physical, economic, social and cultural consequences. Lack of identification of the major relevant roots and sources has led to expansion of these negative consequences to other identical places. This in turn, demands the identification of the responsible factors and its change processes and mechanisms. Thus, the identification, explanations, exploration of those laws and frame works pertaining to urban ruralization as a major topical-spatial phenomenon is highly recommended. The first step in this regard is the determination, definition and assessment of ruralization and more specifically urbanruralization. The study area is Roobat Karim located in the vicinity of Tehran metropolitan. It is followed by determination of degree of ruralization as well as majorresponsible relevant factors.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Methodology:</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle1">Taking into account the nature and the objective of the study, descriptive-analytical </span>method was chosen. Based on theoretical foundation of the study, there exist different methods and indices regarding the identification and classification of ruralization. This study concentrates on two dimensions including village’s functions and population and its growth during 1976-2011. It is followed by application of PROMETHEE multi indices decision making method in order to determine village’s functional status through emphasis on agricultural activities. This study further demands hierarchical clustering technique for classification of the villages. Finally, Clack ruralization indices as well as field survey were applied for determination of the village type in this regard. Furthermore, with respect to those villages which urban ruralization occurred, qualitative method of base theory that is Grounded theory was applied in order to identify the responsible factors. At first step interview with rural key official persons and with those with long history of residency (31) was implemented in order to find the casual conditions pertaining to formation and expansion of urban ruralization phenomena. In the second step, taking into account the methodology of the base theory, open coding was done. Regarding this step those relevant raw data were both labeled and conceptualized. Following, the second and third steps sub-classes are divided into broad concepts and those were divided into nodal concepts.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><strong><span class="fontstyle2">Conclusion:</span></strong></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="fontstyle0">This study concludes that based on application of base theory in 8 villages, many factors </span>including life desirability comparing with place of birth and adjacent settlements, lack of special costs, inexpensive business, lack of cultural barriers, variation in job opportunities, existence of different rents, economic and political structures are among some of the influential factors regarding urban-ruralization phenomena. It is furtherargued that income and saving level, the nature of center-periphery theory, capital accumulation system, discrimination with respect to poverty issue, imbalanced distribution of power, wealth, income and access to job opportunities are other determinant factors as well. Incapacity with respect to attraction of external capitals for creation of job opportunities, shortage of complementary jobs to combat seasoned unemployment, lack of potential for absorbing educated and well equipped social capital, lack of technical and vocational training related to appropriate agricultural technology, shortages of ample suitable agricultural lands and lack of knowledge of environmental conservation are among other responsible variables in this regard. Moreover, lack of appropriate and efficient agricultural market systems as well as cooperation’s and ware houses, need for government and other institutions supports, incapability in formation of industrial clusters, lack of tendency regarding economic background good for villages, management, the formation of two different construction types, land price and its relevant speculation, property rent, lack of effective control upon rural physical development, economic household participation and lack of social responsibility and self-reliance and easy accessibility to Tehran metropolitan all are responsible regarding degree of ruralization of Roobat Karim.</div> اقتصاد کشاورزی , اقتصاد روستایی , روستاگرایی , روستانشینی شهری , شهرستان رباط کریم , Agricultural economy, Rural economy, being loyal to rural areas, Urbanruralization, Grounded theory, Roobat Karim. 63 81 http://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-45&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mojtba Ghadiri masoum مجتبی قدیری معصوم mghadiri@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846001879 10031947532846001879 No Prof. in geography and member of excellent in rural planning, Tehran University, Iran استاد گروه جغرافیای انسانی و عضو قطب علمی برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Mohammad Salmani محمد سلمانی salmanim@voila.fr 10031947532846001880 10031947532846001880 No Assistant of human geography department, Tehran University, Iran استادیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. Seyed Ali Badri سیدعلی بدری 10031947532846001881 10031947532846001881 No Associate Prof. in geography and member of excellent in rural planning, Tehran University, Iran داﻧﺸﯿﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎی اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و ﻋﻀﻮ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪریزی روﺳﺘﺎیی، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ایران Hassan Ali Faraji Sabokbar حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار hafaraji@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846001882 10031947532846001882 No Associate Prof. in geography and member of excellent in rural planning, Tehran University, Iran دانشیارگروه جغرافیای انسانی و عضو قطب علمی برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Ali Ghanbari Nasab علی قنبری نسب alighanbari2454@gmail.com 10031947532846001883 10031947532846001883 Yes Ph.D. student of geography and rural planning, Tehran University, Iran دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران