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Showing 7 results for Distribution
Hasanali Farajisabokbar,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (12-2012)
Volume 1, Issue 1 (12-2012)
Abstract
Spatial distributions of rural settlements in Iran represent an imbalanced nature. The major objective of this study is to investigate the spatial patterns of Iranian rural settlements using certain indicators and indices .It further tries to propose a model regarding the analysis of spatial imbalances. This study further supported by application of modifiable areal unit problem(MAUP) suitable for aggregated data. It consists of both general as well as local scale pertaining to aggregation problem. Chosen area for the purpose of combination represent an arbitrary nature .However; areal units can be meaningful in displaying the same base level data. For the purpose of modeling and selection of basic unit, the hexagonal model long associated with geography is used. The spatial statistical methods were the global measure of Moran's I and Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISA). While Moran's I provides information on the overall spatial distribution of the data, LISA provides information on types of spatial association at the local level. LISA statistics can also be used to identify influential locations in spatial association analysis. Spatial analysis can identify imbalances with respect to settlement distribution. This study suggests that different indices will hold different results regarding spatial rural imbalances.
Mojtaba Ghadiri-Masoum, Mansoor Jafar-Bigloo, Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi-Ruzan, Zahra Bakhshi,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Abstract
Lack of appropriate and thorough attention toward physical – natural factors regarding rural settlements, has led to damages and subsequent costs based upon natural events incident. This in turn dictates the need for planning measures within the framework of risk mitigation and increase in settlements sustainability. This well applies to Torbat-Jam. This study aims to investigate Torbat-Jam’s rural settlements taking into account physical and natural specifications. As such 8 physical characteristics including relief, slope, lithology, river, faults and climatic elements precipitation, evaporation, temperature known as major factors for rural settlements location factors were determined and analyzed via application GIS. This is followed by application of multi criteria analysis via logic model. This study suggests that over 85 % of Torbat-Jam’s villages are located in areas which possess good circumstances regarding those 8 mentioned physical factors. However, 15% of the village’s located in poor location as far as those physical factors are concerned. There exist three types of villages range from poor to optimum location. This in turn needs planning with regard to mitigation of natural events incidence.
Nasrollah Mullayi Hashjin, Siyavash Mullaee Pardeh,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract
Agricultural sector taking into account its high potential with respect to creation of value added as well as job opportunities from one hand, and provision of food security and its economic capabilities on the other hand has very predominant role in national economy. The identification and investigation of agricultural capabilities as well as the determination of development level are the first step with regard to agricultural planning. This study utilized Morris model along with centrality index in order to determine the extent of agricultural development on Khuzestan’s counties. The major objective of this paper is to found out the existing gap and deprivation level among the counties. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical technique. The statistical society is composed of all Khuzestan’s counties. 29 indices correspond with agricultural development were extracted from agricultural year book of 1388. This study suggests that there exist a major gap and imbalances among different relevant countries counties with respect to agricultural activities. Find score for the most prosperous county, Baghmalek, according to Morris and centrality indices is amounted to be 53.54 and 286 respectively. However, the associated figures for most deprived county that is Abadan, is 14.87 and 65.69. Taking into consideration the computed final score, the difference between the most deprived county as opposed to the least one is approximately four folds. It follows by some measures and suggestions for planners regarding the eradication of discrepancies and inequality.
Bagher Kord,
Volume 3, Issue 10 (3-2015)
Volume 3, Issue 10 (3-2015)
Abstract
Introduction
All governments through different policies, laws, and regulations try to deal with distribution issue and demand distinct distribution . Every community encounters with its own laws .Distributive justice notion tries to offer strategy regarding relevant alternatives. The proponents of “discrependency principle” contend changing policies and laws toward the betterment of low income groups. The major research questions are as follows: Does distribute justice exist in the essential goods consumption of rural settlers of Iran’s province? How is the consumption pattern of different income groups in Iran? How is the price and income sensitivity associated with this group? Spatial distributive analysis regarding the consumption of essential goods and systematic demand function were applied for this purpose.
Methodology
The needed data is associated with bread, rice, meat, and both granulated and cub sugar costs obtained from 1974-2011 statistics. They were extracted from statistical hand book of rural households incomes and costs using prime price indices of central bank. Moreover, differential demand functions were applied for the measurement of price sensitivity coefficient. E views software were used for the estimation of the statistical model.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the price sensitivity regarding rice, sugar, bread and meat associated with poor rural settlers during 1974-2011 time period were 1.660- 0.289, 0.471 and -0.861 respectively. These figure pertaining to rural middle class determined to be 1.972, 0.332, 0.449 and 0.840 respectively. Associated figures for rural well-off settlerswere 1.381, 0.486, 0.448 and 0.884.
Fazileh Dadvar-Khani, Somayyeh Mousavi,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Abstract
Introduction
Sustainable human development is possible only in case of justice being kept between the two genders. Even, it will remain incapable without the participation of women. Rural entrepreneurship, as a new approach in the development theories of empowering and capacity building of human sources, especially women in rural district, plays a crucial role to achieve sustainable development. This article will analyze conditions of entrepreneurship acceptance and its development between men and women to restore the status of women in economic activities and create an atmosphere of justice-oriented development. In fact, as a new strategy in the development of rural areas regarding to its high capacity of employment generation, entrepreneurship can create productive and permanent job chances for villagers and temporary employment for the seasonal unemployed ones. Rural women constitute a large segment of the rural population. So, if they get pushed to the entrepreneurship as well as the improvement of their spirit of entrepreneurship, job creation, and social participation, rural development will be achieved faster as a subset of sustainable development of the country. Therefore, it is meant to examine factors affecting the inequitable acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between the two genders based on gender analysis. This study is to examine influencing factors and barriers ahead of the development of entrepreneurship between rural men and women by evaluating the process of acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between genders. In this article, we are trying to find answers to the questions that; "What causes the inequality between genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" and "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?"
Methodology
The present study is an applied one which has done using descriptive method. Data collection was conducted by library and field methods. Data collection tools include interviews, observations and set by Likert scale. The study population consists of men and women of 82 families as the adopters of entrepreneurship in Sooleghan village. The district contains 11 villages. Four out of this number named by Keshar-Elya including 76 adopted families as the center of entrepreneurship acceptance and development, Keshar-Sofla: 3 adopters, Sooleghan: 2 adopters, and Kan: 1 adopter, are studied here. The village is located in the North West of Tehran within the municipal zones of 5 and 22 which is 7 KMs. far from it. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software using non-parametric and parametric tests.
Discussion and conclusion
Studying the process of entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution between rural men and women led to the two questions. First, "What causes the disparity between the genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" Second, "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?" In this study, we have studied the process and pattern of entrepreneurship development. According to the questions, it was identified that geographical conditions, environmental factors, and family status are different for men and women that can lead to the inequalities of the entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution among them. Results indicate that there is a significant difference up to 99% among role, legal and judicial, and institutional factors of men and women. Such differences can be the results of other various factors, all of them together can cause faster and more complete acceptance and distribution of entrepreneurship among men and women.
Results from the gender- based analysis suggest that the social role of women in the villages is mostly confined to their home and its immediate environment. This happens because of the prevalence of patriarchal culture, beliefs, traditions and social attitudes towards women and their role in the rural environment. Gender-based discrimination of these kind have a significant impact on the direction and speed of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution. This means that the entrepreneurship has always been stronger among men than women. Also, women's entrepreneurship has been less during the process of acceptance. Even, in case of their presence, women's group has been counted among the Late Accept groups of the entrepreneurship. Family oriented constraints of women and their dependence on men, especially their financial dependence, some cultural and geographical factors and environmental conditions can all be counted as some other barriers in terms of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution against women. This study reveals that women are highly affected by their husband in their position in the labor market, home and family. In this way, the acceptance of women entrepreneurs is subject to their husband being an entrepreneur.
Studying the process of entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution between rural men and women led to the two questions. First, "What causes the disparity between the genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" Second, "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?" In this study, we have studied the process and pattern of entrepreneurship development. According to the questions, it was identified that geographical conditions, environmental factors, and family status are different for men and women that can lead to the inequalities of the entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution among them. Results indicate that there is a significant difference up to 99% among role, legal and judicial, and institutional factors of men and women. Such differences can be the results of other various factors, all of them together can cause faster and more complete acceptance and distribution of entrepreneurship among men and women.
Results from the gender- based analysis suggest that the social role of women in the villages is mostly confined to their home and its immediate environment. This happens because of the prevalence of patriarchal culture, beliefs, traditions and social attitudes towards women and their role in the rural environment. Gender-based discrimination of these kind have a significant impact on the direction and speed of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution. This means that the entrepreneurship has always been stronger among men than women. Also, women's entrepreneurship has been less during the process of acceptance. Even, in case of their presence, women's group has been counted among the Late Accept groups of the entrepreneurship. Family oriented constraints of women and their dependence on men, especially their financial dependence, some cultural and geographical factors and environmental conditions can all be counted as some other barriers in terms of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution against women. This study reveals that women are highly affected by their husband in their position in the labor market, home and family. In this way, the acceptance of women entrepreneurs is subject to their husband being an entrepreneur.
Mohammad Ghasemi Siani, Iraj Ghasemi,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (4-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 35 (4-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
The government is the first and most powerful decision-maker and actor in the field of spatial structure. Spatial structure is an essential part of the battle for control and protection of individuals and society. In fact, spatial planning and land use management is the manifestation of the government authority in the form of setting rules and allocating resources and decision-making. Border areas are one of the most strategic areas for government intervention. These areas have special characteristics due to contact with the internal and external environment regarding the effect of diplomacy. Therefore, planning with the aim of sustainable development of settlements, especially border areas, creates the requirement for spatial organization of rural areas so that macro and national issues, such as security issues can be organized more accurately and efficiently.
Zahak County is one of the special border areas in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, which is of special importance due to trade, the existence of a border market, Helmand river entrence and water diplomacy. The article aims to investigate the role of macro-management and diplomacy and its economic consequences on the structure and organization of space in Zahak County. The present study explore political developments and decisions affect the economy and spatial structure (activity, communication and housing) of Zahak County, and also the spatial changes have occurred. For a deeper understanding of the developments in the study area, this article shows the political decisions taken at the national, regional and local levels, and seeks that what changes have made in the economic structures and functions of settlements? Furthermore, what the consequences of these changes for the space organization of the residential system are?
Methodology
The general approach to the study is an integrated approach, both quantitative and qualitative, and an emphasis on integration to overcome the shortcomings of each approach. Therefore, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the theoretical part of the research, using a qualitative approach and a library method. The theories and principles governing the study were explained, and then the position of power and policy in regional planning was examined.
In the quantitative and field studies section, 184 special questionnaires for village managers were distributed in all villages with more than 20 households in the county and 10 interviews were conducted with managers of government offices and organizations in Zahak County.
Discussion and conclusion
The results show that under the influence of diplomacy between the two border countries, with the closure of the border market and the creation of a border wall, the economy of rural areas and activity in the east of the county, which is based on trade and agriculture, has declined. In addition, due to unemployment and lack of economic activity in many villages, they were evacuated and disserted. Moreover, ethnic and cultural diversity has paved the way for the instability of newly established settlements by pursuing a policy of rural relocation. With centralization and support for population centers, the pattern of communication flows in the city is a polarized pattern emphasizing Zahak and Zabol cities, which does not follow the pattern of networks and has provided the ground for instability and decline for villages outside the network.
This study showed that the spatial pattern of rural activity and economy is influenced by water and soil resources, which corresponds to national, regional and local diplomacy. In other words, the political and power relations between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan have affected agricultural activity and even industry and population dispersion.
The economic structure of the villages, which was based on agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture, has currently changed into informal, illegal and smuggling jobs due to the developments and major national decisions at the county level. Also, cross-border trade and commercial activities in the villages have been converted. On the other hand, based on the mentioned developments, the county space organization has a polar nature in the center of the city towards Zabol City, hence incompatible with the network pattern. This structure has somehow caused instability, especially in small villages, and due to regional conditions in the future, these villages are subject to be evacuated.
The government is the first and most powerful decision-maker and actor in the field of spatial structure. Spatial structure is an essential part of the battle for control and protection of individuals and society. In fact, spatial planning and land use management is the manifestation of the government authority in the form of setting rules and allocating resources and decision-making. Border areas are one of the most strategic areas for government intervention. These areas have special characteristics due to contact with the internal and external environment regarding the effect of diplomacy. Therefore, planning with the aim of sustainable development of settlements, especially border areas, creates the requirement for spatial organization of rural areas so that macro and national issues, such as security issues can be organized more accurately and efficiently.
Zahak County is one of the special border areas in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, which is of special importance due to trade, the existence of a border market, Helmand river entrence and water diplomacy. The article aims to investigate the role of macro-management and diplomacy and its economic consequences on the structure and organization of space in Zahak County. The present study explore political developments and decisions affect the economy and spatial structure (activity, communication and housing) of Zahak County, and also the spatial changes have occurred. For a deeper understanding of the developments in the study area, this article shows the political decisions taken at the national, regional and local levels, and seeks that what changes have made in the economic structures and functions of settlements? Furthermore, what the consequences of these changes for the space organization of the residential system are?
Methodology
The general approach to the study is an integrated approach, both quantitative and qualitative, and an emphasis on integration to overcome the shortcomings of each approach. Therefore, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the theoretical part of the research, using a qualitative approach and a library method. The theories and principles governing the study were explained, and then the position of power and policy in regional planning was examined.
In the quantitative and field studies section, 184 special questionnaires for village managers were distributed in all villages with more than 20 households in the county and 10 interviews were conducted with managers of government offices and organizations in Zahak County.
Discussion and conclusion
The results show that under the influence of diplomacy between the two border countries, with the closure of the border market and the creation of a border wall, the economy of rural areas and activity in the east of the county, which is based on trade and agriculture, has declined. In addition, due to unemployment and lack of economic activity in many villages, they were evacuated and disserted. Moreover, ethnic and cultural diversity has paved the way for the instability of newly established settlements by pursuing a policy of rural relocation. With centralization and support for population centers, the pattern of communication flows in the city is a polarized pattern emphasizing Zahak and Zabol cities, which does not follow the pattern of networks and has provided the ground for instability and decline for villages outside the network.
This study showed that the spatial pattern of rural activity and economy is influenced by water and soil resources, which corresponds to national, regional and local diplomacy. In other words, the political and power relations between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan have affected agricultural activity and even industry and population dispersion.
The economic structure of the villages, which was based on agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture, has currently changed into informal, illegal and smuggling jobs due to the developments and major national decisions at the county level. Also, cross-border trade and commercial activities in the villages have been converted. On the other hand, based on the mentioned developments, the county space organization has a polar nature in the center of the city towards Zabol City, hence incompatible with the network pattern. This structure has somehow caused instability, especially in small villages, and due to regional conditions in the future, these villages are subject to be evacuated.
Shima Amidi, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Mohammad Amin Khorasani, Zahra Torkashvand,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The rural entrepreneurial ecosystem plays a pivotal role in stimulating entrepreneurship and employment in rural areas. By leveraging entrepreneurship in rural regions, it is possible to address the challenges faced by these areas and create dynamic and innovative economies. Despite favorable climatic, geographic, connectivity, and accessibility conditions, Alborz province has experienced inappropriate economic conditions in its rural areas in recent years, including rising unemployment rates, low economic participation rates, and income disparities between rural and urban households. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the status of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province as a key economic indicator.
Methods: This research was conducted within a quantitative research methodology. Data collection was carried out through a combination of library research and field surveys, with questionnaires being the primary tool in the field. The statistical population comprised the villages of Alborz province, from which a sample of 33 villages was selected. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 380 individuals was determined for completing the questionnaires. For data analysis, statistical tests such as chi-square, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, Duncan’s post hoc test, and Kriging interpolation were employed.
Results: The research findings indicate that the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province is in a suboptimal state. Out of the ten key indicator groups examined, including business indicators, financial indicators, educational indicators, human capital indicators, support indicators, market and customer indicators, social indicators, cultural indicators, infrastructure indicators, and innovation, research, and development indicators, only two groups were found to be in a favorable condition, while the remaining eight groups were in an unfavorable state. Additionally, the geographical distribution of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem's status varies across the province.
Conclusions: The presence of hard infrastructure such as access to transportation networks and urban centers is insufficient on its own to foster the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Concurrently, the development of soft infrastructure, including financial services, education, various support systems, human and social capital, and research and development, must also be prioritized.
Methods: This research was conducted within a quantitative research methodology. Data collection was carried out through a combination of library research and field surveys, with questionnaires being the primary tool in the field. The statistical population comprised the villages of Alborz province, from which a sample of 33 villages was selected. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 380 individuals was determined for completing the questionnaires. For data analysis, statistical tests such as chi-square, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, Duncan’s post hoc test, and Kriging interpolation were employed.
Results: The research findings indicate that the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province is in a suboptimal state. Out of the ten key indicator groups examined, including business indicators, financial indicators, educational indicators, human capital indicators, support indicators, market and customer indicators, social indicators, cultural indicators, infrastructure indicators, and innovation, research, and development indicators, only two groups were found to be in a favorable condition, while the remaining eight groups were in an unfavorable state. Additionally, the geographical distribution of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem's status varies across the province.
Conclusions: The presence of hard infrastructure such as access to transportation networks and urban centers is insufficient on its own to foster the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Concurrently, the development of soft infrastructure, including financial services, education, various support systems, human and social capital, and research and development, must also be prioritized.
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