Economy

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• 175 variables were repeated at least 50 times in different studies.
• 8 variables (16%) had a low effect size (<0.3).
• 37 variables (74%) had a moderate effect size (0.3–0.5).
• 5 variables (10%) had a high effect size (>0.5).

1. Individual Factors (Competitiveness, enthusiasm, and ambiguity tolerance);
2. Economic Factors (Production & marketing, access to financial support);
3. Social Factors (Place attachment, NGOs, economic security);
4. Environmental Factors (Access to land & water, suitable natural conditions);
5. Infrastructure Factors (Physical infrastructure, business environment, market access);
6. Educational Factors (Entrepreneurial training);
7. Institutional Factors (Institution-building, media coverage, entrepreneurship laws).

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Objective: The aim of this research is to spatially analyze the economic impacts of reverse migration in rural areas, focusing on Natanz County.
Methods: This study employed a survey-based research method. A sample of 381 individuals was selected from 24 villages in Natanz County using stratified sampling and Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through literature reviews, field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. For data analysis, one-sample T-tests and Kriging interpolation in ArcGIS software were used.
Results: In terms of investment, the southern half of Natanz County—especially the villages of Ooreh and Goodarzan—showed higher levels of investment, with a mean score of 3.75. For infrastructure development, the central and southern areas had the highest levels, with mean scores of 4.8 and 4.0 respectively. Regarding demand for services, the highest scores were observed in both the northern and parts of the southern villages (mean score: 4), while the eastern and western regions showed the lowest levels of development in this regard (mean score: 2.47). In terms of income generation, the southern villages had a higher average score (3.5) than their northern counterparts.
Conclusions: Given the attractiveness of certain villages in Natanz County—especially those with advantages such as proximity and easy access to urban centers, closeness to tourism hubs, suitable elevation, and moderate climate—a substantial wave of migration to these areas seems likely in the future.

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Objective: This study aimed to model the factors affecting the sustainability of economic development in the villages of Malekan County.
Methods: The statistical population included experts, specialists, and rural households in the County. In the first stage, 28 professionals evaluated 56 research propositions based on their importance. In the second stage, 481 people from selected villages responded to 41 items related to rural economic sustainability. The data were analyzed using Q-factor analysis in SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SMART PLS software.
Results: The results of the measurement model indicated that the factor loadings of the observed variables were significant and effectively measured their corresponding latent variables. The structural model results revealed that the "economic stability of Malekan County’s villages" had a high predictive power, with an index value exceeding the standard threshold of 0.35, indicating a "strong" effect. Other factors namely, "vulnerability, productivity and economic diversity," "employment and economic infrastructure," and "access to economic and production resources" each scored above 0.15, showing a "moderate" predictive impact on the model's endogenous latent variables.
Conclusions: The findings identified three core factors influencing the sustainability of rural economic development: 1. vulnerability, productivity, and economic diversity (sustainability and economic welfare); 2. employment and economic infrastructure (justice and economic welfare); and 3. access to economic and production resources (economic welfare). Final comparisons and validation between qualitative and quantitative approaches confirmed that the first factor economic vulnerability (productivity and diversity) was the most influential, with consensus from both experts and local community members.

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Objective: In the context of rural and agricultural development, designing an environmentally sustainable system with economic and social justification and a future-oriented perspective is essential. This study aims to develop integrated crop management (ICM) strategies for rice farms in Mazandaran Province.
Methods: Using theoretical foundations and analytical studies, the four SWOT components—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—were identified. The statistical population consisted of specialists and experts with academic backgrounds and practical experience in sustainable rice cultivation and agricultural extension (18 individuals), along with managers from relevant organizations such as the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Mazandaran Province (20 individuals), selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using the SWOT technique in Microsoft Excel.
Results: The internal and external evaluations reveal that the system's strengths and opportunities outweigh its weaknesses and threats. The weighted scores indicate the predominance of favorable over risky conditions. The strategic priority lies in the SO (Strength-Opportunity) or "maximum-maximum" area (approximately 36%). Following this are the WO (Weakness-Opportunity), ST (Strength-Threat), and WT (Weakness-Threat) strategies, accounting for approximately 25%, 23%, and 16% of the total strategies, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on the strategic analysis, key strategies for ICM development include enhancing farmer empowerment and participation through the FFS/IPM approach, managing production risks via insurance, establishing healthy crop production cooperatives, and implementing collective branding within the rice value chain. Emphasizing collaboration among key stakeholders is vital. The implementation of these strategies can significantly contribute to the adoption of ICM and the advancement of sustainable agricultural development.

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Objective: Ecotourism supports sustainable rural development by preserving the environment and biodiversity, creating jobs, enhancing entrepreneurship, and improving local livelihoods. This study examines how ecotourism impacts entrepreneurship indicators in rural settlements of Dalkhani District, Ramsar County.
Methods: The research is descriptive–analytical and applied, using documentary and field methods (questionnaires, interviews, observations). The statistical population comprises 3,475 households in 98 rural settlements, from which 370 were selected via Cochran’s formula using systematic random sampling. Questionnaire validity was confirmed by ecotourism and entrepreneurship experts; reliability was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.949). Data were analyzed with SPSS, Smart PLS, and GIS tools, applying Spearman correlation, one-sample t-tests, and path analysis to explore causal relationships.
Results: Among ecotourism dimensions, the economic (score = 31.53) and socio-cultural (score = 27.91) indicators had the strongest correlation (0.74). The weakest link was between physical–spatial and economic indicators (0.32). All dimensions significantly affected rural entrepreneurship, with ecotourism markedly fostering entrepreneurial activities.
Conclusion: In Dalkhani, ecotourism has created jobs, increased household income through accommodation, hospitality, agricultural product sales, and handicrafts, and moderately improved local infrastructure. However, insufficient attention to sustainability risks ecological and cultural imbalances. Future rural planning should integrate sustainability to ensure long-term benefits.
 

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Objective: The present study aims to examine the factors influencing the development of agritourism and to prioritize the counties of Mazandaran Province based on their agritourism potential.
Methods: This applied research adopts an exploratory mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative) implemented in two phases. In the first phase, to identify and extract factors affecting agritourism development, purposive sampling was used. Based on theoretical saturation, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, including university faculty members, researchers, and managers and specialists from the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran Province. Selection criteria included professional experience, research background in agritourism, and familiarity with Mazandaran’s agricultural and tourism capacities. Content analysis using open and axial coding was employed to identify the influencing factors. In the second phase, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method was used to prioritize Mazandaran counties in terms of agritourism potential.
Results: According to the results, multiple factors contribute to agritourism development, each playing a role in promoting sustainable rural development. Deep semi-structured interviews identified five major components influencing agritourism development in Mazandaran: 1. Economic and infrastructural factors, 2. Socio-cultural factors, 3. Policy and managerial factors, 4. Promotional and educational factors, 5. Environmental and natural factors.
The TOPSIS analysis revealed that among Mazandaran’s 22 counties, five—Amol, Babol, Behshahr, Tonekabon, and Sari—possess very high agritourism potential. Ten counties—including Babolsar, Juybar, Chalous, Ramsar, Fereydunkenar, Qaemshahr, Kelardasht, Mahmudabad, Nur, and Nowshahr—showed high potential. Three counties (Simorgh, Abbasabad, and Neka) were categorized as moderate, while four counties (Savadkuh, North Savadkuh, Galugah, and Miandorud) exhibited low agritourism potential. These findings underscore the need for differentiated planning based on each county’s capacities.
Conclusions: Mazandaran Province accounts for 2.3% of Iran’s cultivated land yet produces 7.8% of the country’s agricultural output—approximately three times the national average. With 218,000 hectares of rice cultivation and 1.187 million tons of paddy production (36.6% of the national area), Mazandaran holds the leading position in rice production. In citrus cultivation, the province ranks fourth in cultivated area (157,000 ha) and second in production (2,800 tons). Given this strong agricultural base, alongside substantial tourism attractions, recognizing the factors influencing agritourism development is essential for formulating effective strategies. Furthermore, prioritizing the counties based on their agritourism potential, as undertaken in this study, can provide valuable guidance for policymakers and planners.

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Objective: Rural management is a key factor in the rural development process. However, certain beliefs and attitudes held by local managers may act as significant obstacles to development. The attitudes of local managers and the identification and analysis of their mental barriers can greatly influence the course of rural development. This study aims to identify the causes of rural underdevelopment from the perspective of local managers in Khorramabad County.
Methods: This study was designed and conducted using a quantitative research method and is classified as an applied study. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey. The statistical population included all local managers of villages in Khorramabad County (N = 700). Based on the Krejcie–Morgan table, a sample size of 250 was determined. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha and content validity methods, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL.
Results: According to local managers, the most critical problems of rural management in the study area are ethnocentrism, lack of trust in interpersonal relations, and excessive dependency on the government. Results obtained from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that the majority of the model’s fit indices are statistically acceptable. Furthermore, mean comparison tests showed no significant differences in local managers’ views regarding Rogers’ peasant subculture elements based on different levels of education or age groups.
Conclusions: The results show that managers with higher education levels and younger managers share similar views on rural issues. Therefore, changing existing attitudes and beliefs is essential for achieving sustainable rural development. Some behavioral patterns of local managers align with the characteristics and theoretical framework of the peasant subculture, indicating that they may be influenced by cultural and social factors within local subcultures. These influences can affect their decision-making and approaches toward rural development.

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Objective: To investigate the consequences of the common agricultural policy of the European Union on the spatial-economic development of rural areas since 1962, with the aim of a deeper understanding of its effects on the economic, social, and spatial structure of these areas.
Methods: This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and document analysis method. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of integrated spatial development with a focus on the approach of sustainable agricultural and rural development, which seeks to balance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of rural development.
Results: Numerous reforms in the common agricultural policy have created significant changes in agricultural spatial patterns, the economic structure of villages, and population distribution. This policy has played an important role in the spatial-economic reorganization of rural areas, but challenges such as regional inequalities and rural migration still remain. On the one hand, it has helped to improve agricultural productivity, protect the environment, and strengthen infrastructure, but on the other hand, the unequal distribution of subsidies and excessive focus on production in some areas have exacerbated regional inequalities.
Conclusions: This research emphasizes the necessity of adopting an integrated and balanced approach in rural development policy-making. Challenges such as climate change and global competition have increased the need to review this policy. Greater attention to innovation, digitization of agriculture, and strengthening of local value chains is necessary to increase the economic resilience of rural areas. The Common Agricultural Policy, despite its significant achievements, needs continuous reforms to adapt to changing circumstances.
 

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Objective: The tourism industry can enhance villages' economies and contribute to national development by increasing income and creating jobs. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the geographical position and spatial interconnectedness of villages and their tourism performance.
Methods: This qualitative study examines 27 villages across Iran. Data analysis involved simulating the selected villages using CityEngine software. Maps were prepared using OpenStreetMap and georeferenced mapping. The statistical population consisted of scholarly works in Persian and English related to rural tourism and development. The sample included nine Persian and three English articles, selected through purposive sampling. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to examine frequency differences, and Somers’ d correlation test in SPSS 28 was employed to analyze the association between ordinal variables.
Results: Tourism conditions across economic, cultural, and physical dimensions were found to be unfavorable, and neglect of local issues occurred significantly more than expected. Villages with weak spatial cohesion experienced poorer tourism outcomes. Increasing spatial cohesion was associated with improvements in economic, cultural, and physical aspects of tourism. This relationship showed a strong statistical correlation.
Conclusions: The results highlight the crucial role of spatial cohesion in improving tourism conditions. Failure to consider this factor can lead to social fragmentation and social withdrawal in rural areas. Therefore, managerial planning is needed to strengthen tourism in villages with weak spatial integration. Additionally, tourism awareness efforts should target both visitors and residents; a lack of coordination between these groups can hinder tourism growth. Achieving positive economic, social, and cultural transformation in rural areas requires innovative research tailored to local conditions.
 

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Objective: This study aims to identify the prerequisites and components related to technological entrepreneurship in the rural areas of the Khaf territorial system. Given the concentration of technological development in urban areas and the deprivation of rural communities from its benefits, this research investigates strategies for promoting technological entrepreneurship as a tool for reducing migration, strengthening the local economy, and improving the quality of life in rural regions.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts active in the field of rural entrepreneurship. The data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding processes.
Results: The results revealed that the factors influencing technological entrepreneurship fall into three categories: (1) individual factors such as motivation, risk tolerance, and technological skills; (2) environmental factors, including access to digital infrastructure, governmental support, and a culture receptive to technology; and (3) structural factors such as supportive policies and inter-institutional cooperation. Major challenges identified include mono-product economies, lack of specialized training, absence of communication infrastructure, and gender inequality. Proposed strategies include identifying local capacities, developing infrastructure, targeted training, and strengthening community participation.
Conclusions: Technological entrepreneurship can contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas by generating new employment opportunities, enhancing productivity, and preserving cultural identity. Developing a coherent framework that emphasizes local conditions and coordination between governmental and private institutions is essential for the success of this approach. The findings of this study provide practical insights for rural development policymakers and planners to design and implement more effective programs based on the key identified factors.
 

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Objective: The present study aims to investigate the role of social entrepreneurship based on self-help groups in the economic empowerment of rural women in Topqareh rural district in Khodabandeh County (Zanjan province).
Methods: The present study is of an applied type, and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 645 women working in a clothing production workshop, of which 240 were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. Due to the high participation of the individuals, 271 questionnaires were completed and used as the basis for analysis. A field method based on completing a questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using one-sample t-tests, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that social entrepreneurship has a positive effect on all indicators of rural women's empowerment, and the indicators of participation in household decision-making and promotion of women's personal and social security both had the greatest impact on rural women's empowerment, with a numerical mean of (4.11). Also, the results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant difference in all research indicators at the 99% level, and the greatest changes were observed in the indicators of socio-economic self-reliance (-11.511) and social freedom and mobility (-11.508).
Conclusions: Social entrepreneurship based on rural women's self-help groups has helped improve the economic indicators of rural women's empowerment.
 

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Objective: Rural areas in many developing countries are increasingly confronted with economic, social, and environmental challenges that contribute to social exclusion, poverty, and population decline. In this context, the concept of creative settlements has emerged as an innovative approach for revitalizing rural communities and promoting sustainable development. The present study aimed to identify an appropriate model for the formation of creative rural settlements in Rashtkhwar County, located in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.
Methods: This research employed a descriptive–analytical methodology. Relevant indicators were identified through documentary studies and preliminary field investigations. Data were collected using field observation forms, expert questionnaires, and household surveys. The collected data were analyzed using Fuzzy DEMATEL and SPSS software. The findings revealed that participation was the most influential component in the formation of creative rural settlements, with a mean score of 4.05. Furthermore, 70.3% of surveyed households reported an increase in the process of creative settlement formation during the last decade, whereas 21.2% perceived a decline.
Results: The results indicate that rural participation, social cohesion, occupational diversification, local leadership capacity, and the promotion of creative ideas significantly contribute to the emergence and development of creative settlements.
Conclusions: The study concludes that the participatory model represents the most effective framework for fostering creative rural settlements in Rashtkhwar County. Strengthening participatory mechanisms can enhance other dimensions of creativity and innovation, thereby accelerating rural development and improving the resilience and sustainability of rural communities.
 

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Objective: This study aims to identify the key local drivers influencing tourism development in Ferdows County, Iran, with a future-oriented perspective toward the 1414 Horizon (2035).
Methods: The research is applied in purpose and employs a mixed-methods design. The study population consisted of tourism experts, managers, and stakeholders in Ferdows County. Using snowball sampling and the principle of theoretical saturation, 30 experts were selected for the qualitative phase. Data were collected through structured interviews and a futures studies cross-impact questionnaire. The identified drivers were analyzed using the MICMAC structural analysis model.
Results: The results revealed fifteen local drivers affecting tourism development. Among these, the most influential drivers were social security and safety in tourism destinations and attractions (+15), promotion and preservation of indigenous handicrafts (+11), development of local tourism infrastructure (+7), branding and marketing of local tourism products (+7), preservation of historical assets and cultural heritage (+5), and tourism investment and financial support (+1).
Conclusions: By adopting a futures studies approach, this research provides a comprehensive assessment of both local and extra-local factors affecting tourism development. The findings offer strategic insights for policymakers and tourism planners seeking to enhance the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of tourism in Ferdows County.
 

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Objective: As one of the principal social support institutions in Iran, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (IKRC) is mandated to facilitate the transition of poor and deprived households out of poverty through an empowerment-oriented approach. This study critically evaluates and diagnoses the effectiveness of the Committee’s empowerment initiatives targeting rural households in Hamun County, located in the Sistan region of southeastern Iran.
Methods: The study adopted a descriptive–analytical research design based on both documentary and field data. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered at two levels: beneficiary households and local experts. The statistical population consisted of household heads covered by the IKRC in rural areas of Hamun County. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 369 households was selected. Data analysis was conducted using the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) multi-criteria decision-making technique, supported by SPSS and ArcGIS software.
Results: The results indicate that among the economic indicators, self-sufficiency and employment loans demonstrated the lowest effectiveness in promoting economic empowerment. In contrast, indicators such as psychological well-being and life satisfaction achieved the highest scores within the socio-cultural dimension. Friedman test results revealed statistically significant differences among the dimensions of empowerment, with the socio-cultural dimension exhibiting the highest level of effectiveness and the economic dimension the lowest.
Conclusions: Weak monitoring mechanisms and the inefficiency of human resources in achieving program objectives were identified as the principal factors limiting the effectiveness of the Committee’s empowerment initiatives. The findings highlight the need for revising implementation policies, providing specialized staff training, and strengthening process-oriented monitoring systems to enhance the effectiveness of rural empowerment programs.
 

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Objective: Agritourism creates new forms of interaction between agricultural producers and visitors while utilizing existing rural resources. In addition to strengthening local economies, it contributes to the preservation of agricultural land against pressures arising from large-scale retail expansion and global food supply chains. Given the growing importance of this sector, the present study investigates the factors influencing agritourism development in the rural areas of the Central District of Ardabil County, Iran.
Methods: This applied research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population consisted of household heads engaged in agricultural land utilization. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 380 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach was employed to analyze the data.
Results: A total of 67 indicators were initially examined, of which seven were excluded due to insufficient factor loadings. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. The structural model confirmed significant relationships between agritourism development and its determining factors. The highest factor loadings were associated with organizing cultural and recreational festivals, improving street lighting, and promoting crop diversification and agricultural product branding. Furthermore, the highest t-value (43.961) was observed for the relationship between agritourism development and socio-cultural factors, indicating the dominant role of this dimension in fostering agritourism development.
Conclusions: The development of agritourism in the Central District of Ardabil requires effective integration of managerial, policy, and legal dimensions. Agritourism can stimulate comprehensive socio-economic and cultural development, thereby contributing to sustainable rural development. Strengthening agritourism initiatives can enhance employment opportunities, improve household incomes, reduce rural outmigration, and increase the value-added potential of agricultural products and rural handicrafts.
 

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Objective: Saffron is a drought-resistant crop that has recently been promoted as an alternative agricultural product in Javanrud County, western Iran. Given the novelty of saffron cultivation in the region, this study aimed to assess its development potential and identify appropriate strategies for its expansion.
Methods: A mixed-methods case study approach was employed. The study population consisted of saffron growers and agricultural experts in Javanrud County. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 experienced saffron farmers and 10 agricultural specialists selected through purposive sampling. SWOT analysis was applied to identify internal and external factors affecting saffron cultivation. Subsequently, the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used to prioritize development strategies.
Results: The results revealed seven major strengths, among which family-based production capacity and favorable regional conditions for saffron cultivation were the most important. Seven major weaknesses were also identified, including limited acceptance of saffron as a cropping pattern and inadequate packaging and marketing practices. Opportunities included the compatibility of saffron cultivation with the local climate and access to broader markets, while major threats involved market limitations and insufficient provision of inputs and equipment by agricultural support institutions. Overall, the aggressive (SO) strategy was identified as the most suitable development strategy.
Conclusions: The findings provide practical guidance for agricultural policymakers and extension organizations in Kermanshah Province and Javanrud County to formulate effective strategies for promoting sustainable saffron cultivation.

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Objective: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with significant potential to enhance rural development through improving productivity, decision-making processes, and access to information. This study aimed to investigate the role of AI in empowering rural communities, considering the mediating effect of managerial support in the rural areas of Natanz County, Iran.
Methods: The research adopted an applied, descriptive-survey design. The statistical population consisted of all rural residents of Natanz County, from which 371 respondents were selected using Cochran’s sampling formula. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire comprising three dimensions: artificial intelligence (5 items), rural empowerment (19 items), and managerial support (6 items). The validity of the instrument was confirmed through face, content, and construct validity, while reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.86). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS software.
Results: The findings revealed that AI had a significant positive effect on rural empowerment (β = 0.636, T = 12.002) and managerial support (β = 0.392, T = 3.875). Furthermore, managerial support significantly influenced rural empowerment (β = 0.332, T = 5.533). Sobel test results confirmed the mediating role of managerial support in the relationship between AI and rural empowerment (T = 7.678). The results indicate that AI can substantially contribute to rural empowerment by enhancing agricultural productivity, improving access to education and healthcare services, facilitating market connectivity, and supporting informed decision-making. Effective managerial support and appropriate infrastructure are essential for maximizing the developmental benefits of AI in rural communities.
Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of integrating AI technologies into rural development strategies to foster sustainable socio-economic transformation and reduce rural–urban disparities.
 

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Objective: Farming of native poultry at the village level will provide entrepreneurship and employment for rural women, provide needed protein, improve rural income and sustainable rural development. Despite the benefits of native poultry, the acceptance of this rural activity has not received much attention. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting of native poultry farming among villagers in Mazandaran province can provide grounds for improving the villagers' willingness to carry out this native activity.
Methods: The present study is quantitative and descriptive-survey. The statistical population is the total number of native poultry farmers in Mazandaran province, 64725 people. Multi-stage sampling method was used to select the sample. 382 native poultry farmers were randomly selected as samples. The required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by asking experts and the reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results: Personal-professional factors and social-environmental factors explain 73% of the changes in perceived usefulness and 36% of the changes in perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explain a total of 74% of the changes in behavioral intention, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention explain about 64% of the changes in native poultry farming behavior.
Conclusions: The main essence of the proposed model is behavioral intention over behavior, but perceived behavioral control is also an important variable that, along with behavioral intention, affects native poultry farming even more intensely. Increasing the risk-taking power of producers, improving the knowledge and skills of producers, raising public awareness for the consumption of native poultry, expanding the cooperative of native poultry producers, and providing low-interest and targeted bank loans are among the suggestions for the development of native poultry farming in Mazandaran province.
 

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The aim of the current research is to identify spatial processes affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship in order to identify existing and emerging theoretical perspectives. The research method in the current study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of methodology, it is a combination of systematic review and qualitative content analysis. The statistical population of the research is articles extracted from magazines related to the field of rural entrepreneurship and geography in valid databases. The research population is 113 articles over a period of 22 years from 2000-2023. In the next step, irrelevant articles were removed by screening and finally, 38 Latin scientific articles were analyzed as the research community from the total of studies. For analysis, open, axial and selective coding was used in the software environment (Atlas Ti). Also, the opinions of 5 experts have been used for validation. The research findings included 212 primary codes that were conceptualized in 26 categories and four dimensions and one component (social-spatial). Examining the time distribution of the articles showed that the first articles were published in 2007 and remained stagnant until 2014, and after that, there was an increasing trend until now. Such thematic distribution of articles have been published in social, spatial and economic fields, respectively. The research results showed that rural entrepreneurship is strongly influenced by spatial factors. These studies have been affected by the conceptual evolution of space literature and at the same time as the conceptual evolution of this discourse, its proposed components have also changed and changed from a traditional perspective to a socio-spatial concept. Therefore, space acts as a platform for social interactions and plays an important role in the formation of social and spatial networks that affect the development of rural entrepreneurship