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Saadi Mohammadi, Farzad Vaisi, Kioumars Khodapanah, Zhian Danshvar,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Recognizing that resolving any problem necessitates strategic planning, this applied research was conducted in the rural border regions of Marivan County. Its primary objective is to contribute to economic diversification in these rural communities by formulating a flexible, forward-looking strategic plan aimed at attracting capital investments.
Methods: The research employed a mixed-methods approach. The theoretical component was developed using documentary analysis, while the practical component was carried out through a survey methodology, including interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. The study adopts a qualitative approach, primarily based on interviews and the Delphi method. Through collaboration with a Delphi expert panel, a strategic plan was designed to facilitate economic diversification via capital attraction and the development of micro-enterprises. The study population consisted of 24 purposefully selected individuals, including regional development officials, subject-matter experts, micro-business owners, and local managers.
Results: The analysis identified eight internal strengths versus eighteen internal weaknesses, along with six external opportunities versus nine external threats related to fostering a diversified economic environment and favorable business climate through capital attraction in the studied rural areas. The intersection of internal factor weights (3.40) with external factor weights (2.49) positioned the study area within a conservative strategic posture.
Conclusions: The results suggest that a conservative strategy is the most appropriate model for capital attraction aimed at economic diversification in the region. This approach necessitates a critical reassessment and revision of current policies, programs, and actions to address the existing suboptimal business environment. Furthermore, the long-term outlook—over a 15-year horizon—indicates that, given its capabilities and potential, the region could emerge as a leading center for cross-border trade, specialized agriculture, micro-industrial production, and rural tourism within Kurdistan Province, in competition with other counties in the region.
Mohammad Hossein Zarei Abyaneh, Mohammad Salmani, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Alireza Darban Astane, Zahra Torkashvand,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research is to spatially analyze the economic impacts of reverse migration in rural areas, focusing on Natanz County.
Methods: This study employed a survey-based research method. A sample of 381 individuals was selected from 24 villages in Natanz County using stratified sampling and Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through literature reviews, field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. For data analysis, one-sample T-tests and Kriging interpolation in ArcGIS software were used.
Results: In terms of investment, the southern half of Natanz County—especially the villages of Ooreh and Goodarzan—showed higher levels of investment, with a mean score of 3.75. For infrastructure development, the central and southern areas had the highest levels, with mean scores of 4.8 and 4.0 respectively. Regarding demand for services, the highest scores were observed in both the northern and parts of the southern villages (mean score: 4), while the eastern and western regions showed the lowest levels of development in this regard (mean score: 2.47). In terms of income generation, the southern villages had a higher average score (3.5) than their northern counterparts.
Conclusions: Given the attractiveness of certain villages in Natanz County—especially those with advantages such as proximity and easy access to urban centers, closeness to tourism hubs, suitable elevation, and moderate climate—a substantial wave of migration to these areas seems likely in the future.
Ali Izadi, Sadegh Asghari Lafamjani,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The physical texture of rural settlements can change over time and according to different conditions. This change is the result of interaction and mutual relationship with environmental, economic and social factors and effects. In this regard, the economy of rural households plays a significant role in the change. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of saffron income generation on the change in the physical-spatial texture of Fath Abad village in Rashtkhwar County.
Methods: In this research, the role of saffron in generating income in 355 saffron-growing households living in FathAbad village was investigated. For this purpose, first, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of indicators were determined in accordance with the conditions of the village under study. Then, data collection was carried out based on selected indicators using field observation forms and village and household questionnaires. Also, statistical analyses and SPSS software were used to analyze the data.
Results: The research findings confirm that there is a significant relationship between saffron income generation and housing and construction development in the study area. The correlation coefficient between saffron cultivation area and housing and construction development is 0.591, which, considering the resulting values, can be said with a confidence level of 99% that there is a direct and significant relationship between these two variables with a medium correlation.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that the greater the area under saffron cultivation, the greater the saffron production and, as a result, the higher the level of income generation, which ultimately leads to improved housing and construction development in the study area.
Sheida Aliakbari, Maryam Ghasemi,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Small-scale home-based businesses play a significant role in diversifying economic activities and reducing rural unemployment. In Bojnourd County, a portion of rural households generate income through sericulture. However, the number of sericulturists has declined from 570 to 294 over the past decade. This study aims to identify the driving and inhibiting factors influencing the development of sericulture-based microbusinesses in rural areas of Bojnourd.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical, applied-developmental approach was used. Data were collected through documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 160 sericulturists across 9 villages in Bojnourd was selected. The study assessed 43 indicators under 10 inhibiting components, and 23 indicators under 6 driving components.
Results: The most significant driving factor was "low startup cost" (mean: 4.14), while the main inhibiting factor was "poor-quality silkworm eggs" (mean: 4.48).
Conclusions: Policies such as guaranteed purchase and pricing, alongside distribution of high-quality, locally adapted silkworm eggs by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, could help mitigate the inhibitors and boost driving forces in sericulture.
Mohsen Aghayari Hir, Sadra Karimzadeh, Afshin Yeganeh,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to model the factors affecting the sustainability of economic development in the villages of Malekan County.
Methods: The statistical population included experts, specialists, and rural households in the County. In the first stage, 28 professionals evaluated 56 research propositions based on their importance. In the second stage, 481 people from selected villages responded to 41 items related to rural economic sustainability. The data were analyzed using Q-factor analysis in SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SMART PLS software.
Results: The results of the measurement model indicated that the factor loadings of the observed variables were significant and effectively measured their corresponding latent variables. The structural model results revealed that the "economic stability of Malekan County’s villages" had a high predictive power, with an index value exceeding the standard threshold of 0.35, indicating a "strong" effect. Other factors namely, "vulnerability, productivity and economic diversity," "employment and economic infrastructure," and "access to economic and production resources" each scored above 0.15, showing a "moderate" predictive impact on the model's endogenous latent variables.
Conclusions: The findings identified three core factors influencing the sustainability of rural economic development: 1. vulnerability, productivity, and economic diversity (sustainability and economic welfare); 2. employment and economic infrastructure (justice and economic welfare); and 3. access to economic and production resources (economic welfare). Final comparisons and validation between qualitative and quantitative approaches confirmed that the first factor economic vulnerability (productivity and diversity) was the most influential, with consensus from both experts and local community members.
Moslem Soleymanpor, Reza Norouzi Ajirlo,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, one of the key issues in the development of rural areas is the significant decline in population and economic challenges. Rural regeneration can lead to economic growth and increase community participation and social cohesion by promoting local businesses, attracting investment and creating jobs. . Economic survival and social entrepreneurship can facilitate this as two important influencing factors.
Methods: In this research, which is categorized as applied and descriptive correlational type research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study included villagers and village councils and rural entrepreneurship experts with experience in the field of social entrepreneurship from 124 selected villages of Bakshlochai, Turkman and Bash Qala villages in the central part of Urmia city and 180 respondents were selected using the available sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 software and structural equation modeling method (PLS SMART software) and the results were used to test the model and verify the hypotheses.
Results: The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of economic survival (economic, social and environmental factors) and rural regeneration (B=0.586) and between social entrepreneurship and rural regeneration (B=0.397) at 0.001 level of significance.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of economic survival and social entrepreneurship for the growth and development of rural regeneration, and the impact of social entrepreneurship and economic survival on rural areas can be seen in various dimensions, including job creation, social participation and sustainable development. With proper training and support to rural households, villagers' income from such investments can be significantly increased, which will lead to an increase in village regeneration indicators.
Alireza Jafari, Hemmatollah Pirdashti, Fatemeh Razzaghi Borkhani, Zahra Saber,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 51 (6-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In the context of rural and agricultural development, designing an environmentally sustainable system with economic and social justification and a future-oriented perspective is essential. This study aims to develop integrated crop management (ICM) strategies for rice farms in Mazandaran Province.
Methods: Using theoretical foundations and analytical studies, the four SWOT components—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—were identified. The statistical population consisted of specialists and experts with academic backgrounds and practical experience in sustainable rice cultivation and agricultural extension (18 individuals), along with managers from relevant organizations such as the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Mazandaran Province (20 individuals), selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using the SWOT technique in Microsoft Excel.
Results: The internal and external evaluations reveal that the system's strengths and opportunities outweigh its weaknesses and threats. The weighted scores indicate the predominance of favorable over risky conditions. The strategic priority lies in the SO (Strength-Opportunity) or "maximum-maximum" area (approximately 36%). Following this are the WO (Weakness-Opportunity), ST (Strength-Threat), and WT (Weakness-Threat) strategies, accounting for approximately 25%, 23%, and 16% of the total strategies, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on the strategic analysis, key strategies for ICM development include enhancing farmer empowerment and participation through the FFS/IPM approach, managing production risks via insurance, establishing healthy crop production cooperatives, and implementing collective branding within the rice value chain. Emphasizing collaboration among key stakeholders is vital. The implementation of these strategies can significantly contribute to the adoption of ICM and the advancement of sustainable agricultural development.
Abootaleb Ghasemi Vasmejani , Hasan Afrakhte, Farhad Azizpour,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify the factors and components influencing the transformation of livelihood assets in tourism-oriented villages, which are shaped and altered through tourism development. The intensity, trajectory, and scope of such changes -and their effects on rural residents- depend heavily on the specific socio-economic and ecological contexts in which tourism evolves. The central concern in this process is the principle of sustainability and the improvement of the quality of life for all residents affected by tourism growth.
Methods: The research was conducted in tourism-oriented villages of Rudsar County, located in eastern Gilan Province. Employing a mixed-methods design with a deductive-inductive comparative approach, data collection included literature review, field surveys, and semi-structured interviews with local experts, officials, and practitioners. The data were analyzed using the Q methodology. Snowball sampling was employed to select participants.
Results: The results indicate that the most influential factors driving transformations in livelihood assets, ranked by significance, include: constructive interactions among key stakeholders in tourism development; tourism’s competitive advantages; government support and facilitation; cultural orientation and the development of tourism value chains; and, finally, spatial proximity and the availability of ecological–natural capacities.
Conclusions: Tourism-related drivers of livelihood asset transformation can be categorized into internal and external factors, both of which reshape the form and function of rural settlements. The more these factors contribute to enhancing public services and fostering sustainable tourism activities, the more likely they are to generate positive impacts on rural livelihoods.
Mahtab Zhian, Bijan Rezaei , Nader Naderi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of designing an indigenous model for the development of cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province.
Methods: The research adopted a qualitative approach, employing the grounded theory method to extract the model. The target population included managers and experts from the Kermanshah Province Department of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, faculty members from Razi University, and entrepreneurs active in rural cooperatives within the province. Theoretical sampling was applied, and theoretical saturation was reached after 12 in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process—open, axial, and selective coding.
Results: The three-stage coding process identified the foundations of rural entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial cohesion within rural cooperatives, and individual characteristics of rural cooperative entrepreneurs as causal conditions. Contextual conditions included the diversity of rural entrepreneurial opportunities in the cooperative sector, access to production factors, the province’s strategic location, scientific support from experts and specialists, the foundation of collective entrepreneurship (through rural cooperatives), cultural barriers, and weaknesses in the education system. Intervening conditions encompassed climate change, economic factors, environmental disorder and instability, organizational factors, communication and information dissemination factors, genuine governmental support for cooperatives, and infrastructural factors. Identified strategies included business diversification, revision of spatial planning programs, empowerment of cooperative companies, utilization of international trade opportunities, promotion and cultural awareness, and corrective-supportive strategies. The identified outcomes comprised improved quality of life for rural residents, sustainable rural development, and the presence of entrepreneurial rural cooperatives.
Conclusions: To develop cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province, it is essential to consider all factors that accelerate the development process, alongside providing the specific prerequisites for this field and implementing comprehensive planning. The results of this research strengthen the literature on rural and cooperative-based entrepreneurship and offer practical insights to assist rural managers and planners in promoting cooperative-centered rural entrepreneurship, ultimately contributing to the rural development process.
Methods: The research adopted a qualitative approach, employing the grounded theory method to extract the model. The target population included managers and experts from the Kermanshah Province Department of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, faculty members from Razi University, and entrepreneurs active in rural cooperatives within the province. Theoretical sampling was applied, and theoretical saturation was reached after 12 in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process—open, axial, and selective coding.
Results: The three-stage coding process identified the foundations of rural entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial cohesion within rural cooperatives, and individual characteristics of rural cooperative entrepreneurs as causal conditions. Contextual conditions included the diversity of rural entrepreneurial opportunities in the cooperative sector, access to production factors, the province’s strategic location, scientific support from experts and specialists, the foundation of collective entrepreneurship (through rural cooperatives), cultural barriers, and weaknesses in the education system. Intervening conditions encompassed climate change, economic factors, environmental disorder and instability, organizational factors, communication and information dissemination factors, genuine governmental support for cooperatives, and infrastructural factors. Identified strategies included business diversification, revision of spatial planning programs, empowerment of cooperative companies, utilization of international trade opportunities, promotion and cultural awareness, and corrective-supportive strategies. The identified outcomes comprised improved quality of life for rural residents, sustainable rural development, and the presence of entrepreneurial rural cooperatives.
Conclusions: To develop cooperatives with a rural entrepreneurship approach in Kermanshah Province, it is essential to consider all factors that accelerate the development process, alongside providing the specific prerequisites for this field and implementing comprehensive planning. The results of this research strengthen the literature on rural and cooperative-based entrepreneurship and offer practical insights to assist rural managers and planners in promoting cooperative-centered rural entrepreneurship, ultimately contributing to the rural development process.
Hossein Hosseinpour, Mohammadreza Rezvani, Alireza Darbanastaneh ,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The agricultural supply chain plays a crucial role in business development and food security. This study analyzes the current state of the grape supply chain, identifies its challenges at various stages, and evaluates performance differences among villages in the Kouhmareh district.
Methods: This study utilized both documentary and survey-based approaches. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS for statistical tests and ArcMap (IDW tool) for spatial distribution mapping. The statistical population comprised 793 grape producers in Kouhmareh, with a sample of 260 selected using Cochran's formula.
Results: The supply of inputs such as suitable seedlings, water, fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as planting, storage, and harvesting stages, were found to be in relatively good condition. In contrast, access to cold storage, grading, packaging, processing, advertising, branding, and marketing was deemed inadequate. Spatial analysis showed that villages in the eastern part of the district (e.g., Dosiran, Baghestan Kandei, and Baghestan Abul Hayat) had better conditions, while northern, southern, and western areas lagged behind.
Conclusions: The grape supply chain in Kouhmareh faces significant infrastructure and marketing challenges. Improving access to post-harvest facilities, processing units, and promotional mechanisms is essential to strengthen the supply chain, reduce market inefficiencies, and stabilize prices.
Mahmoud Mohammad Ghasemi, Ahmad Ghasemi, Mohammad Elias Karim,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluates the economic performance of newly introduced tropical forage varieties, including alfalfa, in the rural regions of Sistan, specifically in Molla Hossein village of Zahak County and Molla Ebrahim village of Hamun County, during the two agricultural years 2021–2023.
Methods: The research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature. The economic evaluation of the new forage varieties was first conducted using financial analysis, followed by economic engineering techniques and standard criteria such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR). Finally, a multi-criteria decision-making technique based on the Grey System was employed from the perspective of local farmers.
Results: Results revealed that the NPV of the new tropical forage varieties was 1,023,516 IRR higher in financial analysis compared with economic analysis. Furthermore, the BCR of alfalfa varieties Omid, Baghdadi, and the locally purified Zabol line was 3.87, 3.89, 5.37, 4.7, and 3.89, respectively. The positive benefit–cost ratios confirm their economic feasibility and potential to enhance crop diversification and household income. In terms of average forage yield, the Omid variety ranked first, with fresh and dry forage yields of 107.589 t/ha and 28.323 t/ha, respectively. It was followed by Baghdadi (103.513 t/ha fresh; 26.419 t/ha dry) and the locally purified Zabol line (102.463 t/ha fresh; 27.322 t/ha dry). From the farmers’ perspective, multi-criteria decision-making analysis indicated that the most influential criteria in prioritizing forage cultivation were: increased productivity and irrigation efficiency, drought resistance, higher income generation, improved quality of life, rural retention, and enhanced employment.
Conclusions: Given the results obtained under the hot and arid experimental conditions, a significant portion of Sistan’s agricultural lands and similar agro-climatic regions can be allocated to alfalfa cultivation, particularly the Omid, Baghdadi, and the locally purified Zabol line varieties. Such an initiative would contribute substantially to crop diversification, income enhancement, and rural employment creation.
Firooz Nazeri, Seyed Ramin Ghafari, Amir Gandomkar, Hamid Saberi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Ecotourism supports sustainable rural development by preserving the environment and biodiversity, creating jobs, enhancing entrepreneurship, and improving local livelihoods. This study examines how ecotourism impacts entrepreneurship indicators in rural settlements of Dalkhani District, Ramsar County.
Methods: The research is descriptive–analytical and applied, using documentary and field methods (questionnaires, interviews, observations). The statistical population comprises 3,475 households in 98 rural settlements, from which 370 were selected via Cochran’s formula using systematic random sampling. Questionnaire validity was confirmed by ecotourism and entrepreneurship experts; reliability was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.949). Data were analyzed with SPSS, Smart PLS, and GIS tools, applying Spearman correlation, one-sample t-tests, and path analysis to explore causal relationships.
Results: Among ecotourism dimensions, the economic (score = 31.53) and socio-cultural (score = 27.91) indicators had the strongest correlation (0.74). The weakest link was between physical–spatial and economic indicators (0.32). All dimensions significantly affected rural entrepreneurship, with ecotourism markedly fostering entrepreneurial activities.
Conclusion: In Dalkhani, ecotourism has created jobs, increased household income through accommodation, hospitality, agricultural product sales, and handicrafts, and moderately improved local infrastructure. However, insufficient attention to sustainability risks ecological and cultural imbalances. Future rural planning should integrate sustainability to ensure long-term benefits.
Mojgan Ahmadi Chegeni, Mehdi Rahimian, Rezvan Ghanbari Movahhed, Saeed Gholamrezaei, Homa Molavi ,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Shifting cultivation from high-water-demand crops to those requiring less water is considered an effective adaptation strategy to water scarcity and drought, enabling the continuation of agricultural activities without abandonment. Implementing such a cropping change mechanism requires not only technical, supportive, and legal measures but also psychological interventions through the study of farmers’ behaviors and behavioral intentions regarding crop pattern change. This study aims to examine the behavioral intentions of irrigated wheat farmers toward cultivating low-water-demand crops using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB).
Methods: The statistical population comprised 711 irrigated wheat farmers in Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample size of 250 farmers was determined. Participants were selected through a combination of stratified proportional allocation and convenience sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire. Content validity was established through expert review by university professors and specialists from the Agricultural Jihad Water Affairs Department, with subsequent revisions implemented. Reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for all constructs, ranging from 0.78 to 0.93. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and SmartPLS 4.
Results: Results indicated that all hypotheses were supported except for the effects of descriptive norms and risk perception on behavioral intention. The ETPB variables explained 44.8% of the variance in farmers’ behavioral intention. Farmers with higher incomes and larger landholdings showed greater willingness to shift from traditional crops to low-water-demand crops. No significant relationship was found between education level and willingness to change cropping patterns. A significant negative relationship between willingness to change and both age and farming experience suggests that older farmers are generally more risk-averse and less receptive to change compared to younger farmers.
Conclusions: Recommended strategies include establishing demonstration farms for low-water-demand crops such as saffron and medicinal plants suitable for local climatic conditions with the participation of progressive farmers; leveraging public media, social networks, and digital platforms; providing comprehensive support for low-water-demand cultivation through input supply, machinery, training, and advisory services during planting, growing, and harvesting; and preparing educational videos and booklets introducing such crops. These measures aim to encourage adoption among farmers.
Methods: The statistical population comprised 711 irrigated wheat farmers in Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample size of 250 farmers was determined. Participants were selected through a combination of stratified proportional allocation and convenience sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire. Content validity was established through expert review by university professors and specialists from the Agricultural Jihad Water Affairs Department, with subsequent revisions implemented. Reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for all constructs, ranging from 0.78 to 0.93. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and SmartPLS 4.
Results: Results indicated that all hypotheses were supported except for the effects of descriptive norms and risk perception on behavioral intention. The ETPB variables explained 44.8% of the variance in farmers’ behavioral intention. Farmers with higher incomes and larger landholdings showed greater willingness to shift from traditional crops to low-water-demand crops. No significant relationship was found between education level and willingness to change cropping patterns. A significant negative relationship between willingness to change and both age and farming experience suggests that older farmers are generally more risk-averse and less receptive to change compared to younger farmers.
Conclusions: Recommended strategies include establishing demonstration farms for low-water-demand crops such as saffron and medicinal plants suitable for local climatic conditions with the participation of progressive farmers; leveraging public media, social networks, and digital platforms; providing comprehensive support for low-water-demand cultivation through input supply, machinery, training, and advisory services during planting, growing, and harvesting; and preparing educational videos and booklets introducing such crops. These measures aim to encourage adoption among farmers.
Morteza Khajevand, Mousa Kamanroudi Kojouri,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 52 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study analyzes the factors attracting migrants—predominantly from rural areas—to Abhar, focusing on economic opportunities, improved living conditions, and access to suitable employment. It also examines the socio-economic and cultural impacts of migration on the city’s infrastructure and local communities.
Methods: The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach with an applied purpose. The statistical population comprises 34887 households (household heads) residing in Abhar, from which a sample of 380 households was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data, both quantitative and qualitative, were collected through library–documentary research and field methods (interviews and questionnaires) using systematic random sampling. The study covers the period from 1956 to 2021. Data analysis employed SPSS software, multiple regression analysis, and spatial data processing through Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Results: Results show that 57.63% of migrants to Abhar originated from rural areas, while 42.37% came from urban areas. The highest proportion of migrants came from within Abhar County (47.63%), and the lowest from Soltaniyeh (1.58%). Economic factors (β = 0.49) were the strongest predictors of migration, while recreational–tourism factors (β = 0.23) had the least impact.
Conclusions: The main drivers of migration to Abhar include economic opportunities, healthcare services, natural resources, infrastructure, education, and socio-cultural amenities. Migration flows are predominantly from within Abhar County, adjacent areas of Zanjan Province, and nearby counties, indicating a high concentration of development in Abhar. Given the ongoing centralization of resources and opportunities, migration is expected to continue rising, further exacerbating regional disparities. The study recommends reducing these disparities by distributing employment opportunities, services, and resources more evenly between Abhar and surrounding rural areas.
Reza Movahedi, Mehrdad Pouya, Taraneh Sarami Foroushani, Maryam Armand,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Nomadic tourism generates mutual benefits for both tourists and nomadic communities. The unique natural and cultural features of nomads' living environments have made these communities remarkable and distinctive tourist attractions. Nomadic tribes are recognized as one of the most significant tourism assets. Therefore, establishing specialized nomadic tourism centers in Hamadan Province can generate income, create employment, attract tourists, preserve customs and traditions, empower local communities, and revitalize lost nomadic cultural heritage. The purpose of this study is to conduct a strategic analysis for establishing nomadic tourism centers in Hamadan Province.
Methods: Given its objectives, this study is an applied research project employing a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative with qualitative priority). The statistical population consisted of two groups: experts and nomads of Hamadan Province. All 80 experts participated in the study, while 105 nomads were selected using the Morgan table from the four counties of Nahavand, Hamadan, Tuyserkan, and Bahar. Data collection tools included document analysis, interviews, observations, and questionnaires designed to assess the feasibility of establishing nomadic tourism centers in the province. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis of interviews, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, t-tests, SWOT analysis, and the Scenario Wizard technique to determine strategies for developing nomadic tourism.
Results: Results indicated that the appropriate strategy for establishing tourism centers in Hamadan Province -based on the third quadrant of the strategic matrix- is defensive. This suggests that creating nomadic tourism centers faces numerous threats and weaknesses. Therefore, any action in this domain requires caution and a comprehensive approach to securing necessary conditions. Additionally, according to the preferred scenario (Scenario 1), prioritizing technical infrastructure and providing necessary facilities to support nomadic tourism constitute the main driving forces for establishing these centers and attracting future tourists.
Conclusions: Nomads in Hamadan Province hold a positive and supportive attitude toward the establishment of nomadic tourism centers, and there is a willingness among local communities to accept such initiatives. However, the process faces several threats and weaknesses that must be addressed before planning and implementation. These include improving access routes and transportation infrastructure, addressing deficiencies in tourism -particularly ecotourism- facilities, providing essential amenities and services, enhancing public and tourist awareness of regional potentials, and ensuring effective publicity and information dissemination.
Methods: Given its objectives, this study is an applied research project employing a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative with qualitative priority). The statistical population consisted of two groups: experts and nomads of Hamadan Province. All 80 experts participated in the study, while 105 nomads were selected using the Morgan table from the four counties of Nahavand, Hamadan, Tuyserkan, and Bahar. Data collection tools included document analysis, interviews, observations, and questionnaires designed to assess the feasibility of establishing nomadic tourism centers in the province. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis of interviews, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, t-tests, SWOT analysis, and the Scenario Wizard technique to determine strategies for developing nomadic tourism.
Results: Results indicated that the appropriate strategy for establishing tourism centers in Hamadan Province -based on the third quadrant of the strategic matrix- is defensive. This suggests that creating nomadic tourism centers faces numerous threats and weaknesses. Therefore, any action in this domain requires caution and a comprehensive approach to securing necessary conditions. Additionally, according to the preferred scenario (Scenario 1), prioritizing technical infrastructure and providing necessary facilities to support nomadic tourism constitute the main driving forces for establishing these centers and attracting future tourists.
Conclusions: Nomads in Hamadan Province hold a positive and supportive attitude toward the establishment of nomadic tourism centers, and there is a willingness among local communities to accept such initiatives. However, the process faces several threats and weaknesses that must be addressed before planning and implementation. These include improving access routes and transportation infrastructure, addressing deficiencies in tourism -particularly ecotourism- facilities, providing essential amenities and services, enhancing public and tourist awareness of regional potentials, and ensuring effective publicity and information dissemination.
Mehdi Ramezanzadehlasboyee, Masoud Samian,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The present study aims to examine the factors influencing the development of agritourism and to prioritize the counties of Mazandaran Province based on their agritourism potential.
Methods: This applied research adopts an exploratory mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative) implemented in two phases. In the first phase, to identify and extract factors affecting agritourism development, purposive sampling was used. Based on theoretical saturation, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, including university faculty members, researchers, and managers and specialists from the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran Province. Selection criteria included professional experience, research background in agritourism, and familiarity with Mazandaran’s agricultural and tourism capacities. Content analysis using open and axial coding was employed to identify the influencing factors. In the second phase, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method was used to prioritize Mazandaran counties in terms of agritourism potential.
Results: According to the results, multiple factors contribute to agritourism development, each playing a role in promoting sustainable rural development. Deep semi-structured interviews identified five major components influencing agritourism development in Mazandaran: 1. Economic and infrastructural factors, 2. Socio-cultural factors, 3. Policy and managerial factors, 4. Promotional and educational factors, 5. Environmental and natural factors.
The TOPSIS analysis revealed that among Mazandaran’s 22 counties, five—Amol, Babol, Behshahr, Tonekabon, and Sari—possess very high agritourism potential. Ten counties—including Babolsar, Juybar, Chalous, Ramsar, Fereydunkenar, Qaemshahr, Kelardasht, Mahmudabad, Nur, and Nowshahr—showed high potential. Three counties (Simorgh, Abbasabad, and Neka) were categorized as moderate, while four counties (Savadkuh, North Savadkuh, Galugah, and Miandorud) exhibited low agritourism potential. These findings underscore the need for differentiated planning based on each county’s capacities.
Conclusions: Mazandaran Province accounts for 2.3% of Iran’s cultivated land yet produces 7.8% of the country’s agricultural output—approximately three times the national average. With 218,000 hectares of rice cultivation and 1.187 million tons of paddy production (36.6% of the national area), Mazandaran holds the leading position in rice production. In citrus cultivation, the province ranks fourth in cultivated area (157,000 ha) and second in production (2,800 tons). Given this strong agricultural base, alongside substantial tourism attractions, recognizing the factors influencing agritourism development is essential for formulating effective strategies. Furthermore, prioritizing the counties based on their agritourism potential, as undertaken in this study, can provide valuable guidance for policymakers and planners.
Fatemeh Naghi Biranvand, Mansour Ghanian, Moslem Savari,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: Rural management is a key factor in the rural development process. However, certain beliefs and attitudes held by local managers may act as significant obstacles to development. The attitudes of local managers and the identification and analysis of their mental barriers can greatly influence the course of rural development. This study aims to identify the causes of rural underdevelopment from the perspective of local managers in Khorramabad County.
Methods: This study was designed and conducted using a quantitative research method and is classified as an applied study. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey. The statistical population included all local managers of villages in Khorramabad County (N = 700). Based on the Krejcie–Morgan table, a sample size of 250 was determined. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha and content validity methods, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL.
Results: According to local managers, the most critical problems of rural management in the study area are ethnocentrism, lack of trust in interpersonal relations, and excessive dependency on the government. Results obtained from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that the majority of the model’s fit indices are statistically acceptable. Furthermore, mean comparison tests showed no significant differences in local managers’ views regarding Rogers’ peasant subculture elements based on different levels of education or age groups.
Conclusions: The results show that managers with higher education levels and younger managers share similar views on rural issues. Therefore, changing existing attitudes and beliefs is essential for achieving sustainable rural development. Some behavioral patterns of local managers align with the characteristics and theoretical framework of the peasant subculture, indicating that they may be influenced by cultural and social factors within local subcultures. These influences can affect their decision-making and approaches toward rural development.
Behnaz Aflatoonian, Ali Akbar Majdi, Hossein Mirzaei, Behnoosh Aflatoonian,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The tourism industry can enhance villages' economies and contribute to national development by increasing income and creating jobs. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the geographical position and spatial interconnectedness of villages and their tourism performance.
Methods: This qualitative study examines 27 villages across Iran. Data analysis involved simulating the selected villages using CityEngine software. Maps were prepared using OpenStreetMap and georeferenced mapping. The statistical population consisted of scholarly works in Persian and English related to rural tourism and development. The sample included nine Persian and three English articles, selected through purposive sampling. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to examine frequency differences, and Somers’ d correlation test in SPSS 28 was employed to analyze the association between ordinal variables.
Results: Tourism conditions across economic, cultural, and physical dimensions were found to be unfavorable, and neglect of local issues occurred significantly more than expected. Villages with weak spatial cohesion experienced poorer tourism outcomes. Increasing spatial cohesion was associated with improvements in economic, cultural, and physical aspects of tourism. This relationship showed a strong statistical correlation.
Conclusions: The results highlight the crucial role of spatial cohesion in improving tourism conditions. Failure to consider this factor can lead to social fragmentation and social withdrawal in rural areas. Therefore, managerial planning is needed to strengthen tourism in villages with weak spatial integration. Additionally, tourism awareness efforts should target both visitors and residents; a lack of coordination between these groups can hinder tourism growth. Achieving positive economic, social, and cultural transformation in rural areas requires innovative research tailored to local conditions.
Fatemeh Touranie, Kamal Ataie Solout, Hamid Amirnejad,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, environmental considerations have gained significant importance across all sectors of the country, particularly in rural areas. The present study aims to estimate the economic damage costs of air pollution caused by the emission of unpleasant odors from pharmaceutical production in Sari County using the contingent valuation method.
Methods: This study examines the effects of economic, social, and environmental variables on individuals’ acceptance or rejection of proposed bid amounts in relation to their willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) for improving or tolerating the current air quality conditions surrounding the antibiotic manufacturing plant in Sari County. To this end, Cochran’s sampling method was used for sample selection, and a one-and-a-half-bounded dichotomous choice format was applied to collect preference data within the contingent valuation framework. The extracted data were then used to estimate the corresponding valuation functions.
Results: In the WTP model, the variables (1) homeowner–tenant status, (2) educational level, and (3) membership in non-governmental organizations had positive and statistically significant effects on the acceptance of bid amounts, while the bid price variable hurt individuals’ willingness to pay for improving the surrounding air quality of the antibiotic plant. In the WTA model, the variables (1) bid price, (2) ethical–goal orientation, and (3) individual monthly income had positive and significant effects on willingness to accept compensation for maintaining the current air quality, whereas (1) age and (2) educational level had negative effects.
Conclusions: The mean WTA and WTP values were estimated at 791.339 million and 32.705 million tomans per year, respectively. These amounts represent the estimated economic damage costs imposed on communities surrounding this industrial facility as a result of air pollution.
Zahra Alinejad, Mohamad Rahim Forouzeh, Hannaneh Mohammadi Kangarani, Hassan Yeganeh,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Volume 14, Issue 53 (12-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to examine how traditional knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants is preserved among indigenous people and to analyze the learning and teaching networks of this knowledge in Shah Kuh-e Sofla village using a network analysis approach.
Methods: To identify indigenous knowledge transmission methods, the learning and teaching networks related to medicinal plants in Shah Kuh-e Sofla were analyzed using network analysis. Semi-structured interviews and participatory observations were conducted with 53 residents during the spring and summer of 2023 and 2024 (1402–1403 Iranian calendar). Common network indicators such as degree centrality, betweenness centrality, density, and MDS were calculated, and visualizations were produced using UCINET and NetDraw software.
Results: Results show that the majority of indigenous residents prioritize medicinal plants as their primary treatment for diseases and possess knowledge of their therapeutic properties and processing methods. Network analysis revealed that mothers and grandmothers hold key roles in learning networks, while children and daughters-in-law dominate the teaching networks. This suggests vertical, intergenerational knowledge transfer within family-based rural communities, highlighting the pivotal role of women.
Conclusions: Given the proven value and hereditary transmission of indigenous knowledge, its documentation, preservation, and continuation are essential. The methodology used can be applied in other rural and nomadic areas to identify key knowledge holders and enhance the effective preservation and transmission of valuable, region-specific traditional knowledge.
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