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Showing 4 results for Rural Poverty
Hamid Jalalian, Faramarz Barimani, Vahid Riahi, Morteza Mehralitabar Firouzjaie,
Volume 5, Issue 16 (8-2016)
Volume 5, Issue 16 (8-2016)
Abstract
Introduction
After land reform, some actions have been done for rural finance by creating financial institutions such as credit cooperatives, Agriculture Bank and interest-free loan funds which were not successful in improving poor people livelihood. The studied area in this study includes a forest-mountain area that have small and sporadic villages and they are far from rural-urban continuum. In fact, these areas face with basic shortcomings because of their location in geographical isolation, lack of development of market, scattered villages, low population density and unavailability of services (including financial services). Researchers' preliminary studies in this area showed that in financial markets of the forest-mountain villages in Bandpey part of Babol county, for rural finance to meet their needs in micro level, include just officialpublic institutions and semipublic ones (agriculture Bank, credit cooperatives and Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation) that were not operating as rural financial institutions, so in the studied area this question is raised that in spite of the availability of financial institutions, why the level of financing services is low for villagers? Or in other words, why the available financial institutions could not be successful in attracting villagers? Therefore, the question is that what are the characteristics of financial institution for being successful in presenting financial services? This study aims to recognize optimality criteria in institutions that offer financial services in rural districts and tries to present a framework in rural financial institutionalization to help rural managers and development planners in rural financial domain such as Agriculture Bank, rural financial cooperatives, Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and rural interest-free loan funds.
Methodology
Ito consider the subject, a qualitative approach has been chosen in this study. So, 25 villagers that are residents of forest-mountain villages of eastern Bandpey in the county have been selected in a purposeful way; data collection has been done through in-depth semi-structured interviews to the theoretical saturation point. Following that, for more clarification and conducting in-depth interview, some follow-up and exploratory questions have been used. After each interview, all the statements were written on the paper. The obtained data from interviews were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis method (by the framework of an inductive approach). To increase the creditability and acceptability of data, these methods have been used: simultaneous data analysis, continuous observation, review by supervisors and selecting the main informants; accuracy and authenticity of data (stability) have been considered too, regarding these indicators: maximum number of participants, desirable relation with participants, accuracy in recording data, using external researchers and supervisors, long time engagement with research and obtained data.
Discussion and Conclusion
On the major subject that is extracted is "flexibility". On the major subject that is extracted is "flexibility". Flexibility of rural financial institution means the flexibility in time duration for loan repayment that does not interfere with planting season and the time that farmers and ranchers should spend money for their works. The results show that when the time of loan repayment interfere with the time that small farmers do not have cash money, this leads to excluding some people from taking credits and more than that those who were able to take the credit, could not gain enough profit. Availability is a criterion in rural space that have low level of livelihood, in faraway geographical location is of great importance. In one hand, availability means physical availability. This criterion can be understandable when rural forest-mountain area is understandable. These areas face with problems because of dispersion of villages and their distance from urban area to receive services including financial services. In another way, lack of finance leads to irresponsibility. Considering the findings showed that if rural financial institutions were dependent to government subsidies, offering credits to meet villagers' needs would be uncertain all the time. Another criterion, a sub-dimension of availability, is "having responsibility regarding to the conditions that farmers face with a social-economic problem". In one hand, small farmers and ranchers' livelihood is always exposed to natural, social and economic crisis (especially in forest-mountain regions), and in another hand, their week financial support make villagers vulnerable to these kind of dangers. The obtained results showed that optimality of a rural financial institution is related to offering services in all dimensions of financial services especially loan, saving and insurance. Therefore, one the most important issues for optimality of the rural financial institutions is the capacity of saving for small farmers and ranchers; they have high desire for saving. Official financial institutions and semi-official ones could not support this dimension of villagers' need with a commercial approach. According to the findings, villagers do not consider financial institutions as merely a monetary institution; they expect an appropriate financial institution not only offer monetary services, but also they expect them offer social services that need investment, or assignment of subsidies on their necessary products for their agriculture. The study findings showed that the assigned small loan is a loan for agriculture not for the farmer, and it rarely considers the need of the villagers for consumption. It is suggested that researchers on institutional issues and service institution in rural districts consider these issues in the time of occurrence and with direct observations and interviews; they should familiarize with their challenges and by a topdown and bottom-up approach, they can present a suitable strategy for the same areas to overcome their problems.
On the major subject that is extracted is "flexibility". On the major subject that is extracted is "flexibility". Flexibility of rural financial institution means the flexibility in time duration for loan repayment that does not interfere with planting season and the time that farmers and ranchers should spend money for their works. The results show that when the time of loan repayment interfere with the time that small farmers do not have cash money, this leads to excluding some people from taking credits and more than that those who were able to take the credit, could not gain enough profit. Availability is a criterion in rural space that have low level of livelihood, in faraway geographical location is of great importance. In one hand, availability means physical availability. This criterion can be understandable when rural forest-mountain area is understandable. These areas face with problems because of dispersion of villages and their distance from urban area to receive services including financial services. In another way, lack of finance leads to irresponsibility. Considering the findings showed that if rural financial institutions were dependent to government subsidies, offering credits to meet villagers' needs would be uncertain all the time. Another criterion, a sub-dimension of availability, is "having responsibility regarding to the conditions that farmers face with a social-economic problem". In one hand, small farmers and ranchers' livelihood is always exposed to natural, social and economic crisis (especially in forest-mountain regions), and in another hand, their week financial support make villagers vulnerable to these kind of dangers. The obtained results showed that optimality of a rural financial institution is related to offering services in all dimensions of financial services especially loan, saving and insurance. Therefore, one the most important issues for optimality of the rural financial institutions is the capacity of saving for small farmers and ranchers; they have high desire for saving. Official financial institutions and semi-official ones could not support this dimension of villagers' need with a commercial approach. According to the findings, villagers do not consider financial institutions as merely a monetary institution; they expect an appropriate financial institution not only offer monetary services, but also they expect them offer social services that need investment, or assignment of subsidies on their necessary products for their agriculture. The study findings showed that the assigned small loan is a loan for agriculture not for the farmer, and it rarely considers the need of the villagers for consumption. It is suggested that researchers on institutional issues and service institution in rural districts consider these issues in the time of occurrence and with direct observations and interviews; they should familiarize with their challenges and by a topdown and bottom-up approach, they can present a suitable strategy for the same areas to overcome their problems.
Mir Sattar Sadrmousavi , Mohsen Aghayarihir , Mohammad Valaei,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (2-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 34 (2-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Reduction of inequality and poverty has always been one of the topics discussed by scholars and has been considered as part of the main aims of rural development. It has increasingly become one of the important topics in development literature. Different strategies to reduce poverty by different scholars such as; funding micro-credit and increasing the quality of life and empowerment of women, small-scale agricultural development as an essential component of food security, strengthening social capital in the form of local organizations, global economic integration and globalization, increasing public participation and creating grassroots organizations including rural cooperatives, diversification of economic activities, etc., has been proposed. However, due to the dependence of the villagers on the agricultural sector, not compatibility with the culture of the villagers, none of these solutions has not completely succeeded in reducing poverty and eradicating it from rural communities. Similarly, in Miandoab County, the agricultural sector, due to limited water resources, reduced productivity, job creation, mechanization, etc., has undergone a declining trend and is not able to attract the available labor. Furthermore, given that the study area has been severely affected by the Lake Urmia drying up in recent years, leading to a decrease in income, employment, investment, labor productivity and agricultural land, and hence, an increase in the number of underprivileged people in rural areas and migration of youth and depopulation of a number of villages in the area. Therefore, seeking solutions to reduce rural poverty are crucial such as, reviving the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors according to the strengths and obstacles of the region, increasing labor productivity in all economic sectors and enhancing rural population sustainability and stability, employment, income and food security. The main issue of the present study is to investigate rural poverty reduction strategies, emphasizing the rural economic diversification approach and the effects of economic diversification in reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.
Methodology
The purpose of this study is to investigate poverty reduction strategies with an emphasis on rural economic diversification in Miandoab County. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Field and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. This study includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the qualitative part, theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 24 semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, 120 local informants, rural managers and staff of Miandoab County were selected as a sample. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.701. Purposeful sampling (snowball and sequential method) was used. Grounded theory, regression, path analysis and influence diagram were used to analyze the information.
Discussion and conclusion
The most important strategies identified to reduce rural poverty in Miandoab are: Funding micro-credit to villagers and farmers, crops insurance and government support, economic diversification in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (changing the pattern of cultivation with water-resistant species such as saffron, Damask rose, pistachio, livestock development, developing industries), construction product processing factories, industrial town establishment, handicraft, tourism development and expansion, creation small businesses, creation of local markets and services, etc., enhancing educational quality of villagers, using indigenous knowledge, increasing social capacities, improving infrastructure, increase research, change government support policies, reform rural management and belief system. Among these, one of the most important strategies to reduce rural poverty in this area according to the study is to pay attention to the "rural economic diversification" approach. Accordingly, the diversification of the rural economy has positive effects on increasing income, employment, production, investment and hence reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County. The index of non-agricultural (non-agricultural) diversification and the creation of jobs that require less water, such as development of rural industries (manufacturing units for processing livestock, agricultural, horticultural products, etc., handicrafts, carpet weaving units, metal industries, wood industries, food industries, etc.), development of service sector in most villages and expansion of rural tourism (religious, sport, nomadic) is of great importance in reducing rural poverty in the study area. Thus, long-term diversification alters the income opportunities for rural households and reduces their income vulnerability to economic and environmental changes. In general, diversification of jobs can be considered as an indirect insurance for the security of income of villagers who have low productivity or have been damaged due to unexpected natural disasters.
Reduction of inequality and poverty has always been one of the topics discussed by scholars and has been considered as part of the main aims of rural development. It has increasingly become one of the important topics in development literature. Different strategies to reduce poverty by different scholars such as; funding micro-credit and increasing the quality of life and empowerment of women, small-scale agricultural development as an essential component of food security, strengthening social capital in the form of local organizations, global economic integration and globalization, increasing public participation and creating grassroots organizations including rural cooperatives, diversification of economic activities, etc., has been proposed. However, due to the dependence of the villagers on the agricultural sector, not compatibility with the culture of the villagers, none of these solutions has not completely succeeded in reducing poverty and eradicating it from rural communities. Similarly, in Miandoab County, the agricultural sector, due to limited water resources, reduced productivity, job creation, mechanization, etc., has undergone a declining trend and is not able to attract the available labor. Furthermore, given that the study area has been severely affected by the Lake Urmia drying up in recent years, leading to a decrease in income, employment, investment, labor productivity and agricultural land, and hence, an increase in the number of underprivileged people in rural areas and migration of youth and depopulation of a number of villages in the area. Therefore, seeking solutions to reduce rural poverty are crucial such as, reviving the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors according to the strengths and obstacles of the region, increasing labor productivity in all economic sectors and enhancing rural population sustainability and stability, employment, income and food security. The main issue of the present study is to investigate rural poverty reduction strategies, emphasizing the rural economic diversification approach and the effects of economic diversification in reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.
Methodology
The purpose of this study is to investigate poverty reduction strategies with an emphasis on rural economic diversification in Miandoab County. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Field and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. This study includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the qualitative part, theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 24 semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, 120 local informants, rural managers and staff of Miandoab County were selected as a sample. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.701. Purposeful sampling (snowball and sequential method) was used. Grounded theory, regression, path analysis and influence diagram were used to analyze the information.
Discussion and conclusion
The most important strategies identified to reduce rural poverty in Miandoab are: Funding micro-credit to villagers and farmers, crops insurance and government support, economic diversification in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (changing the pattern of cultivation with water-resistant species such as saffron, Damask rose, pistachio, livestock development, developing industries), construction product processing factories, industrial town establishment, handicraft, tourism development and expansion, creation small businesses, creation of local markets and services, etc., enhancing educational quality of villagers, using indigenous knowledge, increasing social capacities, improving infrastructure, increase research, change government support policies, reform rural management and belief system. Among these, one of the most important strategies to reduce rural poverty in this area according to the study is to pay attention to the "rural economic diversification" approach. Accordingly, the diversification of the rural economy has positive effects on increasing income, employment, production, investment and hence reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County. The index of non-agricultural (non-agricultural) diversification and the creation of jobs that require less water, such as development of rural industries (manufacturing units for processing livestock, agricultural, horticultural products, etc., handicrafts, carpet weaving units, metal industries, wood industries, food industries, etc.), development of service sector in most villages and expansion of rural tourism (religious, sport, nomadic) is of great importance in reducing rural poverty in the study area. Thus, long-term diversification alters the income opportunities for rural households and reduces their income vulnerability to economic and environmental changes. In general, diversification of jobs can be considered as an indirect insurance for the security of income of villagers who have low productivity or have been damaged due to unexpected natural disasters.
Abolfazl Khosravi, Mohammad Reza Fathi, Jaber Yavari, Giti Salahi Isfahani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the notable points in recent decades about villages has been the quantitative and qualitative growth of agricultural entrepreneurship in these areas. Recent studies have shown that farmers' entrepreneurship (as measured by start-ups) has a positive impact on conflict resolution and poverty reduction in developing countries (Bruton et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2014). ; Tobias et al., 2013). For example, according to Fitzgerald et al. (2018), due to the promising opportunities in theoretical and empirical analysis of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector should be given much attention. Carter et al. (2017) also emphasized that farmers' entrepreneurial research should focus more on the home activities of individuals and their communities. The slight growth of farmers' entrepreneurship refers to the number of entrepreneurial farmers as well as the number of economic enterprises established in the village. Qualitative growth of farmers 'entrepreneurship refers to how farmers use the proceeds of farmers' entrepreneurship to benefit individuals, households and communities. Therefore, the quality of farmers' entrepreneurial growth is attributed to the type of services that entrepreneurs provide to society.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study is all entrepreneurs available in rural areas of Golpayegan city (which have special climatic conditions and suitable geographical environment for agricultural activities) which is done using Cochran's sampling formula. Considering that our statistical population was one, the sample is 162, out of 162 questionnaires that were distributed, 151 were complete and the rest were either incomplete or were not returned for some reason. In this research, the library method will be used to collect information and to formulate theoretical foundations and research history, and a standard questionnaire will be used to measure research variables.
Discussion and conclusion
This study examines the role that institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities play in the growth of agricultural entrepreneurship and their interactions. Obtaining any type of capital in the start-up phase is different, and the fields of agricultural entrepreneurship significantly affect the start-up phase. Based on the findings, the adequacy and interaction of both institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities are clearly essential in starting entrepreneurship and launching agricultural entrepreneurship and its quantitative and qualitative growth. For entrepreneurs with a history of agricultural entrepreneurship, human capital is the first capital they acquire and use to start a business. It is related to social capital in many ways. For example, business knowledge and experience help them achieve business connections and communication, while communication skills help maintain customer relationships. Social capital provides access to institutional capital and acts as a platform for gaining social acceptance and access to other resources, especially financial capital. The interrelationship of capital factors is also evident in rural entrepreneurs with no history of agricultural entrepreneurship. In the early stages of starting a business, they usually need the human capital to start an entrepreneurial business. Townsend et al. (2010) found that people increase their willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities if they realize that they have the knowledge, skills, and experience to create jobs. Because their internal circles cannot provide them with the necessary human capital, they seek external resources, especially government support. Thus, institutional capital becomes the first capital of entrepreneurs to start, and this requires them to participate in various programs to develop and support entrepreneurship. As a result, it provides access to other necessary capital, including human capital, such as business knowledge and skills. Social capital such as communications and market communications and financial capital, such as working capital and other forms of financing. We provide the interrelationships of the framework of capital factors as well as capabilities, as shown in the conceptual model.
One of the notable points in recent decades about villages has been the quantitative and qualitative growth of agricultural entrepreneurship in these areas. Recent studies have shown that farmers' entrepreneurship (as measured by start-ups) has a positive impact on conflict resolution and poverty reduction in developing countries (Bruton et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2014). ; Tobias et al., 2013). For example, according to Fitzgerald et al. (2018), due to the promising opportunities in theoretical and empirical analysis of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector should be given much attention. Carter et al. (2017) also emphasized that farmers' entrepreneurial research should focus more on the home activities of individuals and their communities. The slight growth of farmers' entrepreneurship refers to the number of entrepreneurial farmers as well as the number of economic enterprises established in the village. Qualitative growth of farmers 'entrepreneurship refers to how farmers use the proceeds of farmers' entrepreneurship to benefit individuals, households and communities. Therefore, the quality of farmers' entrepreneurial growth is attributed to the type of services that entrepreneurs provide to society.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study is all entrepreneurs available in rural areas of Golpayegan city (which have special climatic conditions and suitable geographical environment for agricultural activities) which is done using Cochran's sampling formula. Considering that our statistical population was one, the sample is 162, out of 162 questionnaires that were distributed, 151 were complete and the rest were either incomplete or were not returned for some reason. In this research, the library method will be used to collect information and to formulate theoretical foundations and research history, and a standard questionnaire will be used to measure research variables.
Discussion and conclusion
This study examines the role that institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities play in the growth of agricultural entrepreneurship and their interactions. Obtaining any type of capital in the start-up phase is different, and the fields of agricultural entrepreneurship significantly affect the start-up phase. Based on the findings, the adequacy and interaction of both institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities are clearly essential in starting entrepreneurship and launching agricultural entrepreneurship and its quantitative and qualitative growth. For entrepreneurs with a history of agricultural entrepreneurship, human capital is the first capital they acquire and use to start a business. It is related to social capital in many ways. For example, business knowledge and experience help them achieve business connections and communication, while communication skills help maintain customer relationships. Social capital provides access to institutional capital and acts as a platform for gaining social acceptance and access to other resources, especially financial capital. The interrelationship of capital factors is also evident in rural entrepreneurs with no history of agricultural entrepreneurship. In the early stages of starting a business, they usually need the human capital to start an entrepreneurial business. Townsend et al. (2010) found that people increase their willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities if they realize that they have the knowledge, skills, and experience to create jobs. Because their internal circles cannot provide them with the necessary human capital, they seek external resources, especially government support. Thus, institutional capital becomes the first capital of entrepreneurs to start, and this requires them to participate in various programs to develop and support entrepreneurship. As a result, it provides access to other necessary capital, including human capital, such as business knowledge and skills. Social capital such as communications and market communications and financial capital, such as working capital and other forms of financing. We provide the interrelationships of the framework of capital factors as well as capabilities, as shown in the conceptual model.
Abolfazl Ghanbari, Mohammad Valaei,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the emerging infectious diseases in recent years is Coronavirus 2019. For the first time in late December 2019, cases of pneumonia or pneumonia were reported to the World Health Organization in Wuhan, China (the primary source of the disease). The cause of the disease was unknown and the available treatments were not very effective. The disease spread rapidly and affected all the people of the world, and the coronavirus epidemic caused the greatest shock to the world economy and led to the implementation of control policies to control it by governments such as; Social distancing, temporary closures of businesses, quarantine, etc., whose negative effects are greater in rural areas for various reasons and has become an influential factor in the transformation of rural poverty. As in all parts of the world, the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan Province are grappling with the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus, and the number of cases and deaths in this province is increasing every day, and some health experts, not observing social distancing. And non-observance of hygienic protocols is considered as the reason for this increase in patients, but some people consider the use of masks to be more important than distance, and the lack of disinfection of hands and hand washing are other factors that start the upward trend of patients. Therefore, due to the spread of coronavirus and the increase in the number of infected people, many businesses in the province, especially in rural areas, were closed and people who did not have employment insurance, access to health services and care systems, people in They work in the informal sector, or work as workers in private, semi-private, etc. companies, and are more at risk of poverty and deprivation. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province and tries to provide an appropriate answer to the research question: Factors and driving forces affecting rural poverty changes What are the corona times in East Azerbaijan province?
Research Methods
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments in East Azerbaijan province during the corona outbreak and therefore in terms of purpose of exploratory type and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and its philosophical basis is a combination that in the study The Q (Q) forum has a qualitative approach and a quantitative aspect in the Q-factor analysis phase. The research area is the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan province. The discourse community also includes; There are 24 managers and experts (governorate, health, government departments, districts, villages, etc.), local experts and experts in the field of poverty and rural areas. To select the statistical sample, the snowball method and the theoretical sequence were used. Exploratory factor analysis (Stanfson) was used to analyze the data of Q matrices.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of this study using Q research showed that the most important factors and driving forces affecting the development of rural poverty during the outbreak of Corona virus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province are; 1) Failure to comply with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services (first factor). 2) Business closures, rising costs and economic and psychological pressures (second factor). 3) Decreased income, production capital and inefficient management (third factor). 4) Increasing financial problems and reducing spatial flows (fourth factor). 5) Decreased public trust and poor health services (fifth factor). 6) The problem of marketing, access to services and communication channels (factor six). 7) Uncertainty of macro-plans and policies, reduction of production and increase of social anomalies (seventh factor). 8) Political and the application of transportation restrictions (factor eight). Among these, the first factor (non-compliance with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services) with a specific value of 3.13 and a percentage of variance of 13.04 has the greatest impact on rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in the study area had. In addition, the results of the present study with the results of Sadr Mousavi et al. (1399), Tajeri Moghadam et al. (1399), Taherinia and Hassanvand (1399), Rahnama and Bazargan (1399), Adjunun et al. (2021), Vas and Katino ( 2020), Arno et al. (2021), Vivad et al. (2021), Barjin and Aminguno (2021), Liu et al. (2020), Flipson et al. (2020), etc. on the factors affecting poverty and the effects of prevalence The corona virus is in the same direction in rural areas and its developments.
Research Methods
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments in East Azerbaijan province during the corona outbreak and therefore in terms of purpose of exploratory type and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and its philosophical basis is a combination that in the study The Q (Q) forum has a qualitative approach and a quantitative aspect in the Q-factor analysis phase. The research area is the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan province. The discourse community also includes; There are 24 managers and experts (governorate, health, government departments, districts, villages, etc.), local experts and experts in the field of poverty and rural areas. To select the statistical sample, the snowball method and the theoretical sequence were used. Exploratory factor analysis (Stanfson) was used to analyze the data of Q matrices.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of this study using Q research showed that the most important factors and driving forces affecting the development of rural poverty during the outbreak of Corona virus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province are; 1) Failure to comply with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services (first factor). 2) Business closures, rising costs and economic and psychological pressures (second factor). 3) Decreased income, production capital and inefficient management (third factor). 4) Increasing financial problems and reducing spatial flows (fourth factor). 5) Decreased public trust and poor health services (fifth factor). 6) The problem of marketing, access to services and communication channels (factor six). 7) Uncertainty of macro-plans and policies, reduction of production and increase of social anomalies (seventh factor). 8) Political and the application of transportation restrictions (factor eight). Among these, the first factor (non-compliance with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services) with a specific value of 3.13 and a percentage of variance of 13.04 has the greatest impact on rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in the study area had. In addition, the results of the present study with the results of Sadr Mousavi et al. (1399), Tajeri Moghadam et al. (1399), Taherinia and Hassanvand (1399), Rahnama and Bazargan (1399), Adjunun et al. (2021), Vas and Katino ( 2020), Arno et al. (2021), Vivad et al. (2021), Barjin and Aminguno (2021), Liu et al. (2020), Flipson et al. (2020), etc. on the factors affecting poverty and the effects of prevalence The corona virus is in the same direction in rural areas and its developments.
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