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Fateh Habibi,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Tourism has become a crucial component of economic and manufacturing activities in both developed and developing countries. Tourist attractions, alongside other elements, serve as the foundation of the tourism industry and create the necessary conditions to attract visitors. Many developed countries have shown that focusing on tourism is crucial for national advancement and should be a top priority. Currently, there is fierce competition among countries to draw in tourists. Tourism is a dynamic industry with distinct characteristics, and it now contributes significantly to the economic and manufacturing sectors of both developed and developing nations. Iran's government has also emphasized tourism development in recent years, implementing various methods and approaches to promote social and economic growth in different regions. Tourism has experienced significant growth over the past 20 years, becoming one of the largest and most rapidly expanding industries worldwide. It has now become a primary economic sector in many countries, generating foreign exchange earnings on a large scale. By 2020, the number of international tourists globally is projected to rise to 1.6 billion, with tourism receipts expected to reach $200 billion. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) predicts that the travel and tourism industry will remain one of the largest in the world. In 2015, the industry contributed 9.8% to the global GDP and provided 279 million jobs. By 2025, it is expected to increase to 10.5% of the global GDP and create 356 million jobs.
Methodology
The development of Multi-Attribute Decision Procedures, including fuzzy models and multi-criteria fuzzy methods, has led to a significant breakthrough in sustainability analysis. One method that has gained considerable attention in this field is the TOPSIS technique, which stands for "Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution." TOPSIS is a method that identifies solutions from a finite set of alternatives using multiple criteria. This study aims to evaluate and prioritize cities in Kurdistan Province using the TOPSIS model. The objective of the study determines the research methodology and involves collecting descriptive data and conducting correlation analysis. The statistical population for this research comprises the residents of the villages under investigation.
Discussion and conclusion
Tourism can potentially increase foreign exchange earnings and generate employment, making it a crucial industry for the balanced and sustainable development of Kurdistan province. The sector can create the necessary conditions to attract more visitors by focusing on tourist attractions and other key elements. Many strategies to achieve this goal involve the development of rural and urban areas. Given the high unemployment rate and the need for foreign investment, prioritizing tourism can have significant benefits for the region. The objective of this study was to use the TOPSIS model to assess and rank cities in Kurdistan province based on tourism development indicators. This will facilitate effective and suitable planning. The findings from the one-sample t-test indicate that tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the host community. The economic impact is most prominently seen in terms of income and employment. Additionally, the positive perception of the local populace towards tourism is considered a key social and cultural benefit.
On the other hand, reduction of participation in rural development, loss of rural customs, culture, and local values, and inappropriate modeling of tourists are negative effects of tourism. The results showed that tourism has had adverse environmental effects by destroying the natural landscape of the village, irregular construction, and changing agricultural land use. Also, the ranking results show that the villages of Selin, Palangan, and Zhivar are ranked first to third, respectively. The villages of Balbar, Negel, Dolab, Salvatabad, Darahfi, Maghsah, Najne, Surin, Noura, and Ghomchaghi are ranked fourth to thirteenth, respectively. The sensitivity analysis results showed that Palangan, Celine, and Salavat Abad villages were ranked first to third in different conditions. According to the results, public sector investment in infrastructures, especially roads, and private sector investment is recommended in higher-ranked villages in eco-tourism, handicrafts, and related industries.
Tourism has become a crucial component of economic and manufacturing activities in both developed and developing countries. Tourist attractions, alongside other elements, serve as the foundation of the tourism industry and create the necessary conditions to attract visitors. Many developed countries have shown that focusing on tourism is crucial for national advancement and should be a top priority. Currently, there is fierce competition among countries to draw in tourists. Tourism is a dynamic industry with distinct characteristics, and it now contributes significantly to the economic and manufacturing sectors of both developed and developing nations. Iran's government has also emphasized tourism development in recent years, implementing various methods and approaches to promote social and economic growth in different regions. Tourism has experienced significant growth over the past 20 years, becoming one of the largest and most rapidly expanding industries worldwide. It has now become a primary economic sector in many countries, generating foreign exchange earnings on a large scale. By 2020, the number of international tourists globally is projected to rise to 1.6 billion, with tourism receipts expected to reach $200 billion. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) predicts that the travel and tourism industry will remain one of the largest in the world. In 2015, the industry contributed 9.8% to the global GDP and provided 279 million jobs. By 2025, it is expected to increase to 10.5% of the global GDP and create 356 million jobs.
Methodology
The development of Multi-Attribute Decision Procedures, including fuzzy models and multi-criteria fuzzy methods, has led to a significant breakthrough in sustainability analysis. One method that has gained considerable attention in this field is the TOPSIS technique, which stands for "Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution." TOPSIS is a method that identifies solutions from a finite set of alternatives using multiple criteria. This study aims to evaluate and prioritize cities in Kurdistan Province using the TOPSIS model. The objective of the study determines the research methodology and involves collecting descriptive data and conducting correlation analysis. The statistical population for this research comprises the residents of the villages under investigation.
Discussion and conclusion
Tourism can potentially increase foreign exchange earnings and generate employment, making it a crucial industry for the balanced and sustainable development of Kurdistan province. The sector can create the necessary conditions to attract more visitors by focusing on tourist attractions and other key elements. Many strategies to achieve this goal involve the development of rural and urban areas. Given the high unemployment rate and the need for foreign investment, prioritizing tourism can have significant benefits for the region. The objective of this study was to use the TOPSIS model to assess and rank cities in Kurdistan province based on tourism development indicators. This will facilitate effective and suitable planning. The findings from the one-sample t-test indicate that tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the host community. The economic impact is most prominently seen in terms of income and employment. Additionally, the positive perception of the local populace towards tourism is considered a key social and cultural benefit.
On the other hand, reduction of participation in rural development, loss of rural customs, culture, and local values, and inappropriate modeling of tourists are negative effects of tourism. The results showed that tourism has had adverse environmental effects by destroying the natural landscape of the village, irregular construction, and changing agricultural land use. Also, the ranking results show that the villages of Selin, Palangan, and Zhivar are ranked first to third, respectively. The villages of Balbar, Negel, Dolab, Salvatabad, Darahfi, Maghsah, Najne, Surin, Noura, and Ghomchaghi are ranked fourth to thirteenth, respectively. The sensitivity analysis results showed that Palangan, Celine, and Salavat Abad villages were ranked first to third in different conditions. According to the results, public sector investment in infrastructures, especially roads, and private sector investment is recommended in higher-ranked villages in eco-tourism, handicrafts, and related industries.
Mojgan Ghalami Cheragh Tapeh, Alireza Darban Astaneh, Mohammad Amin Khorasani,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Rural tourism is a sustainable form of rural development that utilizes the resources available in rural areas. However, due to geographical isolation and lack of benefits, these areas often have untapped potential. This lack of development prevents strengthening of social and economic foundations within local communities. Regarding tourism planning in certain areas, previous research has focused on identifying important factors and drivers. However, there is a lack of certainty surrounding regional development in the planning process. To address this, planners and scenario writers can use these factors as a control mechanism to map and manage the desired future.
Methodology
The purpose of this research is to create scenarios that will help determine the factors that impact the growth of rural tourism in Urmia County. The study will use the Wizard scenario to identify key variables that contribute to sustainable tourism in the villages within the county. Ultimately, the goal is to develop scenarios that will enhance the feasibility of sustainable rural tourism development. The purpose, application, and type of research method used in this study are descriptive-analytical. The nature of the data collected is qualitative, and the method of data collection is through field research. The questionnaire tool was implemented in two stages, and data analysis was conducted using future research techniques and the Mick Mac software, along with interaction analysis. In general, the working method has been done in two main stages in this research. Twenty professionals with expertise in the subject were selected for a statistical sample. They were provided with a questionnaire to complete. After careful consideration of the experts' opinions and research, it was determined that there are 36 significant indicators in 5 different components: economic (9 indicators), socio-cultural (8 indicators), managerial (7 indicators), natural (8 indicators), and infrastructure (4 indicators). During this study, it was found that out of the 36 indicators examined, several key factors drive tourism development in the rural regions of Urmia County.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, we created scenarios by considering critical uncertainties, predetermined drivers, and the impact of key obstacles. The result of this process was three scenarios. One scenario depicts a promising and favorable situation, another is static and intermediate, and the third portrays a critical and undesirable situation. Out of the three scenarios, scenario number two has the most favorable conditions for tourism in the villages of Urmia County. This scenario is considered the best because all possible situations are desirable. Out of the 36 possible situations, 16.6% are critical, 11.11% are relatively critical or on the brink of a crisis, 13.88% are relatively favorable, and 58.33% are very good. 27.77% faced unfavorable circumstances, while 72.23% had favorable ones. The second scenario is the most optimal, as all the crucial factors are at their best. This scenario comprises seven highly desirable situations, two moderately desirable ones, one on the brink of crisis, and two critical situations. In Scenario No. 1, there are several possible states. Seven of these states are ideal, one is good, one is risky, and two are critical. The factors in this scenario are stable. Five situations are entirely positive, three that are somewhat positive, one that is risky, and three that are critical. In these critical situations, the key factors are likely unfavorable compared to their desired state.
After analyzing the potential outcomes in three categories - favorable, static, and undesirable -, it is clear that the strong research scenarios lead to more favorable conditions than any other category. These scenarios provide a promising future for tourism in the villages of Urmia. By acknowledging the strengths and limitations present, better planning for rural tourism in Urmia can be achieved. Improving this trend will have a direct and indirect positive impact on the future development of tourism in the region
Rural tourism is a sustainable form of rural development that utilizes the resources available in rural areas. However, due to geographical isolation and lack of benefits, these areas often have untapped potential. This lack of development prevents strengthening of social and economic foundations within local communities. Regarding tourism planning in certain areas, previous research has focused on identifying important factors and drivers. However, there is a lack of certainty surrounding regional development in the planning process. To address this, planners and scenario writers can use these factors as a control mechanism to map and manage the desired future.
Methodology
The purpose of this research is to create scenarios that will help determine the factors that impact the growth of rural tourism in Urmia County. The study will use the Wizard scenario to identify key variables that contribute to sustainable tourism in the villages within the county. Ultimately, the goal is to develop scenarios that will enhance the feasibility of sustainable rural tourism development. The purpose, application, and type of research method used in this study are descriptive-analytical. The nature of the data collected is qualitative, and the method of data collection is through field research. The questionnaire tool was implemented in two stages, and data analysis was conducted using future research techniques and the Mick Mac software, along with interaction analysis. In general, the working method has been done in two main stages in this research. Twenty professionals with expertise in the subject were selected for a statistical sample. They were provided with a questionnaire to complete. After careful consideration of the experts' opinions and research, it was determined that there are 36 significant indicators in 5 different components: economic (9 indicators), socio-cultural (8 indicators), managerial (7 indicators), natural (8 indicators), and infrastructure (4 indicators). During this study, it was found that out of the 36 indicators examined, several key factors drive tourism development in the rural regions of Urmia County.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, we created scenarios by considering critical uncertainties, predetermined drivers, and the impact of key obstacles. The result of this process was three scenarios. One scenario depicts a promising and favorable situation, another is static and intermediate, and the third portrays a critical and undesirable situation. Out of the three scenarios, scenario number two has the most favorable conditions for tourism in the villages of Urmia County. This scenario is considered the best because all possible situations are desirable. Out of the 36 possible situations, 16.6% are critical, 11.11% are relatively critical or on the brink of a crisis, 13.88% are relatively favorable, and 58.33% are very good. 27.77% faced unfavorable circumstances, while 72.23% had favorable ones. The second scenario is the most optimal, as all the crucial factors are at their best. This scenario comprises seven highly desirable situations, two moderately desirable ones, one on the brink of crisis, and two critical situations. In Scenario No. 1, there are several possible states. Seven of these states are ideal, one is good, one is risky, and two are critical. The factors in this scenario are stable. Five situations are entirely positive, three that are somewhat positive, one that is risky, and three that are critical. In these critical situations, the key factors are likely unfavorable compared to their desired state.
After analyzing the potential outcomes in three categories - favorable, static, and undesirable -, it is clear that the strong research scenarios lead to more favorable conditions than any other category. These scenarios provide a promising future for tourism in the villages of Urmia. By acknowledging the strengths and limitations present, better planning for rural tourism in Urmia can be achieved. Improving this trend will have a direct and indirect positive impact on the future development of tourism in the region
Morteza Khazaipol, Banafshe Farahani, Masoume Izadinia,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
According to the World Tourism Organization, all activities a person does while traveling and in a place outside his product environment, provided that his trip does not last more than one year and its purpose is recreation, business, or other activities, are considered tourism. The third generation of tourism, creative tourism, emerged after the first two stages of coastal and historical-cultural tourism. Creative tourism offers a more sustainable option that allows tourists to discover their potential by taking part in courses and experiences unique to the region they visit.
For a more immersive experience in rural tourism, it is recommended that tourists stay in local rural houses rather than hotels. This allows them to become fully immersed in the area's culture and way of life and to interact with the people who have built it over time. By doing so, they can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the values and traditions that make this place unique. This study investigates how creative tourism can boost tourism and development in an overlooked region. Despite having many attractions, this area has not been thoroughly explored. This research aims to promote this unexplored region as a desirable tourist spot for both domestic and foreign visitors. It emphasizes the need to implement creative tourism initiatives to highlight the potential of this region.
Methodology
In terms of the purpose of this research, it is practical. In terms of data collection, this research is descriptive-survey type. The theoretical basis of the research was collected from books, dissertations, publications, and academic articles in Persian and English. For this study, the target group is people over 20 years old and living in the researched area. The study was conducted during the summer of 2021 and only included those who lived in the village. A questionnaire was completed by individuals over 20 years old and present in the community during the data collection period. The sampling method used was the available method. In this way, in the morning and afternoon of non-holiday days, during three consecutive weeks of July 2021, by visiting homes and explaining the research, questionnaires were presented to people over 20 years old and collected after filling. Two hundred and five questionnaires were distributed and collected. In compiling the questionnaire, we tried to include all the variables needed for the research. The number of inquiries was kept to a minimum, and the responses were uncomplicated to ensure that the villagers could provide prompt answers.
Results and conclusion
In order to conclude from the topics investigated in this research, what can be mentioned in this part is the impact and importance of creative tourism on the development and attraction of tourists in rural areas. The residents accepted all five components of creative tourism with an impact percentage of over 90%, which indicates the significant influence of creative tourism on the development and attraction of tourists. All the respondents agreed with the category of creative tourism in the village and considered the historical, cultural, and artistic background as the reasons for this agreement. They are interested in the development of tourism in this sector and stated that the framework of tourism in this sector is fundamental and insignificant. Expanding tourism and attracting more visitors can benefit the locals and help promote their culture. However, to support the growth of tourism, it is important to have the necessary infrastructure, such as communication networks, water, and electricity. Planning for tourism has facilitated the development of rural settlements, providing access to these essential amenities. This has also led to part-time and seasonal employment opportunities for the villagers, which can lead to a boom in production and economic activities in the village and, ultimately, the development of tourism in the village. Essentially, this approach can promote rural communities' financial and population consistency through thoughtful planning that considers local conditions. It is recommended that government officials prioritize this industry by establishing the appropriate infrastructure to encourage investment and appointing skilled and effective leaders who can foster creativity and attract tourism development. In rural areas, people strongly emphasize balancing work and family commitments. We can support both cultural and economic prosperity by promoting family and group businesses and encouraging entrepreneurship among women. This can also attract more tourists to the village. It is also possible to provide a suitable platform to attract tourists by holding cultural and artistic exhibitions in the village, taking care of the appearance and landscape, advertising, and creating local markets to offer products and handicrafts.
According to the World Tourism Organization, all activities a person does while traveling and in a place outside his product environment, provided that his trip does not last more than one year and its purpose is recreation, business, or other activities, are considered tourism. The third generation of tourism, creative tourism, emerged after the first two stages of coastal and historical-cultural tourism. Creative tourism offers a more sustainable option that allows tourists to discover their potential by taking part in courses and experiences unique to the region they visit.
For a more immersive experience in rural tourism, it is recommended that tourists stay in local rural houses rather than hotels. This allows them to become fully immersed in the area's culture and way of life and to interact with the people who have built it over time. By doing so, they can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the values and traditions that make this place unique. This study investigates how creative tourism can boost tourism and development in an overlooked region. Despite having many attractions, this area has not been thoroughly explored. This research aims to promote this unexplored region as a desirable tourist spot for both domestic and foreign visitors. It emphasizes the need to implement creative tourism initiatives to highlight the potential of this region.
Methodology
In terms of the purpose of this research, it is practical. In terms of data collection, this research is descriptive-survey type. The theoretical basis of the research was collected from books, dissertations, publications, and academic articles in Persian and English. For this study, the target group is people over 20 years old and living in the researched area. The study was conducted during the summer of 2021 and only included those who lived in the village. A questionnaire was completed by individuals over 20 years old and present in the community during the data collection period. The sampling method used was the available method. In this way, in the morning and afternoon of non-holiday days, during three consecutive weeks of July 2021, by visiting homes and explaining the research, questionnaires were presented to people over 20 years old and collected after filling. Two hundred and five questionnaires were distributed and collected. In compiling the questionnaire, we tried to include all the variables needed for the research. The number of inquiries was kept to a minimum, and the responses were uncomplicated to ensure that the villagers could provide prompt answers.
Results and conclusion
In order to conclude from the topics investigated in this research, what can be mentioned in this part is the impact and importance of creative tourism on the development and attraction of tourists in rural areas. The residents accepted all five components of creative tourism with an impact percentage of over 90%, which indicates the significant influence of creative tourism on the development and attraction of tourists. All the respondents agreed with the category of creative tourism in the village and considered the historical, cultural, and artistic background as the reasons for this agreement. They are interested in the development of tourism in this sector and stated that the framework of tourism in this sector is fundamental and insignificant. Expanding tourism and attracting more visitors can benefit the locals and help promote their culture. However, to support the growth of tourism, it is important to have the necessary infrastructure, such as communication networks, water, and electricity. Planning for tourism has facilitated the development of rural settlements, providing access to these essential amenities. This has also led to part-time and seasonal employment opportunities for the villagers, which can lead to a boom in production and economic activities in the village and, ultimately, the development of tourism in the village. Essentially, this approach can promote rural communities' financial and population consistency through thoughtful planning that considers local conditions. It is recommended that government officials prioritize this industry by establishing the appropriate infrastructure to encourage investment and appointing skilled and effective leaders who can foster creativity and attract tourism development. In rural areas, people strongly emphasize balancing work and family commitments. We can support both cultural and economic prosperity by promoting family and group businesses and encouraging entrepreneurship among women. This can also attract more tourists to the village. It is also possible to provide a suitable platform to attract tourists by holding cultural and artistic exhibitions in the village, taking care of the appearance and landscape, advertising, and creating local markets to offer products and handicrafts.
Nahid Isa Nejad, Ali Akbar Najafi Kani , Alireza Khajeh Shakooei,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Today, one of the country's tourism patterns is second homes tourism, often common in mountainous regions with mild regions. The second homes are primarily located in spectacular areas, recreational places, and on the outskirts of large and medium-sized cities. Rural tourism is a reliable source of income in many countries and has an increasing impact on improving rural households' economic and physical situation. The current study investigates the consequences of second homes tourism in mountainous villages near the metropolis of Tehran.
Researchers believe that households living elsewhere buy or rent second homes. Such homes are usually located in rural areas and are used for recreational purposes and are also called weekend homes and holiday homes.
Second homes usually have four characteristics:
- A private home that family and guests often use on weekends and holidays.
-A private home that is alternately used as a holiday home.
- It is often purchased for retirement periods but is also used as a commercial property.
- Used as holiday homes, commercially as an investment, and usually by an agency.
Methodology
This study is applied with a descriptive and field descriptive method. According to the 1395 census, the statistical population of the current study is rural households living in 9 villages, totaling 5554 persons. 310 villages were chosen as the sample community using the Cochran algorithm, and data were analyzed using correlation analysis, Friedman, Kruskalvalis, and Linear regression in SPSS software.
Shemiranat is one of the counties of Tehran Province, considered an excellent tourism region of Iran, and consists of two districts: Lavasanat and Rudbar-e Qasran. According to the census of 2016, Rudbar-e Qasran District has a population of 17419. The Qasran Bastani region includes Oushan, Fasham, Darbandsar, Gajereh, and the villages at the foothill of Tochal to the western areas of the Jajrud River. Contrary to many peoples’ beliefs, the language of the people of Rudbar-e Qasran District in most neighborhoods, especially Meygun, Shahrestanak, Lalan, Zayegan, Ruteh, Garmabdar, Shemshak, and Darbandsar, is Mazandarani.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of Chi-square, Spearman, and Kendall correlation analysis demonstrate that the construction of second homes has a substantial association with a 99 percent confidence level with physical changes in villages and improved economic indicators. Friedman's findings also rank the most effective elements in recruiting tourists and increasing second houses. Kruskal-Wallis's findings reveal that second-home tourism affects all communities analyzed in terms of physical and economic characteristics and that they are all similar. The results of the linear regression test reveal that, depending on the variables evaluated, the investigated components are acceptable and significant. The coefficient of determination indicates that around 95% of the development is determined by the variables analyzed, with only about 5% depending on variables not discovered in this study.
The second homes are part of the tourism industry, which aims to use and introduce natural, cultural, historical, and other resources in the region to tourists to create opportunities for tourism development, which creates business in rural areas. Second homes can also be considered a potential product that elevates the level of society and puts the country in the tourism industry.
In this regard, sustainable tourism emerged as the only solution to save nature and human beings. From this perspective, the paradigm of sustainable tourism examines tourism across borders. The tourism industry creates a triangular relationship between the host community, their territory, and the guest community (tourists). The goal is to alleviate any pressure or crises that may arise and achieve a long-term balance between all three parties.
Zahra Soltani, Majid Goodarzi, Mohammad Rauf Fayazi,
Volume 13, Issue 48 (9-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 48 (9-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The Development of Creative Tourism in Rural Areas as one of the fundamental factors in sustainable development and economic growth of rural regions has gained considerable attention. This research investigates and analyzes the influential factors on the development of creative tourism in the rural district of Meyan Ab in the southern part of Shushtar County.
Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature and method.To this end, a questionnaire with various dimensions (infrastructure, education, local participation, innovation and initiative, information and communication technology, and culture and indigenous identity) was designed based on theoretical foundations. Subsequently, it was distributed among the residents of the rural district using stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistical methods in SPSS and EXCEL software were then employed to analyze the data. Furthermore, through one-sample t-test in SPSS and confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software, the status of creative tourism development indicators in Meyan Ab was evaluated.
Results: According to the results obtained, the rural district of Meyan Ab, in terms of creative rural tourism development indicators, has an average score of 2.88, indicating a low level of development. Confirmatory factor analysis results demonstrated that in the infrastructure section, the presence of recreational facilities and hospitality facilities with a factor loading of 0.88 had the highest correlation and influence, indicating an 88% correlation. In the next level, in the local participation section, the level of cooperation and participation of rural people in environmental issues, with a factor loading of 0.87, was found. Finally, the existence of opportunities and continuous educational programs for the local community, with a factor loading of 0.86, ranked third in terms of impact.
Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that focusing on and developing these three aspects are the top priorities for improving and developing creative rural tourism in the rural district of Meyan Ab in the southern part of Shushtar County. This can assist managers and planners in making decisions regarding the development of creative rural tourism in Meyan Ab.
Mitra Mohamadi, Fateh Habibi, Saman Ghaderi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The experience of many developed countries highlights that tourism development is a fundamental driver of national growth and should be prioritized accordingly. This research aims to investigate the impact of tourism on sustainable rural livelihoods in Kurdistan Province by comparing two groups: tourism-oriented villages and non-tourism villages.
Method: This study adopts a quasi-experimental design, comparing data from tourism and non-tourism villages. A questionnaire was employed to gather the necessary information. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 350 households, consisting of 203 heads of households from tourism villages and 147 heads of households from non-tourism villages. Participants were selected randomly. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software, with the reliability of the questionnaire confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.82.
Results:
1. Livelihood Conditions: The one-sample t-test revealed that the five livelihood capitals (human, social, physical, natural, and financial) in both groups of villages were below average and in poor condition.
2. Comparison of Capitals: An independent t-test showed that the average human and social capital and total investment were significantly higher in tourism villages compared to non-tourism villages.
3. Livelihood Strategies: A Friedman test identified the key livelihood activities in each group:
- Tourism Villages: Gardening. Agriculture, Local food sales, Handicraft sales, Home rentals, Sales of local dairy products, and Sales of local clothing.
- Non-Tourism Villages: Gardening, Agriculture, Local dairy product sales, Animal husbandry, and Labor.
Amin Faal Jalali, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 49 (11-2024)
Abstract
Purpose
This research aims to investigate the impact of utilizing smart capabilities on improving rural tourism and addressing rural challenges in the target villages of Khorasan Razavi Province.
Method
The study’s statistical population comprised 261 tourists who either traveled to the villages or used virtual platforms to plan their visits. Due to the dispersed nature of the statistical population, a snowball sampling method was employed to select the sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software, applying statistical tests. Additionally, to examine the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the development of smart tourism in the studied villages, the PLS (Partial Least Squares) model was utilized.
Results
The findings indicate that existing tourism capacities have a direct and significant impact on the development of smart tourism. Among the evaluated components, smart transportation emerged as the most influential. Key aspects of smart transportation include online and offline routing, route traffic information, interstate services, and other related benefits. Following smart transportation, communication tools were identified as the second most effective component in fostering smart tourism. These tools include email, telephone, internet sites, and participation in messaging platforms or channels.
Additionally, the smart environment was found to play a significant role in the development of smart tourism. Features of the smart environment include the availability of robust antenna networks, internet connectivity at the village level, electronic banking services, and similar infrastructural advancements.
Conclusion
The results demonstrate that the average indicators related to virtual facilities in the studied villages exceed normal values. This indicates that the villages possess the necessary infrastructural and human resources to support the development of smart tourism. Furthermore, the analysis confirms that rural smart capabilities have a measurable impact on the advancement of smart tourism in the region.
Alireza Darbanastaneh, Phd Ebrahim Fathinia, Jahangir Yadallahi Farsi, Seyed Hosein Shahed,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify tourism patterns in the development of rural businesses in Hamadan County and propose an optimal model for the role of tourism in fostering rural economic activities.
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
Methods: This research is applied in nature and follows a field-based, survey-oriented, and descriptive approach. Data were collected using both field studies and library research methods. The study examines 40 tourism experts across 40 villages, 440 rural households, categorized into three groups: experts, local residents, and business owners.
Findings: Tourism-related businesses in the study area lack balanced geographical distribution, though some business indicators have improved over time. Factor analysis identified five key factors influencing rural business development:
- Social Factors (26.77% variance explained)
- Tourism Factors (17.95%)
- Managerial-Communication Factors (16.73%)
- Economic Factors (16.16%)
- Physical-Environmental Factors (7.21%)
Regression analysis showed that the model explains 92% of the variation, with 14 significant indicators. The most influential factors based on Beta coefficients were physical infrastructure, economic investment, and capital investment.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Conclusions: The results showed that the components of economic participation, investment, and physical activity are the best components and variables for predicting the dependent variable. Another result of the research indicated that the sales situation is in an unfavorable state and tourism businesses in general do not have a proper geographical distribution and are mainly located in the southwestern part of the region.
Maedeh Hajipou, Mehdi Hesam, Habib Mahmoodi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: Economic challenges and employment issues in rural areas have led to increased attention toward innovative forms of tourism, such as agricultural tourism. In recent years, agriculture in many regions of the country has faced difficulties, but leveraging existing agricultural capacities can facilitate the development of agricultural tourism activities and attract tourists as a complementary sector to agriculture. A crucial factor in this regard is the willingness of the local community to participate in the development of this type of tourism. Therefore, the present study investigates the extent of local community willingness to engage in the development of agricultural tourism in the Siyahkalrud Rural District of Rudsar County.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose, employs both documentary and field methods for data collection with a quantitative approach, and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consists of residents of rural settlements in the Siyahkalrud Rural District, comprising 1,942 households. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 385 households was selected. To analyze the data, various statistical tests were employed, including binomial tests, Friedman ranking tests, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: The findings indicate that in all assessed indicators—including economic, social, infrastructure services and facilities, and agricultural tourism activities—the majority of respondents demonstrated a willingness above the average threshold (3). The results of the Friedman ranking test reveal that the highest-ranked indicator is agricultural tourism activities (3.21), followed by economic (3.19), social (1.85), and infrastructure services and facilities (1.75). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed among all indicators. The Mann-Whitney U test results show that women exhibited a higher willingness than men, single individuals were more willing than married individuals, and those with access to agricultural spaces were more inclined to participate compared to those without such spaces.
Conclusion: The study concludes that rural residents are primarily motivated by economic factors in their interest in developing agricultural tourism. However, social factors such as maintaining personal privacy and a lack of familiarity with agricultural tourism concepts have somewhat influenced their willingness. Nevertheless, with comprehensive planning, investment in infrastructure, community education, and the promotion of responsible tourism, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural tourism development in the region, ultimately contributing to the economic and social improvement of local residents.
Farhad Javan, Mostafa Mohammadi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Volume 13, Issue 50 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objective: The most important objective of this research analyses the paradigmatic structure of the emerging tourism enterprises in small areas of Gilan in rural settings.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Methods: The present study, in terms of its objective, is applied, with an interpretive and analytical nature, and in terms of its methodology, it falls into the category of qualitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory and the FBWM (Fuzzy Best-Worst Method) model were employed. Data collection was carried out through both documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population includes experts and elites in the field of tourism studies and rural tourism entrepreneurs in the targeted villages. A purposive sampling method (until saturation of results) was used, resulting in a final sample size of 35 participants.
Results: Categories causing rural residents' awareness of tourism jobs, banking credits, and rural interaction networks were found. Categories included informing rural residents, corruption and discrimination mitigation, integrated management, and efficient planning, which were found to be intervening structures. Providing infrastructure in villages, human capital development, reducing bureaucracy, and having flexible regulations were identified as contextual structures. Among the causal structures, the awareness hindering tourism jobs to rural residents had the highest weight (0.321) followed by the integrated management among the intervening structures, also received the highest weight (0.314). Among context structures, providing infrastructure on villages served the highest weight (0.320). In addition, four strategies were developed: meetings among the specialists, experts, and managers from organizations relating tourism with mobilization of small business in villages; an educational workshop held for rural residents to improve businesses and interaction with tourists; studies to research needs and infrastructures of tourism services in Gilan villages with a systematic approach; and support for active tourism businesses. As an outcome of this, three were identified: sustainable tourism in their economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions in villages; change the direction of rural residents towards rural employment with a focus on tourism; and building a business model of tourism based on lived experiences of rural residents in Gilan.
Conclusions: It is evident that tourism businesses in rural areas have become a global phenomenon entailing multiple factors for responding their very needs to the tourists. Therefore, now it is necessary to understand the way small tourism businesses are being developed, for it deals with resolving such issues as increasing disparity, population explosion, and burgeoning unemployment in the rural setting of Gilan.
Abootaleb Ghasemi Vasmejani , Hasan Afrakhte, Farhad Azizpour,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify the factors and components influencing the transformation of livelihood assets in tourism-oriented villages, which are shaped and altered through tourism development. The intensity, trajectory, and scope of such changes -and their effects on rural residents- depend heavily on the specific socio-economic and ecological contexts in which tourism evolves. The central concern in this process is the principle of sustainability and the improvement of the quality of life for all residents affected by tourism growth.
Methods: The research was conducted in tourism-oriented villages of Rudsar County, located in eastern Gilan Province. Employing a mixed-methods design with a deductive-inductive comparative approach, data collection included literature review, field surveys, and semi-structured interviews with local experts, officials, and practitioners. The data were analyzed using the Q methodology. Snowball sampling was employed to select participants.
Results: The results indicate that the most influential factors driving transformations in livelihood assets, ranked by significance, include: constructive interactions among key stakeholders in tourism development; tourism’s competitive advantages; government support and facilitation; cultural orientation and the development of tourism value chains; and, finally, spatial proximity and the availability of ecological–natural capacities.
Conclusions: Tourism-related drivers of livelihood asset transformation can be categorized into internal and external factors, both of which reshape the form and function of rural settlements. The more these factors contribute to enhancing public services and fostering sustainable tourism activities, the more likely they are to generate positive impacts on rural livelihoods.
Firooz Nazeri, Seyed Ramin Ghafari, Amir Gandomkar, Hamid Saberi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Ecotourism supports sustainable rural development by preserving the environment and biodiversity, creating jobs, enhancing entrepreneurship, and improving local livelihoods. This study examines how ecotourism impacts entrepreneurship indicators in rural settlements of Dalkhani District, Ramsar County.
Methods: The research is descriptive–analytical and applied, using documentary and field methods (questionnaires, interviews, observations). The statistical population comprises 3,475 households in 98 rural settlements, from which 370 were selected via Cochran’s formula using systematic random sampling. Questionnaire validity was confirmed by ecotourism and entrepreneurship experts; reliability was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.949). Data were analyzed with SPSS, Smart PLS, and GIS tools, applying Spearman correlation, one-sample t-tests, and path analysis to explore causal relationships.
Results: Among ecotourism dimensions, the economic (score = 31.53) and socio-cultural (score = 27.91) indicators had the strongest correlation (0.74). The weakest link was between physical–spatial and economic indicators (0.32). All dimensions significantly affected rural entrepreneurship, with ecotourism markedly fostering entrepreneurial activities.
Conclusion: In Dalkhani, ecotourism has created jobs, increased household income through accommodation, hospitality, agricultural product sales, and handicrafts, and moderately improved local infrastructure. However, insufficient attention to sustainability risks ecological and cultural imbalances. Future rural planning should integrate sustainability to ensure long-term benefits.
Reza Movahedi, Mehrdad Pouya, Taraneh Sarami Foroushani, Maryam Armand,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Nomadic tourism generates mutual benefits for both tourists and nomadic communities. The unique natural and cultural features of nomads' living environments have made these communities remarkable and distinctive tourist attractions. Nomadic tribes are recognized as one of the most significant tourism assets. Therefore, establishing specialized nomadic tourism centers in Hamadan Province can generate income, create employment, attract tourists, preserve customs and traditions, empower local communities, and revitalize lost nomadic cultural heritage. The purpose of this study is to conduct a strategic analysis for establishing nomadic tourism centers in Hamadan Province.
Methods: Given its objectives, this study is an applied research project employing a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative with qualitative priority). The statistical population consisted of two groups: experts and nomads of Hamadan Province. All 80 experts participated in the study, while 105 nomads were selected using the Morgan table from the four counties of Nahavand, Hamadan, Tuyserkan, and Bahar. Data collection tools included document analysis, interviews, observations, and questionnaires designed to assess the feasibility of establishing nomadic tourism centers in the province. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis of interviews, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, t-tests, SWOT analysis, and the Scenario Wizard technique to determine strategies for developing nomadic tourism.
Results: Results indicated that the appropriate strategy for establishing tourism centers in Hamadan Province -based on the third quadrant of the strategic matrix- is defensive. This suggests that creating nomadic tourism centers faces numerous threats and weaknesses. Therefore, any action in this domain requires caution and a comprehensive approach to securing necessary conditions. Additionally, according to the preferred scenario (Scenario 1), prioritizing technical infrastructure and providing necessary facilities to support nomadic tourism constitute the main driving forces for establishing these centers and attracting future tourists.
Conclusions: Nomads in Hamadan Province hold a positive and supportive attitude toward the establishment of nomadic tourism centers, and there is a willingness among local communities to accept such initiatives. However, the process faces several threats and weaknesses that must be addressed before planning and implementation. These include improving access routes and transportation infrastructure, addressing deficiencies in tourism -particularly ecotourism- facilities, providing essential amenities and services, enhancing public and tourist awareness of regional potentials, and ensuring effective publicity and information dissemination.
Methods: Given its objectives, this study is an applied research project employing a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative with qualitative priority). The statistical population consisted of two groups: experts and nomads of Hamadan Province. All 80 experts participated in the study, while 105 nomads were selected using the Morgan table from the four counties of Nahavand, Hamadan, Tuyserkan, and Bahar. Data collection tools included document analysis, interviews, observations, and questionnaires designed to assess the feasibility of establishing nomadic tourism centers in the province. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis of interviews, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, t-tests, SWOT analysis, and the Scenario Wizard technique to determine strategies for developing nomadic tourism.
Results: Results indicated that the appropriate strategy for establishing tourism centers in Hamadan Province -based on the third quadrant of the strategic matrix- is defensive. This suggests that creating nomadic tourism centers faces numerous threats and weaknesses. Therefore, any action in this domain requires caution and a comprehensive approach to securing necessary conditions. Additionally, according to the preferred scenario (Scenario 1), prioritizing technical infrastructure and providing necessary facilities to support nomadic tourism constitute the main driving forces for establishing these centers and attracting future tourists.
Conclusions: Nomads in Hamadan Province hold a positive and supportive attitude toward the establishment of nomadic tourism centers, and there is a willingness among local communities to accept such initiatives. However, the process faces several threats and weaknesses that must be addressed before planning and implementation. These include improving access routes and transportation infrastructure, addressing deficiencies in tourism -particularly ecotourism- facilities, providing essential amenities and services, enhancing public and tourist awareness of regional potentials, and ensuring effective publicity and information dissemination.
Behnaz Aflatoonian, Ali Akbar Majdi, Hossein Mirzaei, Behnoosh Aflatoonian,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The tourism industry can enhance villages' economies and contribute to national development by increasing income and creating jobs. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the geographical position and spatial interconnectedness of villages and their tourism performance.
Methods: This qualitative study examines 27 villages across Iran. Data analysis involved simulating the selected villages using CityEngine software. Maps were prepared using OpenStreetMap and georeferenced mapping. The statistical population consisted of scholarly works in Persian and English related to rural tourism and development. The sample included nine Persian and three English articles, selected through purposive sampling. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to examine frequency differences, and Somers’ d correlation test in SPSS 28 was employed to analyze the association between ordinal variables.
Results: Tourism conditions across economic, cultural, and physical dimensions were found to be unfavorable, and neglect of local issues occurred significantly more than expected. Villages with weak spatial cohesion experienced poorer tourism outcomes. Increasing spatial cohesion was associated with improvements in economic, cultural, and physical aspects of tourism. This relationship showed a strong statistical correlation.
Conclusions: The results highlight the crucial role of spatial cohesion in improving tourism conditions. Failure to consider this factor can lead to social fragmentation and social withdrawal in rural areas. Therefore, managerial planning is needed to strengthen tourism in villages with weak spatial integration. Additionally, tourism awareness efforts should target both visitors and residents; a lack of coordination between these groups can hinder tourism growth. Achieving positive economic, social, and cultural transformation in rural areas requires innovative research tailored to local conditions.
Mehdi Ramezanzadehlasboyee, Masoud Samian,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The present study aims to examine the factors influencing the development of agritourism and to prioritize the counties of Mazandaran Province based on their agritourism potential.
Methods: This applied research adopts an exploratory mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative) implemented in two phases. In the first phase, to identify and extract factors affecting agritourism development, purposive sampling was used. Based on theoretical saturation, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, including university faculty members, researchers, and managers and specialists from the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran Province. Selection criteria included professional experience, research background in agritourism, and familiarity with Mazandaran’s agricultural and tourism capacities. Content analysis using open and axial coding was employed to identify the influencing factors. In the second phase, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method was used to prioritize Mazandaran counties in terms of agritourism potential.
Results: According to the results, multiple factors contribute to agritourism development, each playing a role in promoting sustainable rural development. Deep semi-structured interviews identified five major components influencing agritourism development in Mazandaran: 1. Economic and infrastructural factors, 2. Socio-cultural factors, 3. Policy and managerial factors, 4. Promotional and educational factors, 5. Environmental and natural factors.
The TOPSIS analysis revealed that among Mazandaran’s 22 counties, five—Amol, Babol, Behshahr, Tonekabon, and Sari—possess very high agritourism potential. Ten counties—including Babolsar, Juybar, Chalous, Ramsar, Fereydunkenar, Qaemshahr, Kelardasht, Mahmudabad, Nur, and Nowshahr—showed high potential. Three counties (Simorgh, Abbasabad, and Neka) were categorized as moderate, while four counties (Savadkuh, North Savadkuh, Galugah, and Miandorud) exhibited low agritourism potential. These findings underscore the need for differentiated planning based on each county’s capacities.
Conclusions: Mazandaran Province accounts for 2.3% of Iran’s cultivated land yet produces 7.8% of the country’s agricultural output—approximately three times the national average. With 218,000 hectares of rice cultivation and 1.187 million tons of paddy production (36.6% of the national area), Mazandaran holds the leading position in rice production. In citrus cultivation, the province ranks fourth in cultivated area (157,000 ha) and second in production (2,800 tons). Given this strong agricultural base, alongside substantial tourism attractions, recognizing the factors influencing agritourism development is essential for formulating effective strategies. Furthermore, prioritizing the counties based on their agritourism potential, as undertaken in this study, can provide valuable guidance for policymakers and planners.
Abual-Qasim Taghizad Fanid, Mrs Sajedeh Dinparast, Sadegh Saghafi Asl, Mr Saeid Nasire Zare, Hassan Ghasemloo,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (2-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 54 (2-2026)
Abstract
Objective: The effects of tourism, especially in rural areas, vary by spatial location. In fact, if tourism activities are to be accepted as an approach for sustainable economic development in rural areas, it is necessary to examine the distribution of their benefits and make the necessary plans for their equitable distribution. The present study, while addressing this issue, examines the economic effects of gastronomic tourism "Kebab Bonab" as a geographical phenomenon in rural areas of Bonab County.
Methods: The present study is of an applied type and quantitative in nature that uses the survey method. The problem, background, and theoretical framework were examined through field observations and a library study. Data related to the economic effects of gastronomic tourism were collected by determining indicators and completing a questionnaire by 242 villagers, and analyzed using one-sample t-test, cluster analysis, spatial autocorrelation, and weighted geographic regression.
Results: The tourist attraction of "Bonab Kebab" has led to the development of employment, marketing, and sales of local products of the villagers, as well as increasing the income of residents. On the other hand, the spatial and human proximity factor has been among the main factors in attracting the economic benefits of tourism in the rural settlements of the study area. In these settlements, the necessary human resources, having jobs in restaurants and Bonab Kebab dishes and related jobs in the city of Bonab or in the nearest rural settlement, have played a major role in attracting economic benefits.
Conclusions: Fair and appropriate distribution of benefits from the tourism industry can improve the quality of life of residents, strengthen community participation, and even make this type of industry sustainable. In order to achieve such a function, it is important to understand the spatial distribution of its benefits and plan for it in rural settlements.
Javad Hajializadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (2-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 54 (2-2026)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on the viability of rural households in the North Banajoi Rural District of Bonab County (North West of IRAN).
Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in the northern Banajoi rural district of Bonab city. According to the results of the 2016 census, 3828 households, equal to 12262 people, live in this rural district, and 349 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The data and information of the study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts and professors. Also, its reliability using the Cochran formula was found to be 0.79 for the tourism entrepreneurship component, 0.77 for the sustainability component, and 0.78 for the entire questionnaire. In order to analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the status of tourism entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.121, and the status of rural household viability, with an average of 3.223, are in a desirable state. The results of the multivariate regression analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural household viability showed that the economic index had the greatest impact on rural household viability, with a beta coefficient of 0.376. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the value of the obtained correlation coefficient was equal to 0.376, which indicates a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and rural household viability.
Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and the viability of rural households, so that by providing a platform for entrepreneurship and improving tourism economic indicators, the viability indicators of rural households will also improve.
Moslem Ghasemi, Saeedeh Fakhari, Ehsan Jafari,
Volume 15, Issue 55 (6-2026)
Volume 15, Issue 55 (6-2026)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify the key local drivers influencing tourism development in Ferdows County, Iran, with a future-oriented perspective toward the 1414 Horizon (2035).
Methods: The research is applied in purpose and employs a mixed-methods design. The study population consisted of tourism experts, managers, and stakeholders in Ferdows County. Using snowball sampling and the principle of theoretical saturation, 30 experts were selected for the qualitative phase. Data were collected through structured interviews and a futures studies cross-impact questionnaire. The identified drivers were analyzed using the MICMAC structural analysis model.
Results: The results revealed fifteen local drivers affecting tourism development. Among these, the most influential drivers were social security and safety in tourism destinations and attractions (+15), promotion and preservation of indigenous handicrafts (+11), development of local tourism infrastructure (+7), branding and marketing of local tourism products (+7), preservation of historical assets and cultural heritage (+5), and tourism investment and financial support (+1).
Conclusions: By adopting a futures studies approach, this research provides a comprehensive assessment of both local and extra-local factors affecting tourism development. The findings offer strategic insights for policymakers and tourism planners seeking to enhance the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of tourism in Ferdows County.
Kiomars Khodapanah , Saadi Mohammadi , Asadollah Heydari ,
Volume 15, Issue 55 (6-2026)
Volume 15, Issue 55 (6-2026)
Abstract
Objective: Agritourism creates new forms of interaction between agricultural producers and visitors while utilizing existing rural resources. In addition to strengthening local economies, it contributes to the preservation of agricultural land against pressures arising from large-scale retail expansion and global food supply chains. Given the growing importance of this sector, the present study investigates the factors influencing agritourism development in the rural areas of the Central District of Ardabil County, Iran.
Methods: This applied research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population consisted of household heads engaged in agricultural land utilization. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 380 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach was employed to analyze the data.
Results: A total of 67 indicators were initially examined, of which seven were excluded due to insufficient factor loadings. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. The structural model confirmed significant relationships between agritourism development and its determining factors. The highest factor loadings were associated with organizing cultural and recreational festivals, improving street lighting, and promoting crop diversification and agricultural product branding. Furthermore, the highest t-value (43.961) was observed for the relationship between agritourism development and socio-cultural factors, indicating the dominant role of this dimension in fostering agritourism development.
Conclusions: The development of agritourism in the Central District of Ardabil requires effective integration of managerial, policy, and legal dimensions. Agritourism can stimulate comprehensive socio-economic and cultural development, thereby contributing to sustainable rural development. Strengthening agritourism initiatives can enhance employment opportunities, improve household incomes, reduce rural outmigration, and increase the value-added potential of agricultural products and rural handicrafts.
Halimeh Binaieyan, Aliakbar Anabestani, Pegah Moridsadat, Jamileh Tavakolinia,
Volume 15, Issue 56 (9-2026)
Volume 15, Issue 56 (9-2026)
Abstract
Purpose: Creative tourism, as a component of the vast tourism industry, can play a major role in empowering local communities, diversifying economic growth, and generating new employment opportunities in rural areas in connection with sustainable rural entrepreneurship and other economic sectors. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the key factors and driving forces influencing the effects of creative tourism on the development of sustainable rural entrepreneurship.
Methodology: The research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature, employing a futures studies approach. Data were collected through both documentary (library sources and scientific journals) and field methods (questionnaires). To extract the key drivers, the questionnaire was designed in five main dimensions: socio-cultural, economic, environmental, physical, and institutional-organizational. The sample population consisted of 25 experts and specialists in creative tourism and sustainable entrepreneurship. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through expert judgment. Data analysis and structural influence analysis of the key indicators were conducted using MICMAC software.
Findings: The results revealed that among the 91 factors examined across five dimensions, 20 key drivers were identified, including: strengthening intergenerational cooperation (39), public awareness of cultural and social values (38), reducing economic dependence on agriculture (49), creating new export opportunities (49), environmental awareness of tourists (48), encouraging green businesses (47), creating natural camping sites (49), developing cultural-tourism centers (48), creating a database of rural entrepreneurs (46), increasing financial transparency (42) and etc.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that creative tourism can serve as an effective instrument for promoting sustainable rural entrepreneurship. Structural analysis indicates that enhancing social collaboration, revitalizing handicrafts, reducing agricultural dependency, and fostering new economic opportunities significantly contribute to rural entrepreneurial sustainability.
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