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Showing 3 results for Agricultural Products
Fatemeh Kazemeyeh, Javad Hosseinzad, Ghader Dashti, Hushang Ghafouri,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract
Agricultural sector taking into account its role in GNP (11%), employment opportunities (23%) and food provision (over 80%) performs a critical role in Iranian economy. Water resources are being considered as a very prominent factor with respect to agricultural sector. This study aims to investigate effective indicators regarding agriculture development as well as water management in Tabriz plain. It is based on factor analysis. Statistical society is composed of 39 villages. Data gathering technique is predominately based on questionnaire and documentation. It is further supported by getting information from ministries of agriculture and water organization. This is followed by determination of 25 indicators for the assessment of agricultural development and 11 indicators regarding water management of the study area. Deducting the number of variables requires the application of principle component analysis. This study suggests that mechanization, cropping based on irrigation system, structure and performance are capable of explaining 79 percent of the variations pertaining to agricultural development. It is argued that surface water, deep wells, semi deep wells explain 61 percent of the variations regarding water management as well. It further suggests that those counties with comparative advantages with respect to agricultural products and simultaneously not experiencing water deficiency should emphasize agricultural plans based on high priority crops. However, those encountering with agricultural problems should stress optimum resource usages and preservationissue.
Abdul Majid Sepahian, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini, ,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Horticulture is one of the sub sectors of agriculture, which plays an important role in ensuring food security and livelihood of villagers. Horticultural products such as tropical fruits are produced to a significant extent in Iran, and some of these fruits in Iran are originated in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Due to the climate condition, especially in the southern region, tropical fruits of this region still has the first rank in provision of these products. Mango and banana are the most important products, each of which has a crucial role in the household food basket due to its characteristics. In this study, considering the economic significance of tropical mango and banana products in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan, the structure, behavior and market performance of these products are identified using the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model to exploit the maximum economic capacity. The SCP model considers structure, conduct and performance as the three elements of the market that indicates the overall market situation, and the interrelationships between the elements, and their analysis, which helps to improve the market situation. Indeed, appropriate policies and mechanisms both helps maximize the producers’ benefits and satisfy the consumer and other components of the market cycle. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question of what is the structure, conduct and performance of the tropical mango and banana fruit market in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan?
Methodology
In order to reach the answer that the market structure of tropical mango and banana products in Iranian villages follows the SCP model or not, the relationship between the components of this model has been investigated. For this study, the cross-sectional data of the manufacturers of these two products are estimated using a system of simultaneous equations. According to the existing empirical studies on the relationship between market elements as well as the methods used by different researchers, three equations for the variables of structure, behavior and performance has been defined for the system of simultaneous equations. In these MS equations, it is related to market concentration variables such as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and producer concentration ratio index. In this study, the concentration ratio index is used. R&D refers to behavioral variables such as research and development and advertising, and PF refers to the same performance variables as return on assets and equity. The three variables mentioned are endogenous or dependent variables model. And indicate the type of ownership and age. It refers to the inventory of assets and education, and performance (amount of production / area of cultivation) and income, which have been in the role of exogenous variables of the model and are analyzed by the three-stage least squares method in the system of simultaneous equations.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of model estimation showed that for two mango and banana crops in Sistan and Baluchestan villages, all three components of concentration, research and development and profitability are statistically significant. The results of SCP model coefficients for mango crop show that for concentration, research and development on mango, the number of users in this market increases and the market gets closer to competitive conditions and also profitability has a positive and significant effect on concentration. As the market gets closer to monopoly conditions, the profitability of mango producers increases and as a result the number of producers in the market decreases or the market share is more unfairly distributed among the exploiters. In the R&D equation, concentration has a negative and significant effect on R&D. As the concentration among mango producers increases and the market moves towards monopolies, the motivation of mango producers and villagers to conduct research decreases. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development activities. This result suggests that as profitability increases, there will be more incentive to spend on research and development. In the profitability case, concentration has a positive and significant effect on it. In other words, with increasing concentration, or moving to the monopoly market, the profitability of products among villagers will increase and research and development also has a positive and significant effect on profitability. As research and development increase, it is expected that the efficiency of mango production and profitability will increase.
The results of estimating SCP coefficients for banana confirm that in the equation of concentration, research and development has a negative and significant effect on concentration. The more research in the field of banana product, the more users in this product, or the market will be closer to competitive conditions. Profitability also has a significant negative effect on concentration, in other words, as the profitability increases, the concentration decreases. When the profitability increases, more producers are encouraged to work in this market among the villagers. As a result, the concentration in the banana market decreases. In the R&D equation, the concentration has a negative effect on R&D because with increasing market concentration, market has shifted to monopoly conditions. As a result, banana producers in rural areas are less motivated to conduct research activities. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development. The higher the profitability of the firm, the more the manufacturer prefers to increase R&D costs in order to increase income. Since producers and villagers know that with more research and development, they will increase their profitability. Furthermore, research and development has a positive and significant effect on profitability, conducting research activities, more opportunities will be provided to banana producers in rural areas. As a result, the profitability of farmers will be enhanced.
Horticulture is one of the sub sectors of agriculture, which plays an important role in ensuring food security and livelihood of villagers. Horticultural products such as tropical fruits are produced to a significant extent in Iran, and some of these fruits in Iran are originated in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Due to the climate condition, especially in the southern region, tropical fruits of this region still has the first rank in provision of these products. Mango and banana are the most important products, each of which has a crucial role in the household food basket due to its characteristics. In this study, considering the economic significance of tropical mango and banana products in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan, the structure, behavior and market performance of these products are identified using the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model to exploit the maximum economic capacity. The SCP model considers structure, conduct and performance as the three elements of the market that indicates the overall market situation, and the interrelationships between the elements, and their analysis, which helps to improve the market situation. Indeed, appropriate policies and mechanisms both helps maximize the producers’ benefits and satisfy the consumer and other components of the market cycle. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question of what is the structure, conduct and performance of the tropical mango and banana fruit market in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan?
Methodology
In order to reach the answer that the market structure of tropical mango and banana products in Iranian villages follows the SCP model or not, the relationship between the components of this model has been investigated. For this study, the cross-sectional data of the manufacturers of these two products are estimated using a system of simultaneous equations. According to the existing empirical studies on the relationship between market elements as well as the methods used by different researchers, three equations for the variables of structure, behavior and performance has been defined for the system of simultaneous equations. In these MS equations, it is related to market concentration variables such as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and producer concentration ratio index. In this study, the concentration ratio index is used. R&D refers to behavioral variables such as research and development and advertising, and PF refers to the same performance variables as return on assets and equity. The three variables mentioned are endogenous or dependent variables model. And indicate the type of ownership and age. It refers to the inventory of assets and education, and performance (amount of production / area of cultivation) and income, which have been in the role of exogenous variables of the model and are analyzed by the three-stage least squares method in the system of simultaneous equations.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of model estimation showed that for two mango and banana crops in Sistan and Baluchestan villages, all three components of concentration, research and development and profitability are statistically significant. The results of SCP model coefficients for mango crop show that for concentration, research and development on mango, the number of users in this market increases and the market gets closer to competitive conditions and also profitability has a positive and significant effect on concentration. As the market gets closer to monopoly conditions, the profitability of mango producers increases and as a result the number of producers in the market decreases or the market share is more unfairly distributed among the exploiters. In the R&D equation, concentration has a negative and significant effect on R&D. As the concentration among mango producers increases and the market moves towards monopolies, the motivation of mango producers and villagers to conduct research decreases. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development activities. This result suggests that as profitability increases, there will be more incentive to spend on research and development. In the profitability case, concentration has a positive and significant effect on it. In other words, with increasing concentration, or moving to the monopoly market, the profitability of products among villagers will increase and research and development also has a positive and significant effect on profitability. As research and development increase, it is expected that the efficiency of mango production and profitability will increase.
The results of estimating SCP coefficients for banana confirm that in the equation of concentration, research and development has a negative and significant effect on concentration. The more research in the field of banana product, the more users in this product, or the market will be closer to competitive conditions. Profitability also has a significant negative effect on concentration, in other words, as the profitability increases, the concentration decreases. When the profitability increases, more producers are encouraged to work in this market among the villagers. As a result, the concentration in the banana market decreases. In the R&D equation, the concentration has a negative effect on R&D because with increasing market concentration, market has shifted to monopoly conditions. As a result, banana producers in rural areas are less motivated to conduct research activities. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development. The higher the profitability of the firm, the more the manufacturer prefers to increase R&D costs in order to increase income. Since producers and villagers know that with more research and development, they will increase their profitability. Furthermore, research and development has a positive and significant effect on profitability, conducting research activities, more opportunities will be provided to banana producers in rural areas. As a result, the profitability of farmers will be enhanced.
Gholamreza Amininejad, Yasser Zendehboudi, Masoumeh Norouzi,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
The beginning of settlements can be traced back to the practice of agriculture. The earliest civilizations in history were established in regions where agriculture was feasible due to favorable geographical and environmental factors. After the service sector, the agricultural sector in Iran is the largest economic sector. Focusing on agriculture can contribute to sustainable rural development, as well as help to mitigate social issues such as unemployment and migration. The agricultural sector is vital for achieving independence and sustainable development in Iran's national economy. Agricultural activities make up approximately 11.2% of the country's size. The majority of our villages are focused on agriculture and nearly half of the workers in rural areas are involved in this industry.The poverty in rural areas is due to the inefficiency of the rural economy, particularly in agriculture. This results in a lack of employment opportunities, income, and poor living standards. Therefore, there is an increasing need to focus on agriculture and rural development simultaneously. Agricultural and rural development are crucial for sustainable industrial growth. Without them, industrial growth will either fail or create serious internal imbalances in the economy, leading to issues such as widespread poverty, inequality, and unemployment. Tangestan County boasts great potential in agriculture, despite a shortage of potable and agricultural water. The fertile soil creates a conducive environment for agricultural activities, leading many locals to engage in farming. As a result, the county is regarded as a significant hub for agriculture. Regrettably, the agricultural sector in this city has received minimal attention in the development plans and economic policies. Consequently, farmers, particularly those in rural areas, are encountering significant challenges. This research aims to examine the role of the agricultural sector in the sustainable development of the villages of Mahmoud Ahmadi region and provide solutions to improve the agricultural situation by emphasizing tobacco production and increasing the amount of production per unit area, increasing their income and improving their standard of living.
Methodology
This study is descriptive and analytical, with a survey as its primary purpose. The library research method established the theoretical basis and identified existing components. The research approach used is a cross-sectional survey. For this research, the study area was the Ahram Rural District of Tangestan County, with a statistical population of 8,612 rural residents. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 330 people was determined and selected randomly. Because the questionnaires were research-made, the questions were matched with the research hypotheses and presented to professors and experts. After checking and confirming, 35 questions were selected for the implementation of the research and its validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was controlled and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method (0.79). SPSS software was used to analyze data and information. According to the measurement level of variables, appropriate tests such as Pearson's correlation coefficient test have been used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Discussion and conclusion
Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient test conducted in rural areas, it was found that there is a significant relationship (at p<0.05 level) between several factors: 1) agricultural development and sustainable rural development (coefficient of 0.451); 2) increased agricultural production and longer life expectancy (coefficient of 0.369); 3) the contribution of women to sustainable rural development (coefficient of 0.394); and 4) agricultural prosperity and social development (coefficient of 0.298). These findings were significant at a p-value of less than 0.05. In this study, it was determined that agriculture played an influential role in the development of the villages of the Mahmoud Ahmadi region, and the cultivation of tobacco as a strategic product was influential in creating employment for families and eliminating unemployment in the region. Additionally, it facilitated opportunities for women to enter the workforce. On the other hand, the results showed that with the prosperity of agriculture in the Mahmoud Ahmadi region, social problems and harms are reduced, and social development takes place, which seems that the results of this study can be used in other regions of the country. Tobacco is a popular product among Iranians, and it has been cultivated in Bushehr province, particularly in this region, for a considerable period. This could be a factor in persuading villagers to stay put and avoid migration to urban areas. If there is more planting and harvesting, employment will increase, and young people will have a greater desire to persevere. In general, agriculture in the Mahmoud Ahmadi region can be effective in the development and prosperity of villages in the region due to its favorable characteristics. These findings confirm that the planning and managing of rural development components is a trans-sectoral activity that requires a comprehensive approach and the coordination of different related sectors. Agriculture improves livelihoods, reduces unemployment, and promotes social development. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested to implement the following measures: 1) Offer incentive packages like guaranteed product purchase and identification of tobacco export markets, 2) Allocate funds and provide necessary facilities to launch irrigation methods and new agricultural techniques for enhancing production, 3) Encourage women's influential involvement in the economy through media and virtual space, 4) Identify economic activities carried out by rural women and organize them, 5) Establish a training and empowerment center in Ahram village to utilize their potential for rural development, and 6) Create processing and transformation industries for packaging of manufactured goods.
The beginning of settlements can be traced back to the practice of agriculture. The earliest civilizations in history were established in regions where agriculture was feasible due to favorable geographical and environmental factors. After the service sector, the agricultural sector in Iran is the largest economic sector. Focusing on agriculture can contribute to sustainable rural development, as well as help to mitigate social issues such as unemployment and migration. The agricultural sector is vital for achieving independence and sustainable development in Iran's national economy. Agricultural activities make up approximately 11.2% of the country's size. The majority of our villages are focused on agriculture and nearly half of the workers in rural areas are involved in this industry.The poverty in rural areas is due to the inefficiency of the rural economy, particularly in agriculture. This results in a lack of employment opportunities, income, and poor living standards. Therefore, there is an increasing need to focus on agriculture and rural development simultaneously. Agricultural and rural development are crucial for sustainable industrial growth. Without them, industrial growth will either fail or create serious internal imbalances in the economy, leading to issues such as widespread poverty, inequality, and unemployment. Tangestan County boasts great potential in agriculture, despite a shortage of potable and agricultural water. The fertile soil creates a conducive environment for agricultural activities, leading many locals to engage in farming. As a result, the county is regarded as a significant hub for agriculture. Regrettably, the agricultural sector in this city has received minimal attention in the development plans and economic policies. Consequently, farmers, particularly those in rural areas, are encountering significant challenges. This research aims to examine the role of the agricultural sector in the sustainable development of the villages of Mahmoud Ahmadi region and provide solutions to improve the agricultural situation by emphasizing tobacco production and increasing the amount of production per unit area, increasing their income and improving their standard of living.
Methodology
This study is descriptive and analytical, with a survey as its primary purpose. The library research method established the theoretical basis and identified existing components. The research approach used is a cross-sectional survey. For this research, the study area was the Ahram Rural District of Tangestan County, with a statistical population of 8,612 rural residents. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 330 people was determined and selected randomly. Because the questionnaires were research-made, the questions were matched with the research hypotheses and presented to professors and experts. After checking and confirming, 35 questions were selected for the implementation of the research and its validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was controlled and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method (0.79). SPSS software was used to analyze data and information. According to the measurement level of variables, appropriate tests such as Pearson's correlation coefficient test have been used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Discussion and conclusion
Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient test conducted in rural areas, it was found that there is a significant relationship (at p<0.05 level) between several factors: 1) agricultural development and sustainable rural development (coefficient of 0.451); 2) increased agricultural production and longer life expectancy (coefficient of 0.369); 3) the contribution of women to sustainable rural development (coefficient of 0.394); and 4) agricultural prosperity and social development (coefficient of 0.298). These findings were significant at a p-value of less than 0.05. In this study, it was determined that agriculture played an influential role in the development of the villages of the Mahmoud Ahmadi region, and the cultivation of tobacco as a strategic product was influential in creating employment for families and eliminating unemployment in the region. Additionally, it facilitated opportunities for women to enter the workforce. On the other hand, the results showed that with the prosperity of agriculture in the Mahmoud Ahmadi region, social problems and harms are reduced, and social development takes place, which seems that the results of this study can be used in other regions of the country. Tobacco is a popular product among Iranians, and it has been cultivated in Bushehr province, particularly in this region, for a considerable period. This could be a factor in persuading villagers to stay put and avoid migration to urban areas. If there is more planting and harvesting, employment will increase, and young people will have a greater desire to persevere. In general, agriculture in the Mahmoud Ahmadi region can be effective in the development and prosperity of villages in the region due to its favorable characteristics. These findings confirm that the planning and managing of rural development components is a trans-sectoral activity that requires a comprehensive approach and the coordination of different related sectors. Agriculture improves livelihoods, reduces unemployment, and promotes social development. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested to implement the following measures: 1) Offer incentive packages like guaranteed product purchase and identification of tobacco export markets, 2) Allocate funds and provide necessary facilities to launch irrigation methods and new agricultural techniques for enhancing production, 3) Encourage women's influential involvement in the economy through media and virtual space, 4) Identify economic activities carried out by rural women and organize them, 5) Establish a training and empowerment center in Ahram village to utilize their potential for rural development, and 6) Create processing and transformation industries for packaging of manufactured goods.
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