Search published articles
Maryam Momenpour, Seyedeh Zoleikha Ghorbanzadeh Zafarani, Hasan Rasoli,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Cities have profound effects on the surrounding rural areas, which are manifested in various environmental, social, economic and physical dimensions. Knowing the type of texture is necessary to measure the quantity of filled and empty areas, explore the quality of mass and space contiguity and identify the shape-spatial system for the regularity of filled and empty spaces. Agriculture can be the core of the space economy because it is the biggest attractor of labor in some regions and can create the most income and development. Since development is a multi-dimensional concept, which requires reorganization of the socio-economic system with it, examining the different levels and dimensions of development and knowing the differences in resources of different regions can be effective for planning. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to measure and evaluate the desirability of peri-urban spaces for the agricultural development of rural settlements in Golestan Province.
Golestan Province, the study area of this research, is a northern province that is distinguished in agriculture due to its geographical location. The importance of the agricultural sector for this province is because of the role of this sector in increasing the country's food security and prosperity. This calls for proper and accurate planning and agricultural development.
Methodology
This research is a descriptive-analytical and applied study. The secondary data were collected from the agricultural statistics of the province in 2015. The statistical population of the study consists of 14 cities in Golestan Province based on the latest political-administrative divisions. For data analysis, we used WASPAS multi-criteria combined technique in Excel spreadsheet software, and Shannon's entropy was used to determine the weight of each index. ArcGIS was used to draw the maps.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings of this research echo the results of Kaderzadeh et al.'s studies (2016), entitled agricultural development of the cities of Kurdistan Province and confirm the difference between the cities of a province in indexes. And the indicators of development agricultural development. It also shows that most of the cities of the province are in an unfavorable situation in terms of sustainable agricultural development indicators. Also, the findings of Taqvi and Bahari (2013) regarding the distribution of the components of the development of the cities of Mazandaran Province, Sakhawat (2013) regarding the measurement of the development of the provinces of Iran, Fadeli (2014) about the inequality of development in the western provinces confirm the difference between the cities of the province in terms of development indicators. Considering the general results of this research and the placement of rural settlements in Gonbad and Gorgan Counties at the highest level of development, it can be seen that the most important factors affecting the development are the strong and concentrated urban economy and the labor force. And trained, high-quality soils with agricultural capabilities, the use of modern and efficient agricultural tools and equipment, abundant manpower, large area, especially Gonbad Kavus County, etc. The robust economic role of the cities of these two counties (Inche Broon for Gonbad Kavus County and Sohrkhankalate and Jalin for Gorgan County) is evident because they have attracted most of the services and infrastructures, and this has led to the lack of these services in rural areas. Given that in addition to increasing urbanization of the country in the future, it is inevitable to pay attention to rural settlements for balanced development and fair distribution of services based on the current situation of settlements. Fair planning and distribution of services is a must, which requires optimal investment in rural settlements for the realization of homogeneity, social justice and better living condition in different settlements.
Cities have profound effects on the surrounding rural areas, which are manifested in various environmental, social, economic and physical dimensions. Knowing the type of texture is necessary to measure the quantity of filled and empty areas, explore the quality of mass and space contiguity and identify the shape-spatial system for the regularity of filled and empty spaces. Agriculture can be the core of the space economy because it is the biggest attractor of labor in some regions and can create the most income and development. Since development is a multi-dimensional concept, which requires reorganization of the socio-economic system with it, examining the different levels and dimensions of development and knowing the differences in resources of different regions can be effective for planning. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to measure and evaluate the desirability of peri-urban spaces for the agricultural development of rural settlements in Golestan Province.
Golestan Province, the study area of this research, is a northern province that is distinguished in agriculture due to its geographical location. The importance of the agricultural sector for this province is because of the role of this sector in increasing the country's food security and prosperity. This calls for proper and accurate planning and agricultural development.
Methodology
This research is a descriptive-analytical and applied study. The secondary data were collected from the agricultural statistics of the province in 2015. The statistical population of the study consists of 14 cities in Golestan Province based on the latest political-administrative divisions. For data analysis, we used WASPAS multi-criteria combined technique in Excel spreadsheet software, and Shannon's entropy was used to determine the weight of each index. ArcGIS was used to draw the maps.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings of this research echo the results of Kaderzadeh et al.'s studies (2016), entitled agricultural development of the cities of Kurdistan Province and confirm the difference between the cities of a province in indexes. And the indicators of development agricultural development. It also shows that most of the cities of the province are in an unfavorable situation in terms of sustainable agricultural development indicators. Also, the findings of Taqvi and Bahari (2013) regarding the distribution of the components of the development of the cities of Mazandaran Province, Sakhawat (2013) regarding the measurement of the development of the provinces of Iran, Fadeli (2014) about the inequality of development in the western provinces confirm the difference between the cities of the province in terms of development indicators. Considering the general results of this research and the placement of rural settlements in Gonbad and Gorgan Counties at the highest level of development, it can be seen that the most important factors affecting the development are the strong and concentrated urban economy and the labor force. And trained, high-quality soils with agricultural capabilities, the use of modern and efficient agricultural tools and equipment, abundant manpower, large area, especially Gonbad Kavus County, etc. The robust economic role of the cities of these two counties (Inche Broon for Gonbad Kavus County and Sohrkhankalate and Jalin for Gorgan County) is evident because they have attracted most of the services and infrastructures, and this has led to the lack of these services in rural areas. Given that in addition to increasing urbanization of the country in the future, it is inevitable to pay attention to rural settlements for balanced development and fair distribution of services based on the current situation of settlements. Fair planning and distribution of services is a must, which requires optimal investment in rural settlements for the realization of homogeneity, social justice and better living condition in different settlements.
Ali Akbar Taghilou, Naser Soltani,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
In the catchment area of Lake Urmia in West Azerbaijan province, the development of non-agricultural and agriculture-related small production activities has been the main strategy of the government to reduce the dependence of rural livelihoods on the agricultural sector and reduce water consumption in agriculture.
Referring to the studies conducted and the literature on the subject, it seems that the issue for the development and expansion of small non-agricultural activities in the villages is a problem of power relations and the inequality of abilities among the beneficiaries of these activities, which has made them unable to get the market benefits and capture the surplus value.
Therefore, the purpose of this article is not to explain the lack of success and discover the cause and effect of the development and establishment of non-agricultural production activities in villages. Rather, it is to help understand the structural limitations of the development and creation of production activities by identifying and examining the pairs of power relations and the interaction forces of these pairs.
Methodology
Our fieldwork was done in 2019. The main methods used in this research are in-depth interviews, document reviews, and secondary data analysis. In-depth interviews with villagers, semi-structured interviews with officials of financial institutions and entrepreneurship fund (KARA), responsible for rural small business development of Jihad Agriculture Organization, responsible for the training of technical and vocational organization, responsible for the rural economic development of West Azarbaijan Governorate, rural insurance fund, responsible for cooperation Rural, responsible for rural business development of the province's industry, mining and trade organization is.
Villagers and village councils and, producers of pickles, herbal spirits, paste, and dry fruits production, some large and medium-sized companies producing similar urban products were of interest to us in the interview. During the research, we also conducted informal interviews with a number of villagers who own small workshops. Also, we examined the sixth development plan and policies for the development of household and small rural businesses of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Department of Labor, Welfare and Social Security, Technical and Professional Organization, and Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters.
Finally, the interviews of the officials in charge of small rural businesses with news agencies were used as second-hand information in our analyses, But the questions that were raised in the interviews are: Why do you think small non-agricultural production activities related to agriculture do not develop? What is the role of the government's interests and programs in the development of urban and rural industries in the development of these activities in the villages? How do you evaluate the performance factors of financial and government institutions in the development of these activities?
Discussion and conclusion
The relations between small rural production activities and similar urban production factories threaten each other's interests, and there is no common interest between them. These two activities compete with each other in acquiring the market and adding value produced in the market. Small rural production activities have a relative advantage, such as high-quality raw materials, more organic production, production quality, and reasonable price compared to the production of urban industries in gaining market and benefits.
According to the logic of the consumer, this advantage in the consumer market increases the ability to gain benefits and keeps the flow of market benefits for itself; But in contrast to the advantage of Urum Ada, Pakdis, Sasan Shahd, Khoshkbar il Sur, Khoshdis and Noushin Shahd industries against these activities, it is in how they relate to the government and other determinants of small rural production activities that have changed the flow of benefits; Because the strength of small rural production activities is in their nature, but urban industries have gained their strength from relationships, which play a decisive role in the distribution of market resources and benefits, and with the rents created through relationships, the most banking facilities, government incentives, opportunities They change the market created inside and outside for their own benefit and threaten small rural businesses with mechanisms such as unhygienic, traditional, bribery of regulatory organizations and non-compliance with labor laws and rural production insurance.
In the network of urban consumer relations and small rural production activities, the flow of benefits is somewhat bilateral. The interests of the consumer are the quality and price of the product; considering the bad economic conditions of the consumer and the low purchasing power of the urban consumer, products with a low price are the priority of purchase, and the quality of the products is the second priority. Rural products have been produced at a relatively low price due to the elimination of many costs such as tax, insurance, labor and energy costs, and self-sufficiency of raw materials. Therefore, the consumer market has welcomed it, and it has generated good income for producers. But since these products are not a priority in the households' basket, it does not bring many benefits to the producers. On the other hand, the production of discourses on "rural products being unsanitary" by scientific centers and government institutions such as universities and health centers changes the relationship between urban consumers and rural producers in favor of industries with similar urban production in a small market and causes further contraction of the market and the interests of the villagers.
The main issue in this section is to investigate how the relationship between the government and the city and the government and the village disrupts the balance of power between the city and the village and how this imbalance of power affects small rural production businesses. Apart from the relationship between the city and the village, which has always prevailed over the village in attracting human, financial capital, goods and other things, this dominance is due to the relationship between these two places with the scientific and economic elites and the government, which affects small production activities.
In the catchment area of Lake Urmia in West Azerbaijan province, the development of non-agricultural and agriculture-related small production activities has been the main strategy of the government to reduce the dependence of rural livelihoods on the agricultural sector and reduce water consumption in agriculture.
Referring to the studies conducted and the literature on the subject, it seems that the issue for the development and expansion of small non-agricultural activities in the villages is a problem of power relations and the inequality of abilities among the beneficiaries of these activities, which has made them unable to get the market benefits and capture the surplus value.
Therefore, the purpose of this article is not to explain the lack of success and discover the cause and effect of the development and establishment of non-agricultural production activities in villages. Rather, it is to help understand the structural limitations of the development and creation of production activities by identifying and examining the pairs of power relations and the interaction forces of these pairs.
Methodology
Our fieldwork was done in 2019. The main methods used in this research are in-depth interviews, document reviews, and secondary data analysis. In-depth interviews with villagers, semi-structured interviews with officials of financial institutions and entrepreneurship fund (KARA), responsible for rural small business development of Jihad Agriculture Organization, responsible for the training of technical and vocational organization, responsible for the rural economic development of West Azarbaijan Governorate, rural insurance fund, responsible for cooperation Rural, responsible for rural business development of the province's industry, mining and trade organization is.
Villagers and village councils and, producers of pickles, herbal spirits, paste, and dry fruits production, some large and medium-sized companies producing similar urban products were of interest to us in the interview. During the research, we also conducted informal interviews with a number of villagers who own small workshops. Also, we examined the sixth development plan and policies for the development of household and small rural businesses of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Department of Labor, Welfare and Social Security, Technical and Professional Organization, and Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters.
Finally, the interviews of the officials in charge of small rural businesses with news agencies were used as second-hand information in our analyses, But the questions that were raised in the interviews are: Why do you think small non-agricultural production activities related to agriculture do not develop? What is the role of the government's interests and programs in the development of urban and rural industries in the development of these activities in the villages? How do you evaluate the performance factors of financial and government institutions in the development of these activities?
Discussion and conclusion
The relations between small rural production activities and similar urban production factories threaten each other's interests, and there is no common interest between them. These two activities compete with each other in acquiring the market and adding value produced in the market. Small rural production activities have a relative advantage, such as high-quality raw materials, more organic production, production quality, and reasonable price compared to the production of urban industries in gaining market and benefits.
According to the logic of the consumer, this advantage in the consumer market increases the ability to gain benefits and keeps the flow of market benefits for itself; But in contrast to the advantage of Urum Ada, Pakdis, Sasan Shahd, Khoshkbar il Sur, Khoshdis and Noushin Shahd industries against these activities, it is in how they relate to the government and other determinants of small rural production activities that have changed the flow of benefits; Because the strength of small rural production activities is in their nature, but urban industries have gained their strength from relationships, which play a decisive role in the distribution of market resources and benefits, and with the rents created through relationships, the most banking facilities, government incentives, opportunities They change the market created inside and outside for their own benefit and threaten small rural businesses with mechanisms such as unhygienic, traditional, bribery of regulatory organizations and non-compliance with labor laws and rural production insurance.
In the network of urban consumer relations and small rural production activities, the flow of benefits is somewhat bilateral. The interests of the consumer are the quality and price of the product; considering the bad economic conditions of the consumer and the low purchasing power of the urban consumer, products with a low price are the priority of purchase, and the quality of the products is the second priority. Rural products have been produced at a relatively low price due to the elimination of many costs such as tax, insurance, labor and energy costs, and self-sufficiency of raw materials. Therefore, the consumer market has welcomed it, and it has generated good income for producers. But since these products are not a priority in the households' basket, it does not bring many benefits to the producers. On the other hand, the production of discourses on "rural products being unsanitary" by scientific centers and government institutions such as universities and health centers changes the relationship between urban consumers and rural producers in favor of industries with similar urban production in a small market and causes further contraction of the market and the interests of the villagers.
The main issue in this section is to investigate how the relationship between the government and the city and the government and the village disrupts the balance of power between the city and the village and how this imbalance of power affects small rural production businesses. Apart from the relationship between the city and the village, which has always prevailed over the village in attracting human, financial capital, goods and other things, this dominance is due to the relationship between these two places with the scientific and economic elites and the government, which affects small production activities.
Masoumeh Pazkoi,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The entrepreneurship approach, suggested by planners, is a strategy for Overcoming the socio-economic problems facing rural communities. Facilitating innovations and entrepreneurial activities with high effectiveness are the tools to achieve economic development in rural areas. Another necessary condition for the development of any society, especially rural communities, are the main components of social capital, namely, the expansion of social cohesion, the development of social participation and, most importantly, mutual trust (between the private sector and the government). To achieve the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, planning for the existing resources in rural areas, especially human resources, is essential through empowerment and resilience. The variables of social capital, empowerment and resilience must be considered in achieving innovative performance. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the social capital relationship with the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs in the rural district of Filestan in Pakdasht County according to the variables of resilience and empowerment.
Methodology
The present research is an applied study, and due to the nature of the subject, the approach to the research process is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was villagers in villages with more than 20 households in Filestan Rural district. According to Cochran's formula, 353 households from 5 villages were obtained as a research sample. Then, based on the number of households in each village and by stratified sampling method, the number of samples in each village was calculated. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinion of experts in geography and rural planning. Its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software and ARAS, CODAS, WASPAS, COPELAND and MULTI-MOORA techniques.
Discussion and conclusion
The crucial strategy for survival in today's fast-paced world for the villages is the use of all available resources and the empowerment of all the capacities available to the villagers. Choosing this path requires providing a suitable platform that allows the emergence of creative skills and tactics, and entrepreneurial activities. In the current research, the relation of social capital with the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs in the villages of Filestan Rural district was studied with regard to resilience and empowerment variables. According to the results of Shannon's entropy method, among the criteria of social capital effective on resilience, the criterion of knowledge and awareness with a weight of 0.9981 has the most importance. A rural society with stronger social capital in comparison with other villages has stronger social cohesion, social support, informal social relations, social interactions, social justice, justice in the distribution of resources, and resilient innovative practices and entrepreneurial activities. According to the COPELAND technique, the indicators of the desirability of innovation at the end of the work and the holding of classes related to entrepreneurship in the village were ranked first in significance. The ranking based on the MULTI-MOORA method shows that the villagers of Golzar village are more capable in terms of innovative practices and entrepreneurial activities compared to other villages. The results of the WASPAS technique show that the village of Golzar has a superior position compared to other villages in the Filestan Rural district from the point of view of different dimensions of social capital that are effective in the resilience of innovative and entrepreneurial practices with a Qi equal to 0.8764 and acts stronger. The results of the CODAS technique show that the role of social capital on the performance of rural entrepreneurs in Golzar village has been more than in other villages of the Filestan Rural district. This means that based on the results of this research, the self-confidence of entrepreneurs in this village, along with planning, training, skill acquisition, competitiveness, flexibility and increasing participation, should lead to a diversity of employment and improvement of household income in addition to creating social cohesion. Therefore, this village has stronger social capital than other villages. In fact, social capital leads to common ideals, social harmony, social cohesion, motivation, trust, creativity, and forward-looking, which can directly affect the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs through empowerment and resilience.
The following suggestions are presented in order to improve the conditions of entrepreneurship according to the variables of empowerment, resilience and entrepreneurship in the study area:
The entrepreneurship approach, suggested by planners, is a strategy for Overcoming the socio-economic problems facing rural communities. Facilitating innovations and entrepreneurial activities with high effectiveness are the tools to achieve economic development in rural areas. Another necessary condition for the development of any society, especially rural communities, are the main components of social capital, namely, the expansion of social cohesion, the development of social participation and, most importantly, mutual trust (between the private sector and the government). To achieve the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, planning for the existing resources in rural areas, especially human resources, is essential through empowerment and resilience. The variables of social capital, empowerment and resilience must be considered in achieving innovative performance. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the social capital relationship with the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs in the rural district of Filestan in Pakdasht County according to the variables of resilience and empowerment.
Methodology
The present research is an applied study, and due to the nature of the subject, the approach to the research process is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was villagers in villages with more than 20 households in Filestan Rural district. According to Cochran's formula, 353 households from 5 villages were obtained as a research sample. Then, based on the number of households in each village and by stratified sampling method, the number of samples in each village was calculated. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinion of experts in geography and rural planning. Its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software and ARAS, CODAS, WASPAS, COPELAND and MULTI-MOORA techniques.
Discussion and conclusion
The crucial strategy for survival in today's fast-paced world for the villages is the use of all available resources and the empowerment of all the capacities available to the villagers. Choosing this path requires providing a suitable platform that allows the emergence of creative skills and tactics, and entrepreneurial activities. In the current research, the relation of social capital with the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs in the villages of Filestan Rural district was studied with regard to resilience and empowerment variables. According to the results of Shannon's entropy method, among the criteria of social capital effective on resilience, the criterion of knowledge and awareness with a weight of 0.9981 has the most importance. A rural society with stronger social capital in comparison with other villages has stronger social cohesion, social support, informal social relations, social interactions, social justice, justice in the distribution of resources, and resilient innovative practices and entrepreneurial activities. According to the COPELAND technique, the indicators of the desirability of innovation at the end of the work and the holding of classes related to entrepreneurship in the village were ranked first in significance. The ranking based on the MULTI-MOORA method shows that the villagers of Golzar village are more capable in terms of innovative practices and entrepreneurial activities compared to other villages. The results of the WASPAS technique show that the village of Golzar has a superior position compared to other villages in the Filestan Rural district from the point of view of different dimensions of social capital that are effective in the resilience of innovative and entrepreneurial practices with a Qi equal to 0.8764 and acts stronger. The results of the CODAS technique show that the role of social capital on the performance of rural entrepreneurs in Golzar village has been more than in other villages of the Filestan Rural district. This means that based on the results of this research, the self-confidence of entrepreneurs in this village, along with planning, training, skill acquisition, competitiveness, flexibility and increasing participation, should lead to a diversity of employment and improvement of household income in addition to creating social cohesion. Therefore, this village has stronger social capital than other villages. In fact, social capital leads to common ideals, social harmony, social cohesion, motivation, trust, creativity, and forward-looking, which can directly affect the innovative performance of rural entrepreneurs through empowerment and resilience.
The following suggestions are presented in order to improve the conditions of entrepreneurship according to the variables of empowerment, resilience and entrepreneurship in the study area:
- Creating the environment and background for entrepreneurship (capacity building);
- Applying the necessary self-confidence and empowerment strategies through specialized training in the field of starting entrepreneurial businesses and innovative actions;
- Applying resilience-building strategies through specialized training in order to increase the ability to return to the conditions before the tension and after the accidents and the flexibility and creativity of entrepreneurs;
- Providing the necessary support to entrepreneurs in the fields of removing administrative formalities and facilitating loan conditions;
- Personal and occupational insurance and the establishment of markets for the sale of agricultural and rural products;
- Intensifying the expansion of entrepreneurial activities by creating mobility and activity.
Jaleh Koorkinejad,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Pressure on production resources and the environment is getting higher due to increased population and the need for food, especially in developing countries. Thus, the preservation of natural resources and proper allocation of inputs must be considered in production. Sustainable agriculture suggests a framework for human needs without harming the environment and the proper and optimal use of natural resources while taking into account the rights of future generations. Achieving sustainable agricultural development is possible only if productive factors such as labor and social capital are regarded alongside physical capital. Social capital, a complement to other forms of capital, is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, especially in rural communities. Development in rural areas requires the expansion of trust, participation and communication and cohesion among farmers. Social capital is a factor that compensates for the deficiency of other capital inputs and binds other inputs like glue. This study investigated social capital and its role in facilitating and accelerating sustainable development in the villages of the north of Sirjan County.
Methodology
This study first evaluated the different dimensions of social capital and sustainable development using different items with the Likert scale. The required data were collected using a questionnaire that validity and reliability were examined among a sample of 195 farmers living in the northern villages of Sirjan County. After calculating the social capital indicator and sustainable development indicator, we investigated the effect of social capital on various dimensions of sustainable agriculture using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE).
Discussion and conclusion
According to the results of the research, the social capital indicator was calculated at 0.57 on average, and in terms of dimensions, trust is 0.55, participation and social relations is 0.58 and norms, and social cohesion is 0.60. The economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions of sustainable development were determined to be 0.44, 0.51, 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The amount of economic and institutional dimensions is below average, which shows the instability of most of these dimensions among farmers. The other two dimensions are in the middle level. The results of seemingly unrelated regression equations showed that the variables of farmer age, years of experience in agriculture, net income of agriculture, social capital, participation in training courses and type of irrigation system have a positive and statistically significant effect on the economic dimension of sustainable agriculture. Variables of education level, membership in agricultural cooperatives, participation in training classes and social capital have a positive and significant effect on social sustainability, and the variables of type of irrigation system, social capital, net income and education have a significant positive effect on environmental sustainability. In addition, the results showed that farmers with higher education and those who are members of agricultural cooperatives feel more institutionally stable, and these variables have a positive effect on promoting institutional sustainability.
Low efficiency and productivity, the staggering cost of inputs, have left no income for them and have led to poor quality and welfare life for them. This has caused farmer dissatisfaction and has led young people to migrate to cities and work in industrial sectors. As it was observed, the variable of social capital has a positive effect on all four dimensions of stability, but its effect on institutional stability is not statistically significant.
Since the calculated social capital is not at a high level among farmers, besides its significance in sustainability, it is necessary to pay attention to proper planning to improve different dimensions of social capital and eliminate the existing shortcomings to achieve higher levels of sustainability. Effective training courses in rural areas are really important due to the lack of transportation facilities in farmers' living regions. In addition, the presence of skilled professionals and experts will increase the trust in the training among farmers. Creating suitable living facilities and equitable distribution of facilities in villages, improving infrastructure, and access of farmers' children to quality schools. The life expectancy and desire of farmers, especially young people, to stay in the villages will be increased when donors and rich farmers participate in improving living conditions in rural areas.
Pressure on production resources and the environment is getting higher due to increased population and the need for food, especially in developing countries. Thus, the preservation of natural resources and proper allocation of inputs must be considered in production. Sustainable agriculture suggests a framework for human needs without harming the environment and the proper and optimal use of natural resources while taking into account the rights of future generations. Achieving sustainable agricultural development is possible only if productive factors such as labor and social capital are regarded alongside physical capital. Social capital, a complement to other forms of capital, is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, especially in rural communities. Development in rural areas requires the expansion of trust, participation and communication and cohesion among farmers. Social capital is a factor that compensates for the deficiency of other capital inputs and binds other inputs like glue. This study investigated social capital and its role in facilitating and accelerating sustainable development in the villages of the north of Sirjan County.
Methodology
This study first evaluated the different dimensions of social capital and sustainable development using different items with the Likert scale. The required data were collected using a questionnaire that validity and reliability were examined among a sample of 195 farmers living in the northern villages of Sirjan County. After calculating the social capital indicator and sustainable development indicator, we investigated the effect of social capital on various dimensions of sustainable agriculture using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE).
Discussion and conclusion
According to the results of the research, the social capital indicator was calculated at 0.57 on average, and in terms of dimensions, trust is 0.55, participation and social relations is 0.58 and norms, and social cohesion is 0.60. The economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions of sustainable development were determined to be 0.44, 0.51, 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The amount of economic and institutional dimensions is below average, which shows the instability of most of these dimensions among farmers. The other two dimensions are in the middle level. The results of seemingly unrelated regression equations showed that the variables of farmer age, years of experience in agriculture, net income of agriculture, social capital, participation in training courses and type of irrigation system have a positive and statistically significant effect on the economic dimension of sustainable agriculture. Variables of education level, membership in agricultural cooperatives, participation in training classes and social capital have a positive and significant effect on social sustainability, and the variables of type of irrigation system, social capital, net income and education have a significant positive effect on environmental sustainability. In addition, the results showed that farmers with higher education and those who are members of agricultural cooperatives feel more institutionally stable, and these variables have a positive effect on promoting institutional sustainability.
Low efficiency and productivity, the staggering cost of inputs, have left no income for them and have led to poor quality and welfare life for them. This has caused farmer dissatisfaction and has led young people to migrate to cities and work in industrial sectors. As it was observed, the variable of social capital has a positive effect on all four dimensions of stability, but its effect on institutional stability is not statistically significant.
Since the calculated social capital is not at a high level among farmers, besides its significance in sustainability, it is necessary to pay attention to proper planning to improve different dimensions of social capital and eliminate the existing shortcomings to achieve higher levels of sustainability. Effective training courses in rural areas are really important due to the lack of transportation facilities in farmers' living regions. In addition, the presence of skilled professionals and experts will increase the trust in the training among farmers. Creating suitable living facilities and equitable distribution of facilities in villages, improving infrastructure, and access of farmers' children to quality schools. The life expectancy and desire of farmers, especially young people, to stay in the villages will be increased when donors and rich farmers participate in improving living conditions in rural areas.
Javad Madani, Ismail Taghavi Zirvani,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The tourism industry has been promoted as a common strategy for the development and reinvention of rural areas, especially in rural areas that have been severely affected by the decline of traditional agriculture. Tourism in rural areas is considered an accelerator of growing economies in both developing and developed economies. The social and economic impacts of rural tourism on individuals and society have been considered important, especially in less developed countries. The development of rural tourism in areas with rich biodiversity has helped local communities achieve their goal of improving livelihoods. Also, rural tourism has helped the local community to increase their income and increase their livelihood significantly. Although the economic benefits of tourism are well accepted, measuring the economic impact of rural tourism on rural areas is often ambiguous, as different approaches provide different results. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of rural tourism on rural development both economically and in other dimensions. Assessment of the success of rural tourism initiatives that aim to benefit local communities, as well as rural environments, has always been a challenge. Many researchers and scholars of economics and tourism believe that the diversity of key drivers of rural tourism for improving the livelihood of rural households is due to geographical location and subsequent conditions. However, geographical conditions are necessary for the ensuing decisions. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to identify and prioritize the key drivers of rural tourism in improving the livelihood of rural households. This study considers the potential of rural tourism as a tool to promote and improve rural households' livelihood.
Methodology
The current research is an applied study in terms of its purpose, and the research method used is a mixed method. The research design is exploratory sequential that analyses the qualitative information and then quantitative data. In this research, in the first phase, the qualitative method of thematic analysis was used, and in the second phase, the quantitative survey method was used. In the qualitative phase, the relevant codes were obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The codes were converted into basic themes by the thematic analysis method. In the second phase, these items were prioritized by a quantitative survey method. Thematic analysis analyzes textual data manually through several steps, including data identification, creating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, and reviewing and naming themes. We applied the Attride-Stirling(2001) approach, and the extracted themes were categorized into three "basic, organizing and global" themes.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the findings of this study, the themes extracted from the semi-structured interviews are in the form of 58 basic themes, 19 organizing themes and four global themes. In analyzing the development of rural tourism, it is necessary to pay attention to economic, social, cultural, technological and political factors in order to determine their impact. This way provides measures for the further development of rural tourism. After performing the calculations, it was found that the infrastructure and technological factors have the greatest impact on the development of rural tourism. These factors consist of the development of public and health infrastructure, the increase of recreational facilities for the local community, the creation of high-quality recreational opportunities, and the creation of transportation infrastructure facilities. Although rural tourism has a positive effect on the rural household's livelihood, it may be difficult to rapidly increase the number of tourists to this area in the future because the area is far from the nearest metropolis and also a very competitive rural tourist market is located in Ardabil Province, especially the city of Sarein. This study concludes that public policies are necessary to strengthen basic infrastructure and facilities. The infrastructural and technological benefits of rural tourism include improving infrastructure, protecting these areas and providing the necessary facilities. The main nature of rural tourism development in improving the rural household's livelihood is to reduce the gap in regional development between cities and villages, which is done through career consultancy, improving the well-being of local people in their environment, ensuring optimal standards of quality of life and providing privileges to rural residents. In the present study, rural tourism in areas adjacent to Sarein City was positively and independently related to households' satisfaction with life. The development of rural tourism can also lead to cultural and social changes through development programs. Accordingly, social influences play an important role in tourism development because the host community, represented as local households, interact with tourists directly, and positive cultural influences help support future tourism programs. All in all, the drivers of rural tourism can have positive effects on the livelihood of rural households, including improving the quality of life, improving the economic situation, developing the infrastructure of villages, etc.
The tourism industry has been promoted as a common strategy for the development and reinvention of rural areas, especially in rural areas that have been severely affected by the decline of traditional agriculture. Tourism in rural areas is considered an accelerator of growing economies in both developing and developed economies. The social and economic impacts of rural tourism on individuals and society have been considered important, especially in less developed countries. The development of rural tourism in areas with rich biodiversity has helped local communities achieve their goal of improving livelihoods. Also, rural tourism has helped the local community to increase their income and increase their livelihood significantly. Although the economic benefits of tourism are well accepted, measuring the economic impact of rural tourism on rural areas is often ambiguous, as different approaches provide different results. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of rural tourism on rural development both economically and in other dimensions. Assessment of the success of rural tourism initiatives that aim to benefit local communities, as well as rural environments, has always been a challenge. Many researchers and scholars of economics and tourism believe that the diversity of key drivers of rural tourism for improving the livelihood of rural households is due to geographical location and subsequent conditions. However, geographical conditions are necessary for the ensuing decisions. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to identify and prioritize the key drivers of rural tourism in improving the livelihood of rural households. This study considers the potential of rural tourism as a tool to promote and improve rural households' livelihood.
Methodology
The current research is an applied study in terms of its purpose, and the research method used is a mixed method. The research design is exploratory sequential that analyses the qualitative information and then quantitative data. In this research, in the first phase, the qualitative method of thematic analysis was used, and in the second phase, the quantitative survey method was used. In the qualitative phase, the relevant codes were obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The codes were converted into basic themes by the thematic analysis method. In the second phase, these items were prioritized by a quantitative survey method. Thematic analysis analyzes textual data manually through several steps, including data identification, creating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, and reviewing and naming themes. We applied the Attride-Stirling(2001) approach, and the extracted themes were categorized into three "basic, organizing and global" themes.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the findings of this study, the themes extracted from the semi-structured interviews are in the form of 58 basic themes, 19 organizing themes and four global themes. In analyzing the development of rural tourism, it is necessary to pay attention to economic, social, cultural, technological and political factors in order to determine their impact. This way provides measures for the further development of rural tourism. After performing the calculations, it was found that the infrastructure and technological factors have the greatest impact on the development of rural tourism. These factors consist of the development of public and health infrastructure, the increase of recreational facilities for the local community, the creation of high-quality recreational opportunities, and the creation of transportation infrastructure facilities. Although rural tourism has a positive effect on the rural household's livelihood, it may be difficult to rapidly increase the number of tourists to this area in the future because the area is far from the nearest metropolis and also a very competitive rural tourist market is located in Ardabil Province, especially the city of Sarein. This study concludes that public policies are necessary to strengthen basic infrastructure and facilities. The infrastructural and technological benefits of rural tourism include improving infrastructure, protecting these areas and providing the necessary facilities. The main nature of rural tourism development in improving the rural household's livelihood is to reduce the gap in regional development between cities and villages, which is done through career consultancy, improving the well-being of local people in their environment, ensuring optimal standards of quality of life and providing privileges to rural residents. In the present study, rural tourism in areas adjacent to Sarein City was positively and independently related to households' satisfaction with life. The development of rural tourism can also lead to cultural and social changes through development programs. Accordingly, social influences play an important role in tourism development because the host community, represented as local households, interact with tourists directly, and positive cultural influences help support future tourism programs. All in all, the drivers of rural tourism can have positive effects on the livelihood of rural households, including improving the quality of life, improving the economic situation, developing the infrastructure of villages, etc.
Nahideh Mohammadi, Bijan Rahmani, Naser Shafiei Thabit,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The extensive experience of many countries shows that the success of development programs in rural areas has not been favorable due to some limitations, especially the lack of participation of the beneficiaries or the villagers. Since it is only the villagers who can effectively identify their perceived problems and needs, therefore their participation in the management process and planning of rural development and transformation - in all its stages - is essential. In this regard, local people can participate fully and effectively when they are organized and trained to make a united and continuous effort. Therefore, in this context, non-governmental organizations, as people-oriented and participatory institutions, are known to be the most important main means of achieving this goal, which can penetrate rural communities and involve villagers in the process of participatory and sustainable development. Therefore, since the late 1980s and especially in the 1990s, and with the introduction of the community-oriented approach, non-governmental organizations have received attention. Because the ability of local stakeholders in community-oriented development is a fundamental factor in enabling them to participate and influence the development and spatial developments have a special place. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort to empower the villagers in order to reduce the negative consequences of their weak intervention in the process of development and spatial development. On this basis, to improve the organized participation of villagers in the framework of non-governmental organizations, it is necessary to develop planning and policies in order to invest in the improvement of the facilitators of the empowerment of villagers, such as; Education, awareness raising, trust and confidence, cohesion and solidarity, etc. should be placed in order to provide the necessary grounds for the formation of non-governmental organizations. In this framework, the analysis of the growth and expansion of non-governmental organizations in the spatial transformations of rural settlements, taking into account the improvement of empowerment indicators, is a new approach that has been addressed in this research.
Methodology
In the present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method and based on a questionnaire, the relationship between rural empowerment facilitators in the formation of non-governmental organizations and the relationship between these organizations in The process of spatial transformation of rural settlements (in the form of 15 indicators) was measured at the level of 30 villages and 300 sample households in the villages of Javanrood township. The collected data were processed using SPSS software and using correlation test statistics, and univariate and multivariate regression.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the improvement of empowerment indicators and the rate of formation and expansion of non-governmental organizations in the direction of the spatial transformation of rural settlements. But, this relationship has been decreasing-decreasing, which has revealed the inappropriate position of research variables in the study area. In other words, the implementation of empowerment methods due to the dominance of the "top-down" and "state-based" approach has not been able to create a sense of power and empowerment in the local stakeholders and their effective and organized participation in the framework of non-governmental organizations. The low level of participation of non-governmental organizations has caused failure in the spatial development of rural settlements in economic, social, physical and environmental-ecological dimensions. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to and improve the facilitation indicators of rural empowerment such as; Education and awareness, knowledge and skills, cohesion and solidarity, trust and confidence, participation, institutionalization and political support of the government, and changing the approach to "community-based" and "bottom-up", are a good ground for their participation with the aim of creating non-governmental organizations in the direction the spatial transformation of rural settlements.
The extensive experience of many countries shows that the success of development programs in rural areas has not been favorable due to some limitations, especially the lack of participation of the beneficiaries or the villagers. Since it is only the villagers who can effectively identify their perceived problems and needs, therefore their participation in the management process and planning of rural development and transformation - in all its stages - is essential. In this regard, local people can participate fully and effectively when they are organized and trained to make a united and continuous effort. Therefore, in this context, non-governmental organizations, as people-oriented and participatory institutions, are known to be the most important main means of achieving this goal, which can penetrate rural communities and involve villagers in the process of participatory and sustainable development. Therefore, since the late 1980s and especially in the 1990s, and with the introduction of the community-oriented approach, non-governmental organizations have received attention. Because the ability of local stakeholders in community-oriented development is a fundamental factor in enabling them to participate and influence the development and spatial developments have a special place. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort to empower the villagers in order to reduce the negative consequences of their weak intervention in the process of development and spatial development. On this basis, to improve the organized participation of villagers in the framework of non-governmental organizations, it is necessary to develop planning and policies in order to invest in the improvement of the facilitators of the empowerment of villagers, such as; Education, awareness raising, trust and confidence, cohesion and solidarity, etc. should be placed in order to provide the necessary grounds for the formation of non-governmental organizations. In this framework, the analysis of the growth and expansion of non-governmental organizations in the spatial transformations of rural settlements, taking into account the improvement of empowerment indicators, is a new approach that has been addressed in this research.
Methodology
In the present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method and based on a questionnaire, the relationship between rural empowerment facilitators in the formation of non-governmental organizations and the relationship between these organizations in The process of spatial transformation of rural settlements (in the form of 15 indicators) was measured at the level of 30 villages and 300 sample households in the villages of Javanrood township. The collected data were processed using SPSS software and using correlation test statistics, and univariate and multivariate regression.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the improvement of empowerment indicators and the rate of formation and expansion of non-governmental organizations in the direction of the spatial transformation of rural settlements. But, this relationship has been decreasing-decreasing, which has revealed the inappropriate position of research variables in the study area. In other words, the implementation of empowerment methods due to the dominance of the "top-down" and "state-based" approach has not been able to create a sense of power and empowerment in the local stakeholders and their effective and organized participation in the framework of non-governmental organizations. The low level of participation of non-governmental organizations has caused failure in the spatial development of rural settlements in economic, social, physical and environmental-ecological dimensions. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to and improve the facilitation indicators of rural empowerment such as; Education and awareness, knowledge and skills, cohesion and solidarity, trust and confidence, participation, institutionalization and political support of the government, and changing the approach to "community-based" and "bottom-up", are a good ground for their participation with the aim of creating non-governmental organizations in the direction the spatial transformation of rural settlements.
Fazlullah Ismaili, Fatemeh Azizi, Mehdi Khodadad,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, we have seen an increase in population and the growth of migrations towards villages around Tehran. The reverse migration towards the suburban villages of Tehran can create a balancing mechanism for the migration of the accumulated labor force. This will require the improvement of the agricultural land and the creation of a social and economic environment for rural dwellers, so it can be reasonable for rural youth to stay in their homeland and make a living.
Therefore, the current research first investigates the indicators of economic stability related to migration, which are income, capital, production, reducing the motivation to work in the agricultural sector, employment, diversification of the rural economy, and then evaluates the effects of migration on these indicators in the studied villages. Understanding the consequences of migration with the aim of limiting its negative effects can help villages with similar conditions. Because of the importance of the issue, especially in metropolitan areas and the necessity of studying it, the current research is based on this central question: "What results and consequences have the arrival of newcomers had in the economic dimension of the villages?
Methodology
The research method in this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. 360 households out of 9591 households were determined as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. In the qualitative part of the research, using a targeted sampling method, the sample size was 36 people who were interviewed.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings of the research showed that the production indicator with an average of 2.2 and the employment indicator with an average of 4.13 received the highest and lowest impact from employment, respectively. Also, the results of the qualitative findings showed that the low impact of migration on creating employment is compensated by daily trips for work and activities outside the village. The amount of income from the point of view of local residents has been assessed as high and moderate, which is the reason that the local elites mentioned that new sources of income had been created for local residents. It should also be noted that the impact of immigration on capital was evaluated as moderate and low because the arrival of newcomers has led to the capitalization of land and housing, a process that has a negative effect on production due to land use change. For this reason, the production indicator has been affected by migration more than other indicators. The reduction in the amount of production and the variety of products in the villages is actually a decrease in agricultural activities and rurality in the villages around Tehran.
In recent years, we have seen an increase in population and the growth of migrations towards villages around Tehran. The reverse migration towards the suburban villages of Tehran can create a balancing mechanism for the migration of the accumulated labor force. This will require the improvement of the agricultural land and the creation of a social and economic environment for rural dwellers, so it can be reasonable for rural youth to stay in their homeland and make a living.
Therefore, the current research first investigates the indicators of economic stability related to migration, which are income, capital, production, reducing the motivation to work in the agricultural sector, employment, diversification of the rural economy, and then evaluates the effects of migration on these indicators in the studied villages. Understanding the consequences of migration with the aim of limiting its negative effects can help villages with similar conditions. Because of the importance of the issue, especially in metropolitan areas and the necessity of studying it, the current research is based on this central question: "What results and consequences have the arrival of newcomers had in the economic dimension of the villages?
Methodology
The research method in this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. 360 households out of 9591 households were determined as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. In the qualitative part of the research, using a targeted sampling method, the sample size was 36 people who were interviewed.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings of the research showed that the production indicator with an average of 2.2 and the employment indicator with an average of 4.13 received the highest and lowest impact from employment, respectively. Also, the results of the qualitative findings showed that the low impact of migration on creating employment is compensated by daily trips for work and activities outside the village. The amount of income from the point of view of local residents has been assessed as high and moderate, which is the reason that the local elites mentioned that new sources of income had been created for local residents. It should also be noted that the impact of immigration on capital was evaluated as moderate and low because the arrival of newcomers has led to the capitalization of land and housing, a process that has a negative effect on production due to land use change. For this reason, the production indicator has been affected by migration more than other indicators. The reduction in the amount of production and the variety of products in the villages is actually a decrease in agricultural activities and rurality in the villages around Tehran.
Hassan Afrakhteh,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of the article is to understand the relationship between the institutional system and knowledge creation, and this question is answered as to how and under what conditions the institutional system can strengthen innovation and knowledge creation. In this regard, first, knowledge and innovation have been introduced from the perspective of a relational paradigm, then the relationship between institutions and the development of knowledge and innovation, its conditions and factors have been analyzed. Relying on Gidden's structural theory, it is argued that the institution, on the one hand, shapes the processes of economic interaction, and on the other hand, it is formed by the processes of economic interaction. As a result, a paradoxical problem arises, and that, on the one hand, institutions are structures that shape human actions, and on the other hand, to create innovation and knowledge, institutional changes must be made and institutions that encourage innovation and knowledge creation must be created, that is, the actions of actors are formed by institutions. So, how can actors change the same institutions? In other words, how can people change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution?
But under what conditions do emergent institutional changes take place? To study the necessary conditions for emerging institutional changes, the role of structure versus agency is discussed. Using the structural theory of Giddens (1984), a concept of institutions is presented that enables the analysis of how institutions simultaneously shape economic interaction processes and are shaped by them. This framework opens new opportunities for integrating micro and macro phenomena in the analysis of economic action and technological changes in the spatial landscape.
Methodology
In this article, related articles have been collected using the key words institution, knowledge creation, and relational paradigm. Then, the collected articles have been analyzed using a narrative review method, and finally, a conclusion has been drawn.
Discussion and Conclusion
Understanding innovation requires interdisciplinary research and the application of different methods at different levels. Institutions are understood from the point of view of social science and it is different from the view that considers institutions as "black boxes". In this view, institutions are not defined as simple regulations, laws or organizations, but are seen as relatively stable and closed social interaction between economic enterprises, based on which laws and regulations are expanded in conditional ways. Although the institutions may represent the inherent purposes of the laws, in practice it is found that they may not conform to the laws to some extent. Therefore, laws are fundamentally different from institutions. Laws are the only possible conditions for the emergence and transformation of socio-economic institutions from a spatial perspective. Because of such fundamental contingency, the effects of laws on economic outcomes can be unintended, unpredictable, and even counterproductive.
There are three arguments about the relationship between institutional change and technological change:
A, institutional hysteresis;
b. Perpetuation of inefficient institutions; and
C. Establishment of inefficient institutions.
Regarding the relationship between institutions and economic results, the basic question is, at what level do institutions contribute to economic development and innovation, and under what conditions may the institutional system cause problems in the process of economic development and innovation. Van Warden's (2001) study on the relationship between legal institutions and the innovation of national economies shows that institutions are an important tool for reducing uncertainty. Hence, when institutional domains reduce uncertainty, citizens are more likely to accept the risk of innovation.
However, it is acknowledged that the empirical state of knowledge about institutions, institutional changes and their interrelationships with economic, social and technological phenomena is still in its early stages.
The article has shown that when actors want to change existing institutions and create new institutions, they must change the existing institutional environment. Since, existing institutions contain benefits for many actors, institutional entrepreneurs have to mobilize resources and develop specific capabilities in order to promote legitimacy and righteousness for change and to convince others to adopt new practices. As a result, an initial institution is formed, which becomes established over time and becomes an accepted institution, which is explained in the article with examples.
The purpose of the article is to understand the relationship between the institutional system and knowledge creation, and this question is answered as to how and under what conditions the institutional system can strengthen innovation and knowledge creation. In this regard, first, knowledge and innovation have been introduced from the perspective of a relational paradigm, then the relationship between institutions and the development of knowledge and innovation, its conditions and factors have been analyzed. Relying on Gidden's structural theory, it is argued that the institution, on the one hand, shapes the processes of economic interaction, and on the other hand, it is formed by the processes of economic interaction. As a result, a paradoxical problem arises, and that, on the one hand, institutions are structures that shape human actions, and on the other hand, to create innovation and knowledge, institutional changes must be made and institutions that encourage innovation and knowledge creation must be created, that is, the actions of actors are formed by institutions. So, how can actors change the same institutions? In other words, how can people change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution?
But under what conditions do emergent institutional changes take place? To study the necessary conditions for emerging institutional changes, the role of structure versus agency is discussed. Using the structural theory of Giddens (1984), a concept of institutions is presented that enables the analysis of how institutions simultaneously shape economic interaction processes and are shaped by them. This framework opens new opportunities for integrating micro and macro phenomena in the analysis of economic action and technological changes in the spatial landscape.
Methodology
In this article, related articles have been collected using the key words institution, knowledge creation, and relational paradigm. Then, the collected articles have been analyzed using a narrative review method, and finally, a conclusion has been drawn.
Discussion and Conclusion
Understanding innovation requires interdisciplinary research and the application of different methods at different levels. Institutions are understood from the point of view of social science and it is different from the view that considers institutions as "black boxes". In this view, institutions are not defined as simple regulations, laws or organizations, but are seen as relatively stable and closed social interaction between economic enterprises, based on which laws and regulations are expanded in conditional ways. Although the institutions may represent the inherent purposes of the laws, in practice it is found that they may not conform to the laws to some extent. Therefore, laws are fundamentally different from institutions. Laws are the only possible conditions for the emergence and transformation of socio-economic institutions from a spatial perspective. Because of such fundamental contingency, the effects of laws on economic outcomes can be unintended, unpredictable, and even counterproductive.
There are three arguments about the relationship between institutional change and technological change:
A, institutional hysteresis;
b. Perpetuation of inefficient institutions; and
C. Establishment of inefficient institutions.
Regarding the relationship between institutions and economic results, the basic question is, at what level do institutions contribute to economic development and innovation, and under what conditions may the institutional system cause problems in the process of economic development and innovation. Van Warden's (2001) study on the relationship between legal institutions and the innovation of national economies shows that institutions are an important tool for reducing uncertainty. Hence, when institutional domains reduce uncertainty, citizens are more likely to accept the risk of innovation.
However, it is acknowledged that the empirical state of knowledge about institutions, institutional changes and their interrelationships with economic, social and technological phenomena is still in its early stages.
The article has shown that when actors want to change existing institutions and create new institutions, they must change the existing institutional environment. Since, existing institutions contain benefits for many actors, institutional entrepreneurs have to mobilize resources and develop specific capabilities in order to promote legitimacy and righteousness for change and to convince others to adopt new practices. As a result, an initial institution is formed, which becomes established over time and becomes an accepted institution, which is explained in the article with examples.
Fatemeh Mozafari, Abdolhamid Nazari, Shahbakhti Rostami, Mostafa Shahinifar,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction:
One of the current plans of the Iranian government is the "Home Business Organization Plan" to solve the problem of unemployment, which started in 2010. Even though home businesses are generally neglected in the economy, they are essential to creating employment, increasing income, improving the quality of life, reducing poverty, and perpetuating the population in rural areas. Unemployed, low-income or no-income villagers have welcomed the "home business organization plan" in Ilam province due to the following issues: geographical isolation, mountainous nature, distance from industrial and service centers, incompatibility of water and soil resources, lack of facilities for water control and transfer, the predominance of micro-agricultural exploitation units, the low level of mechanization, the severe financial weakness of the private sector, migration and the weakness of the economic foundations of rural society and in general the traditional and livelihood structure of production. In the present study, the issue has been discussed only from the economic viewpoint. Its purpose is to explain the role of economic dimensions of home businesses in the sustainable livelihood of rural households. Therefore, the central question of the present paper is: to what extent has the creation and development of home businesses in terms of job creation and diversification, increasing income and empowering and reducing poverty affected improving the sustainable livelihood of rural households?
Research Methods:
The current research is descriptive-analytical, and its statistical population includes 1476 households receiving loans in-home businesses who live in 287 villages in Ilam province. Considering the number and dispersion of villages, their selection was made by the sampling method. First, the number of villages was limited to 56 using cluster sampling (considering the homogeneity of four factors: altitude, distance from the city center, number of households and loan receivers). Then, the number of sample households was estimated to be 200 according to Cochran's formula and selected by simple random method. Finally, the data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire after confirming its validity and reliability. After confirming the data's normality through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-tests and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the hypothesis.
Results and Discussion:
The conceptual basis of the current research is based on the strategy of "sustainable livelihood". Sustainable livelihood is not a "theory" but a strategy discussed in the scientific and executive circles of development programs in the framework of "sustainable development theory". This strategy has four environmental, economic, social and institutional dimensions. The first principle of the sustainable livelihood strategy emphasizes "focusing on people" and achieving sustainable development is considered an endogenous and bottom-up motivational movement. Nevertheless, according to the general structure of the organization and planning system of Iran, in which the "government" has a central role in carrying out any plan, and in terms of sustainable livelihood strategy, it is considered an external intervening factor with a top-down orientation, this paradox should be considered more seriously. The results showed that the creation of home businesses from the economic aspect in the job creation indicators, primarily the increase of women's jobs and the diversification of activities, had positive effects, which indicates its alignment with the standards of sustainable household livelihood strategy. Although the plan has been relatively successful in increasing income, it has not been very successful in terms of empowerment, especially poverty alleviation of the lower strata of society. The evaluation of the effectiveness of creating home businesses on the sustainability livelihood by the target community showed that the factors of job creation and diversification of activity with a particular value of 2.743 and variance percentage of 31.509, income generation and empowerment with a special value of 1.192 and the variance percentage of 13.263 and poverty alleviation with the value of 1.043 and the variance percentage of 11.249 are ranked first to third, respectively. In general, the performance of the mentioned plan can be evaluated as successful in creating jobs and diversifying the activities of the studied households. According to the indicators in the area of income increase, there is an unbalanced distribution of resources, income and investment power, which shows the weakness of the economic foundations and the undesired livelihood of the villagers of Ilam Province. In the field of poverty alleviation, the plan has not been very successful. The results of this research are fundamentally different from similar international studies and have some similarities with some similar national studies.
One of the current plans of the Iranian government is the "Home Business Organization Plan" to solve the problem of unemployment, which started in 2010. Even though home businesses are generally neglected in the economy, they are essential to creating employment, increasing income, improving the quality of life, reducing poverty, and perpetuating the population in rural areas. Unemployed, low-income or no-income villagers have welcomed the "home business organization plan" in Ilam province due to the following issues: geographical isolation, mountainous nature, distance from industrial and service centers, incompatibility of water and soil resources, lack of facilities for water control and transfer, the predominance of micro-agricultural exploitation units, the low level of mechanization, the severe financial weakness of the private sector, migration and the weakness of the economic foundations of rural society and in general the traditional and livelihood structure of production. In the present study, the issue has been discussed only from the economic viewpoint. Its purpose is to explain the role of economic dimensions of home businesses in the sustainable livelihood of rural households. Therefore, the central question of the present paper is: to what extent has the creation and development of home businesses in terms of job creation and diversification, increasing income and empowering and reducing poverty affected improving the sustainable livelihood of rural households?
Research Methods:
The current research is descriptive-analytical, and its statistical population includes 1476 households receiving loans in-home businesses who live in 287 villages in Ilam province. Considering the number and dispersion of villages, their selection was made by the sampling method. First, the number of villages was limited to 56 using cluster sampling (considering the homogeneity of four factors: altitude, distance from the city center, number of households and loan receivers). Then, the number of sample households was estimated to be 200 according to Cochran's formula and selected by simple random method. Finally, the data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire after confirming its validity and reliability. After confirming the data's normality through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-tests and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the hypothesis.
Results and Discussion:
The conceptual basis of the current research is based on the strategy of "sustainable livelihood". Sustainable livelihood is not a "theory" but a strategy discussed in the scientific and executive circles of development programs in the framework of "sustainable development theory". This strategy has four environmental, economic, social and institutional dimensions. The first principle of the sustainable livelihood strategy emphasizes "focusing on people" and achieving sustainable development is considered an endogenous and bottom-up motivational movement. Nevertheless, according to the general structure of the organization and planning system of Iran, in which the "government" has a central role in carrying out any plan, and in terms of sustainable livelihood strategy, it is considered an external intervening factor with a top-down orientation, this paradox should be considered more seriously. The results showed that the creation of home businesses from the economic aspect in the job creation indicators, primarily the increase of women's jobs and the diversification of activities, had positive effects, which indicates its alignment with the standards of sustainable household livelihood strategy. Although the plan has been relatively successful in increasing income, it has not been very successful in terms of empowerment, especially poverty alleviation of the lower strata of society. The evaluation of the effectiveness of creating home businesses on the sustainability livelihood by the target community showed that the factors of job creation and diversification of activity with a particular value of 2.743 and variance percentage of 31.509, income generation and empowerment with a special value of 1.192 and the variance percentage of 13.263 and poverty alleviation with the value of 1.043 and the variance percentage of 11.249 are ranked first to third, respectively. In general, the performance of the mentioned plan can be evaluated as successful in creating jobs and diversifying the activities of the studied households. According to the indicators in the area of income increase, there is an unbalanced distribution of resources, income and investment power, which shows the weakness of the economic foundations and the undesired livelihood of the villagers of Ilam Province. In the field of poverty alleviation, the plan has not been very successful. The results of this research are fundamentally different from similar international studies and have some similarities with some similar national studies.
Reza Vashghani-Farahani, Alireza Abbasi Semnani, Farideh Asadian,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Increasing dependence on official knowledge of imported technologies and lack of attention to local knowledge and skills have caused a lack of success in improving the situation of rural society and the failure of development programs in villages. Looking at rural development and adopted strategies shows that a systematic and integrated approach must be included in most views and methods. Therefore, in this regard, we are taking a step in the direction of economic development by taking into account the spatial and temporal conditions of the village, using local knowledge to increase agricultural productivity, provide basic needs, protect natural areas, increase the population in the village to achieve the process of economic stability. In this regard, achieving economic sustainability requires a change of perspective and attitude toward indigenous knowledge and giving importance to it because the knowledge that villagers have acquired through practical experience of agriculture, animal husbandry, etc., is qualitatively different from the knowledge obtained from the official tests of researchers and experts. Being local is considered a basis for a scientific, efficient and successful foundation in achieving economic stability. Farmahin Farahan region has emerged from the union of two villages, Farmahin and Shahabadi, where most of the population is farmers and herders. Therefore, this region has a good background in using local knowledge in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, etc. However, the mentioned process has decreased in recent years with the replacement of new knowledge and related technologies. In this regard, the current research seeks to find out whether indigenous knowledge is effective in the economic sustainability of Farmahin Farahan. This paper, with the approach of economic sustainability, based on the development of local knowledge, has tried to study the visible and hidden layers of local knowledge in the Farmahin rural area and acknowledge that if we distance ourselves from the traditional rural knowledge and approach and use new ways of decision-making and planning methods, Farmahin Farahan region will move towards economic instability.
Methodology
The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software and integrated models (FKOPRAS+FSORA) were used for data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes two groups (rural residents and knowledgeable and informed people), which was determined based on a random sampling of 200 people (village residents of Farmahin), and also based on a targeted sampling of 20 people. First, the knowledgeable and informed (village council members and rural mayors) were determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that among the components of indigenous knowledge, only the components of capabilities and people's knowledge, with an average value of 3.38 and 3.01, with an average value higher than the average number (3), are favorable for evaluation. In other components, including participation with an average value of 1.58, life promotion with an average value of 2.45, monitoring with an average value of 2.62, social with an average value of 2.02, economic with an average value of 2.16, low It is more than the average number (3). As a result, these components are not in a favorable condition. Also, the results showed that the level of economic stability in Farmahin with the average value obtained (lower than the average number of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been evaluated as low and unfavorable, in this regard, despite the average lower than average levels in the components of local knowledge and sustainability, this local knowledge has had a significant impact on the economic stability of the rural area of Farmahin, which, if strengthened and motivated to utilize and combine it with modern knowledge, can to have a greater impact on the economic development of the region, So that according to the obtained results, the contribution of the participation component in predicting positive changes of the economic stability variable was higher than other local knowledge components, and also the people's knowledge component has the most direct effects on the economic stability of this region. Also, the results showed that, among the economic indicators, employment and income, with a score of 70.14, have the highest impact on indigenous knowledge in Farmahin. Finally, the results of the research are in agreement with the studies of Alayei and Karimian (2013), that in rural development with emphasis on local knowledge, the role and place of participation of villagers have not been considered, and with the study of Bazarafshan et al. (2015). It is consistent with the fact that there is a meaningful relationship between indigenous knowledge and sustainable economic development. However, it does not agree with the study of Sadeghlou and Azizi Demirchilo (2014), stating that indigenous knowledge has little effect on the components of economic development.
Increasing dependence on official knowledge of imported technologies and lack of attention to local knowledge and skills have caused a lack of success in improving the situation of rural society and the failure of development programs in villages. Looking at rural development and adopted strategies shows that a systematic and integrated approach must be included in most views and methods. Therefore, in this regard, we are taking a step in the direction of economic development by taking into account the spatial and temporal conditions of the village, using local knowledge to increase agricultural productivity, provide basic needs, protect natural areas, increase the population in the village to achieve the process of economic stability. In this regard, achieving economic sustainability requires a change of perspective and attitude toward indigenous knowledge and giving importance to it because the knowledge that villagers have acquired through practical experience of agriculture, animal husbandry, etc., is qualitatively different from the knowledge obtained from the official tests of researchers and experts. Being local is considered a basis for a scientific, efficient and successful foundation in achieving economic stability. Farmahin Farahan region has emerged from the union of two villages, Farmahin and Shahabadi, where most of the population is farmers and herders. Therefore, this region has a good background in using local knowledge in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, etc. However, the mentioned process has decreased in recent years with the replacement of new knowledge and related technologies. In this regard, the current research seeks to find out whether indigenous knowledge is effective in the economic sustainability of Farmahin Farahan. This paper, with the approach of economic sustainability, based on the development of local knowledge, has tried to study the visible and hidden layers of local knowledge in the Farmahin rural area and acknowledge that if we distance ourselves from the traditional rural knowledge and approach and use new ways of decision-making and planning methods, Farmahin Farahan region will move towards economic instability.
Methodology
The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software and integrated models (FKOPRAS+FSORA) were used for data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes two groups (rural residents and knowledgeable and informed people), which was determined based on a random sampling of 200 people (village residents of Farmahin), and also based on a targeted sampling of 20 people. First, the knowledgeable and informed (village council members and rural mayors) were determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that among the components of indigenous knowledge, only the components of capabilities and people's knowledge, with an average value of 3.38 and 3.01, with an average value higher than the average number (3), are favorable for evaluation. In other components, including participation with an average value of 1.58, life promotion with an average value of 2.45, monitoring with an average value of 2.62, social with an average value of 2.02, economic with an average value of 2.16, low It is more than the average number (3). As a result, these components are not in a favorable condition. Also, the results showed that the level of economic stability in Farmahin with the average value obtained (lower than the average number of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been evaluated as low and unfavorable, in this regard, despite the average lower than average levels in the components of local knowledge and sustainability, this local knowledge has had a significant impact on the economic stability of the rural area of Farmahin, which, if strengthened and motivated to utilize and combine it with modern knowledge, can to have a greater impact on the economic development of the region, So that according to the obtained results, the contribution of the participation component in predicting positive changes of the economic stability variable was higher than other local knowledge components, and also the people's knowledge component has the most direct effects on the economic stability of this region. Also, the results showed that, among the economic indicators, employment and income, with a score of 70.14, have the highest impact on indigenous knowledge in Farmahin. Finally, the results of the research are in agreement with the studies of Alayei and Karimian (2013), that in rural development with emphasis on local knowledge, the role and place of participation of villagers have not been considered, and with the study of Bazarafshan et al. (2015). It is consistent with the fact that there is a meaningful relationship between indigenous knowledge and sustainable economic development. However, it does not agree with the study of Sadeghlou and Azizi Demirchilo (2014), stating that indigenous knowledge has little effect on the components of economic development.
Mona Fakhrghazi , Eisa Pourremezan , Nasrollah Molaee Hashjin,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Environmental hazards, such as earthquakes, in rural settlements cause irreparable damage. One of the most significant damages is economic damage. Recognizing and understanding the level of economic resilience, an aspect of resilience, can be considered with appropriate planning in reducing injuries and destructive effects of environmental hazards. Avaj County in Qazvin Province is an earthquake-prone area of the country, and the degree of vulnerability and destruction of the rural settlements of this county in the earthquakes has been very high. Considering that if a place is economically upgraded, it is more suitable for living and reduces the risks. Economic resilience is one of the most critical issues in rural planning. Increasing the level of economic resilience will create satisfaction and security in the society, motivation of the residents to stay in the village environment and prevent the migration of the villagers. Therefore, more appropriate planning can be done in the village environment for crisis management. This research aims to explain the economic resilience of rural settlements in Avaj County.
Methodology
The required information has been collected from 100 villages of Avaj County in 5 districts. In order to collect information in the scope of the study, a questionnaire capable of collecting the required information was designed, and according to the size of the households (10293) and using Cochran’s formula with an error of 0.05%, the sample size of 370 households was determined. The number of samples in each village was determined using the proportional stratified method. In order to measure the validity (internal validity) of the questionnaire, the approval of experts and professors in the field of rural studies was taken, and to measure the reliability (external validity) of the questionnaires and ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the results, Cronbach’s alpha statistical test was used. The obtained coefficient (0.963) indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire for conducting research. Excel and SPSS software were used for calculations, and GIS software was used for map drawing. In order to use the information in inferential statistics, indexing steps have been taken. After weighing and applying the weights by principal component analysis, resilience scores have been obtained for comparison and conclusion. The studied villages were ranked based on economic resilience scores in three levels: low, medium, and high. Single-sample T-test has been used to prove the significance and generalizability of research results and regression analysis to show the impact of the economic dimension on resilience.
Discussion and conclusion
In this research, to investigate and analyze economic resilience, the economic dimension, which is one of the four dimensions of resilience, has been discussed and investigated. In this dimension, three components and 16 items were identified. According to the findings, the use of loans and bank grants for renovation and improvement with an average of 3.69, the amount of use of government aid to the injured with an average of 3.64, economic status and quality of buildings with an average of 3.60, were the highest average respectively. On the other hand, items of the strength of the building structure with an average of 2.43, no disruptions in work activity in the event of an earthquake with an average of 2.82, the level of satisfaction with household savings to compensate for earthquake damages, 2.82 has had the most negligible impact on economic resilience at the level of the studied villages. Regarding the resilience scores, we found that Hesar Valiasr District has the highest score of 7.99, and Eastern Kharghan District has the lowest score of economic resilience with a score of 7.23. Considering the level of the economic situation, which is higher than the average with the one-sample T-test, and also the average of the components such as the employment status and income, which is at a relatively appropriate level, it seems that the villagers do not want to change the way of building. Instead, there is a desire for traditional-native architecture and the use of materials with low resistance. Regarding the present research results, the proposed solutions in the study area include using local trustees to encourage villagers to change building construction patterns and use high-quality and earthquake-resistant materials. Also, planning to use the economic potentials of the region in addition to the agriculture and livestock sectors such as tourism and industry to create a diversity of job opportunities and non-dependence on one job and source of income and having a second job can help and is a support strategy to return to the right conditions before the risk in case of danger and losing the first job.
Environmental hazards, such as earthquakes, in rural settlements cause irreparable damage. One of the most significant damages is economic damage. Recognizing and understanding the level of economic resilience, an aspect of resilience, can be considered with appropriate planning in reducing injuries and destructive effects of environmental hazards. Avaj County in Qazvin Province is an earthquake-prone area of the country, and the degree of vulnerability and destruction of the rural settlements of this county in the earthquakes has been very high. Considering that if a place is economically upgraded, it is more suitable for living and reduces the risks. Economic resilience is one of the most critical issues in rural planning. Increasing the level of economic resilience will create satisfaction and security in the society, motivation of the residents to stay in the village environment and prevent the migration of the villagers. Therefore, more appropriate planning can be done in the village environment for crisis management. This research aims to explain the economic resilience of rural settlements in Avaj County.
Methodology
The required information has been collected from 100 villages of Avaj County in 5 districts. In order to collect information in the scope of the study, a questionnaire capable of collecting the required information was designed, and according to the size of the households (10293) and using Cochran’s formula with an error of 0.05%, the sample size of 370 households was determined. The number of samples in each village was determined using the proportional stratified method. In order to measure the validity (internal validity) of the questionnaire, the approval of experts and professors in the field of rural studies was taken, and to measure the reliability (external validity) of the questionnaires and ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the results, Cronbach’s alpha statistical test was used. The obtained coefficient (0.963) indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire for conducting research. Excel and SPSS software were used for calculations, and GIS software was used for map drawing. In order to use the information in inferential statistics, indexing steps have been taken. After weighing and applying the weights by principal component analysis, resilience scores have been obtained for comparison and conclusion. The studied villages were ranked based on economic resilience scores in three levels: low, medium, and high. Single-sample T-test has been used to prove the significance and generalizability of research results and regression analysis to show the impact of the economic dimension on resilience.
Discussion and conclusion
In this research, to investigate and analyze economic resilience, the economic dimension, which is one of the four dimensions of resilience, has been discussed and investigated. In this dimension, three components and 16 items were identified. According to the findings, the use of loans and bank grants for renovation and improvement with an average of 3.69, the amount of use of government aid to the injured with an average of 3.64, economic status and quality of buildings with an average of 3.60, were the highest average respectively. On the other hand, items of the strength of the building structure with an average of 2.43, no disruptions in work activity in the event of an earthquake with an average of 2.82, the level of satisfaction with household savings to compensate for earthquake damages, 2.82 has had the most negligible impact on economic resilience at the level of the studied villages. Regarding the resilience scores, we found that Hesar Valiasr District has the highest score of 7.99, and Eastern Kharghan District has the lowest score of economic resilience with a score of 7.23. Considering the level of the economic situation, which is higher than the average with the one-sample T-test, and also the average of the components such as the employment status and income, which is at a relatively appropriate level, it seems that the villagers do not want to change the way of building. Instead, there is a desire for traditional-native architecture and the use of materials with low resistance. Regarding the present research results, the proposed solutions in the study area include using local trustees to encourage villagers to change building construction patterns and use high-quality and earthquake-resistant materials. Also, planning to use the economic potentials of the region in addition to the agriculture and livestock sectors such as tourism and industry to create a diversity of job opportunities and non-dependence on one job and source of income and having a second job can help and is a support strategy to return to the right conditions before the risk in case of danger and losing the first job.
Hossein Karimzadeh , Aghil Khaleghi, Ahad Bashiri ,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Rural development goals cannot be limited to agricultural and economic growth, and economic and social development needs to be balanced for fair income distribution and rapid creation of benefits from high levels of living. As a result, local planners should know the strength and weaknesses of the local economy. In addition, local economic development planners should know the status of the development of activities in the region and whether their distribution has a competitive advantage.
In this study, we aim to determine the employment status of major sectors and activity groups in Iranian rural areas from 2011 to 2016 and examine the entry and exit of the workforce. So the research questions are:
Which sectors have had the most negative and positive impact on the change in share and place of employment among the different economic sectors?
What was the status of different economic sectors at the level of the country's provinces during 2011-2016?
Has the activity in the agricultural sector faced positive growth from 2011 to 2016?
Methodology
This study used the change-share method to analyze the employment status of the main sectors and groups of economic activity in Iranian rural areas of the provinces from 2011 through 2016. Also, the spatial coefficient index was used for the labour force's entry and exit conditions. Is. The data used in this study is based on the statistics of the Iran Statistics Center.
Discussion and conclusion
According to Keynes, the government should intervene in the economy to achieve full employment. There is a direct relationship between the level of employment and the amount of production, which is related to the effective demand. The distribution of employees shows a growth of 226,590 people between 2011 and 2016. In the share of employment, the agricultural sector has decreased by about 0.1%, the industry sector's share was 2.6% with negative growth, and the service sector share increased by about 2.7%, which shows that the service sector has a high growth compared to other sectors. Regarding the Keynesian economic balance in employment, policymakers should change monetary policies, such as reducing the bank interest rate, and the assets, such as real estate, by imposing taxes on depreciated properties.
The research results show that the rural areas of 13 provinces in the Agriculture, Industry, and Services sectors had basic activities in 2015 in more than ten rural areas. Also, the relative growth of economic sectors in the whole reference economy or the effect of industrial composition (IS) shows that the share of employment in the agricultural sector decreased from 50.4% to 50.3%. In addition, the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, West Azerbaijan and Fars had the highest losses, and the province Alborz, Qom and Semnan had the least losses of employment in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, the least losses in the industry sector were in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and Fars, and the most employment losses were in Qom, Semnan and Ilam. The increase in service sector employment in Mazandaran, Fars and Tehran provinces was the highest, while Qom, South Khorasan and Semnan Provinces had the lowest increase.
South Khorasan province had the best performance in terms of service sector increase. For the agriculture sector, Hormozgan, Kerman and Khuzestan provinces and Hormozgan and Alborz provinces had good performances in the industry sector. This implies that with the increase in the productivity gap between the production and service sectors, the working population moves from the industry and agriculture sectors to the service sector. The main reason for the expansion of services is the growth of information technology because of its role in solving the unemployment problem and developing the country's economy.
According to the results, the agricultural and industrial sectors in the country's rural areas have no relative advantage in employment. The agricultural sector, considered a non-core activity in the rural areas of Khuzestan province in 2011, became a core activity in 2016. In Fars, it changed from a core activity to a non-core activity. The industry sector in Ilam, Bushehr and Lorestan provinces has changed from non-core to core activity and in Khuzestan province, from core to non-core activity. The service sector changed from a non-core activity in Sistan and Baluchistan, and Qazvin provinces to a core activity. However, in Hamedan province, it changed from a core activity to a non-core activity.
Rural development goals cannot be limited to agricultural and economic growth, and economic and social development needs to be balanced for fair income distribution and rapid creation of benefits from high levels of living. As a result, local planners should know the strength and weaknesses of the local economy. In addition, local economic development planners should know the status of the development of activities in the region and whether their distribution has a competitive advantage.
In this study, we aim to determine the employment status of major sectors and activity groups in Iranian rural areas from 2011 to 2016 and examine the entry and exit of the workforce. So the research questions are:
Which sectors have had the most negative and positive impact on the change in share and place of employment among the different economic sectors?
What was the status of different economic sectors at the level of the country's provinces during 2011-2016?
Has the activity in the agricultural sector faced positive growth from 2011 to 2016?
Methodology
This study used the change-share method to analyze the employment status of the main sectors and groups of economic activity in Iranian rural areas of the provinces from 2011 through 2016. Also, the spatial coefficient index was used for the labour force's entry and exit conditions. Is. The data used in this study is based on the statistics of the Iran Statistics Center.
Discussion and conclusion
According to Keynes, the government should intervene in the economy to achieve full employment. There is a direct relationship between the level of employment and the amount of production, which is related to the effective demand. The distribution of employees shows a growth of 226,590 people between 2011 and 2016. In the share of employment, the agricultural sector has decreased by about 0.1%, the industry sector's share was 2.6% with negative growth, and the service sector share increased by about 2.7%, which shows that the service sector has a high growth compared to other sectors. Regarding the Keynesian economic balance in employment, policymakers should change monetary policies, such as reducing the bank interest rate, and the assets, such as real estate, by imposing taxes on depreciated properties.
The research results show that the rural areas of 13 provinces in the Agriculture, Industry, and Services sectors had basic activities in 2015 in more than ten rural areas. Also, the relative growth of economic sectors in the whole reference economy or the effect of industrial composition (IS) shows that the share of employment in the agricultural sector decreased from 50.4% to 50.3%. In addition, the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, West Azerbaijan and Fars had the highest losses, and the province Alborz, Qom and Semnan had the least losses of employment in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, the least losses in the industry sector were in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and Fars, and the most employment losses were in Qom, Semnan and Ilam. The increase in service sector employment in Mazandaran, Fars and Tehran provinces was the highest, while Qom, South Khorasan and Semnan Provinces had the lowest increase.
South Khorasan province had the best performance in terms of service sector increase. For the agriculture sector, Hormozgan, Kerman and Khuzestan provinces and Hormozgan and Alborz provinces had good performances in the industry sector. This implies that with the increase in the productivity gap between the production and service sectors, the working population moves from the industry and agriculture sectors to the service sector. The main reason for the expansion of services is the growth of information technology because of its role in solving the unemployment problem and developing the country's economy.
According to the results, the agricultural and industrial sectors in the country's rural areas have no relative advantage in employment. The agricultural sector, considered a non-core activity in the rural areas of Khuzestan province in 2011, became a core activity in 2016. In Fars, it changed from a core activity to a non-core activity. The industry sector in Ilam, Bushehr and Lorestan provinces has changed from non-core to core activity and in Khuzestan province, from core to non-core activity. The service sector changed from a non-core activity in Sistan and Baluchistan, and Qazvin provinces to a core activity. However, in Hamedan province, it changed from a core activity to a non-core activity.
Abdul Majid Ahmadi,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Benefiting from geo-tourism to set up small and diverse businesses in villages is a type of sustainable tourism which requires quantitative and qualitative coordination. Also, the business environment of the villages should have a competitive atmosphere and the necessary platforms and infrastructures so that the villages can achieve economic benefits. Based on this, the present research seeks to identify the most critical obstacles and problems preventing the rural areas around Zarivar wetland from realizing the potential f this geo-tourism site in the direction of economic diversification and find practical solutions to the problems. Despite the high potential of the Zarivar wetland and the pristine natural environment around it, Geotourism in this rural area has yet to be promoted and play a role in the preservation of the wetland and the economic and social development of the villages around it.
Methodology
the data was collected through a survey method, and a purposive method was used to select samples. The sample was from the officials, tourism and development managers of the region, villagers, councils and experts of five villages adjacent to the Zarivar wetland (Dare Tefi, Nei, Kanisanan, Kani Safid, Yengijeh), academic specialists and researchers with research experience related to the impact of Zarivar Wetland on the regional economy, private sector investors in the tourism sector of Zarivar wetland, owners of temporary small businesses related to tourism and tourists visiting Zarivar wetland and the input to the studied villages were collected and analyzed in the qualitative part with the grounded theory technique and in the quantitative part with the factor analysis method.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that the four main factors are management inadequacies, weak planning and lack of services and facilities needed for economic diversification and geo-tourism development, weakness in providing financial resources and the security atmosphere prevailing in the studied border villages, social failures and inappropriate business environment, and the weakness in marketing and education and the lack of demand, are the most significant obstacles and challenges in diversifying the economy of the villages on the edge of the Zarivar wetland through the expansion of geo-tourism. Meanwhile, the first factor, that is, management inadequacies, weak planning and lack of required services and facilities with the most significant number of accumulated indicators or obstacles and the highest specific value, were recognized as the most essential and effective obstacles. In fact, in these border and isolated villages, due to the numerous weaknesses of the economic and social structures, the government institutions and their management and planning situation create the environment for economic activity and utilization of resources. The formed factors show important points, the most important of which can be mentioned in the economic diversification sector, the importance of creating a suitable business environment in the region. An environment that not only has infrastructural, managerial and financial weaknesses but also is not in a satisfactory state in terms of social and supporting values needed to move towards setting up and supporting new tourism businesses. which is rooted in the villagers' poverty. Eventually, it is necessary to form a single working group under the supervision of the governor of Marivan County, composed of all the organs and organizations related to the development of the villages on the edge of the Zarivar wetland and with the presence of representatives of the local people, and matters related to the development plan, coordinate and follow up geo-tourism and related businesses in this region. There is a need to change the perspective of threat management in securing this border region into an opportunity-oriented perspective, and in addition to protecting the border with new methods, take advantage of the Zarivar wetland and starting the businesses related to it for the development of these border villages should be considered alongside with moving towards sustainable security. Also, Changing the view of regional development and tourism managers to a systemic view in tourism management and then changing the procedure in emphasizing the development of mass tourism in the Zarivar wetland and giving importance to the city of Marivan towards emphasizing the expansion of tourism with geo-tourism and other particular motives (sports, rural, adventure tourism, etc.) and also, attention to the villages on the edge of the wetland In order to be present in the tourism market of the region is very necessary for these villages.
Benefiting from geo-tourism to set up small and diverse businesses in villages is a type of sustainable tourism which requires quantitative and qualitative coordination. Also, the business environment of the villages should have a competitive atmosphere and the necessary platforms and infrastructures so that the villages can achieve economic benefits. Based on this, the present research seeks to identify the most critical obstacles and problems preventing the rural areas around Zarivar wetland from realizing the potential f this geo-tourism site in the direction of economic diversification and find practical solutions to the problems. Despite the high potential of the Zarivar wetland and the pristine natural environment around it, Geotourism in this rural area has yet to be promoted and play a role in the preservation of the wetland and the economic and social development of the villages around it.
Methodology
the data was collected through a survey method, and a purposive method was used to select samples. The sample was from the officials, tourism and development managers of the region, villagers, councils and experts of five villages adjacent to the Zarivar wetland (Dare Tefi, Nei, Kanisanan, Kani Safid, Yengijeh), academic specialists and researchers with research experience related to the impact of Zarivar Wetland on the regional economy, private sector investors in the tourism sector of Zarivar wetland, owners of temporary small businesses related to tourism and tourists visiting Zarivar wetland and the input to the studied villages were collected and analyzed in the qualitative part with the grounded theory technique and in the quantitative part with the factor analysis method.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that the four main factors are management inadequacies, weak planning and lack of services and facilities needed for economic diversification and geo-tourism development, weakness in providing financial resources and the security atmosphere prevailing in the studied border villages, social failures and inappropriate business environment, and the weakness in marketing and education and the lack of demand, are the most significant obstacles and challenges in diversifying the economy of the villages on the edge of the Zarivar wetland through the expansion of geo-tourism. Meanwhile, the first factor, that is, management inadequacies, weak planning and lack of required services and facilities with the most significant number of accumulated indicators or obstacles and the highest specific value, were recognized as the most essential and effective obstacles. In fact, in these border and isolated villages, due to the numerous weaknesses of the economic and social structures, the government institutions and their management and planning situation create the environment for economic activity and utilization of resources. The formed factors show important points, the most important of which can be mentioned in the economic diversification sector, the importance of creating a suitable business environment in the region. An environment that not only has infrastructural, managerial and financial weaknesses but also is not in a satisfactory state in terms of social and supporting values needed to move towards setting up and supporting new tourism businesses. which is rooted in the villagers' poverty. Eventually, it is necessary to form a single working group under the supervision of the governor of Marivan County, composed of all the organs and organizations related to the development of the villages on the edge of the Zarivar wetland and with the presence of representatives of the local people, and matters related to the development plan, coordinate and follow up geo-tourism and related businesses in this region. There is a need to change the perspective of threat management in securing this border region into an opportunity-oriented perspective, and in addition to protecting the border with new methods, take advantage of the Zarivar wetland and starting the businesses related to it for the development of these border villages should be considered alongside with moving towards sustainable security. Also, Changing the view of regional development and tourism managers to a systemic view in tourism management and then changing the procedure in emphasizing the development of mass tourism in the Zarivar wetland and giving importance to the city of Marivan towards emphasizing the expansion of tourism with geo-tourism and other particular motives (sports, rural, adventure tourism, etc.) and also, attention to the villages on the edge of the wetland In order to be present in the tourism market of the region is very necessary for these villages.
Marzieh Pourjopari, Abouzar Paidar, Seyyed Hadi Tayebnia, Aliakbar Anabastani,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Today, eco-tourism is one of the essential aspects of transformation, diversity and economic prosperity of rural communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, historical villages and traditional and local communities. Since eco-tourism has different contexts, capacities, patterns and aspects, it is necessary to identify and promote and strengthen patterns appropriate to the conditions of each village for planning the development of rural eco-tourism. Kerman Province has 330 eco-tourism units; most of these accommodation units have recently been set up in villages and tourist areas. Kerman County has always been the focus of tourists due to its historical background and the conditions governing the nature of this region. Considering the importance of tourism activities and eco-tourism in developing rural areas, hence improving the living conditions of the communities, this study analyzes the ability of eco-tourism attractions in Kerman County. Therefore, the central question of the research is, what will be the ideal model of eco-tourism development in the villages of Kerman County?
Methodology
In terms of the objective, the current research is applied research, and its nature is descriptive-analytical. Collecting information combines two library methods (documents) and survey (field-based questionnaires and interviews). The research questionnaire collects the required information from 37 components in economic, social-cultural, environmental, security, physical-spatial, and several variables. The content validity of the questionnaire was verified from the point of view of professors and experts in the field of geography. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to verify the reliability of many research questions. Cronbach's alpha of most variables is more significant than 0.7, so the reliability of all variables is confirmed. In addition, the average variance extracted is always more than 0.5, so the convergent validity is also confirmed.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the findings, eco-tourism development has generally had positive effects in all dimensions and components, although to different extents. The observed factor load has a value greater than 0.3 in most cases. Therefore, there was a proper correlation between the visible and hidden variables. However, the development of eco-tourism has not been able to be brought up in the villages properly. It is possible to state in a general way the pattern of eco-tourism development in the villages of Kerman city. Generally, the model is based on economic empowerment. In this way, in the first step, rural areas should generally be improved in factors such as unemployment reduction, job diversity and stable employment, stable income, investment of villagers in tourism, entry of non-native investors, product branding, packaging, conversion and Processing all kinds of livestock and agricultural products, creating and expanding local markets, overcoming the inability and dependence or lack of dependence on foreign resources and products (city) and the government for villagers, equal access to opportunities and resources, the dynamics of the supply chain and value in the village, supporting and empowering the deprived sections of the society. Also, the shape of the eco-tourism development pattern for Joshan, Sirach, Mazieh and Akhtarabad Rural Districts is considered physical-spatial, which means that in terms of construction, strengthening of buildings, use of local materials in construction and creation of attractiveness, improvement and widening of roads and bridges, embellishment, lighting of roads need to be improved. In other rural districts like Mahan, a security model is suggested, so political stability, public and personal security, and reduction of crimes and anomalies inside the village and houses, outside the village on roads and virgin areas are more important than other dimensions. In Qanatghistan, environmental aspects like the preservation and expansion of pastures, medicinal plants, water and soil resources, animal life, and new and sustainable energies should be considered. The pattern of development of Rayen and Hossein Abad tourism has a social and cultural format, which includes preserving and expanding customs, the way of holding and organizing celebrations and weddings, mourning, occasions, games, music, dance, show, preservation and expansion of beliefs and cultures and native architecture, preservation of historical buildings (mosques, caravanserais, shrines, castles, tombs, baths); The ideal model for the development of eco-tourism in other villages such as Koirat, Zangi-Abad, Drakhngan, Sar Asiyab, Baghin is an economic and environmental model; Takab and Andohjerd: economic and socio-cultural; And Kashit: physical-spatial and security combined.
Today, eco-tourism is one of the essential aspects of transformation, diversity and economic prosperity of rural communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, historical villages and traditional and local communities. Since eco-tourism has different contexts, capacities, patterns and aspects, it is necessary to identify and promote and strengthen patterns appropriate to the conditions of each village for planning the development of rural eco-tourism. Kerman Province has 330 eco-tourism units; most of these accommodation units have recently been set up in villages and tourist areas. Kerman County has always been the focus of tourists due to its historical background and the conditions governing the nature of this region. Considering the importance of tourism activities and eco-tourism in developing rural areas, hence improving the living conditions of the communities, this study analyzes the ability of eco-tourism attractions in Kerman County. Therefore, the central question of the research is, what will be the ideal model of eco-tourism development in the villages of Kerman County?
Methodology
In terms of the objective, the current research is applied research, and its nature is descriptive-analytical. Collecting information combines two library methods (documents) and survey (field-based questionnaires and interviews). The research questionnaire collects the required information from 37 components in economic, social-cultural, environmental, security, physical-spatial, and several variables. The content validity of the questionnaire was verified from the point of view of professors and experts in the field of geography. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to verify the reliability of many research questions. Cronbach's alpha of most variables is more significant than 0.7, so the reliability of all variables is confirmed. In addition, the average variance extracted is always more than 0.5, so the convergent validity is also confirmed.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the findings, eco-tourism development has generally had positive effects in all dimensions and components, although to different extents. The observed factor load has a value greater than 0.3 in most cases. Therefore, there was a proper correlation between the visible and hidden variables. However, the development of eco-tourism has not been able to be brought up in the villages properly. It is possible to state in a general way the pattern of eco-tourism development in the villages of Kerman city. Generally, the model is based on economic empowerment. In this way, in the first step, rural areas should generally be improved in factors such as unemployment reduction, job diversity and stable employment, stable income, investment of villagers in tourism, entry of non-native investors, product branding, packaging, conversion and Processing all kinds of livestock and agricultural products, creating and expanding local markets, overcoming the inability and dependence or lack of dependence on foreign resources and products (city) and the government for villagers, equal access to opportunities and resources, the dynamics of the supply chain and value in the village, supporting and empowering the deprived sections of the society. Also, the shape of the eco-tourism development pattern for Joshan, Sirach, Mazieh and Akhtarabad Rural Districts is considered physical-spatial, which means that in terms of construction, strengthening of buildings, use of local materials in construction and creation of attractiveness, improvement and widening of roads and bridges, embellishment, lighting of roads need to be improved. In other rural districts like Mahan, a security model is suggested, so political stability, public and personal security, and reduction of crimes and anomalies inside the village and houses, outside the village on roads and virgin areas are more important than other dimensions. In Qanatghistan, environmental aspects like the preservation and expansion of pastures, medicinal plants, water and soil resources, animal life, and new and sustainable energies should be considered. The pattern of development of Rayen and Hossein Abad tourism has a social and cultural format, which includes preserving and expanding customs, the way of holding and organizing celebrations and weddings, mourning, occasions, games, music, dance, show, preservation and expansion of beliefs and cultures and native architecture, preservation of historical buildings (mosques, caravanserais, shrines, castles, tombs, baths); The ideal model for the development of eco-tourism in other villages such as Koirat, Zangi-Abad, Drakhngan, Sar Asiyab, Baghin is an economic and environmental model; Takab and Andohjerd: economic and socio-cultural; And Kashit: physical-spatial and security combined.
Samira Motaghi, Samane Talei Ardakani, Ehsan Farhadi, Farzane Sadeghi,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction Health is one of the main pillars of sustainable development and providing optimal health care expenses is one of the main health responsibilities of every country. The nature of health care services is epidemic for every one, not jost for a certaine group of people, and in fact, all people in all settlements need these services, and the lack of health care services, especially in villages, small towns and deprived areas will bring many negative consequences. Because since, rural people have limited incom and some diseases are more common among them. This factor causes the migration for the rural people to the city to benefit from medical facilities and services that takes a lot of money and time, so health facilities and services should be fairly in all regions of the country, especially in rural areas. However, despite the growth of health and treatment infrastructure in rural areas, the growth of health care is not uniform. And this factor has forced the villagers to travel to the cities to take advantage of health facilities. Therefore, by emphasizing the indicatirs of fairness of expenditures among different strats, specially in deprived areas and village , the aim of the present study is the investigate the factors affecting the health care and treatment situation in rural households in the provinces of Iran. Methodology The method of current research is descriptive-analytical approach. This research use from modern econometric methods to investigate the factor affecting on health and treatment care expenses of rural households in all rural areas of the country's 31 provinces in different provinces of Iran country and the effectiveness of this situation from economic, social and demographics indicators. The studied society is all the 31 regions of the country's provinces and sampelies is the same of society. The extract data from the research is from the official websites of Iran Statistics Center, Central Bank and Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. The priod in this research is 1380 to 1399 and use from modern econometric methods and Eviews 12 software. In this research have been used from the time series data related to the general census of population and housing. The information of the rural areas has been obtained in the form of Geodatabase and then they have been combined within the scope of the studied years and it has been done on the data the process of indexing and analysis . Discussion and conclusion The results of the research show that the variables of per capita income, insurance cost and education and training of rural households are considered to be the most effective factors of health care and treatment in all the villages of the provinces of Iran, but the type of influence of the relevant factors on the health status and the treatment of the villages of the country's provinces is not at the same level and the effectiveness is different in provinces; in spite of the acceptable growth of all villages in the country in terms of health care status, in the last decade compared to the previous decades, the villages of Mazandaran, Yazd and Isfahan provinces are in a more acceptable situation than the villages of other provinces. and the villages of some provinces, such as Sistan and Baluchistan, are in a poor state of healthcare and treatment. This factor requires to pay attention to the villages of the more deprived provinces in the health care sector and to distribute the facilities of this sector more equitably. in addition to the notice to the health care in village couled be the growth of the health status of the villages and the province in the micro level and economic growth of the country in the macro level and this factor couled be achieved through improving the economic situation of the target village, improving health insurance systems and increasing the educational status of rural households.
Minoo Vaghri Moghaddam, Vahid Vaziri, Sayyad Asghari,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Appropriate distribution of urban land use is one of the essential issues in the urban planning of cities with a sound and vibrant economy. Each activity in the city requires a suitable space to meet the requirements, and it is only possible to establish them in some areas. Therefore, it is a very important issue in urban planning to decide on the appropriate location for land use. This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of promoting industry clusters as an industrial development alternative for rural areas. On the other hand, previous studies and experiences indicate that when different parallel production units and stores in the same industry are brought together in one geographical area and are organized in the form of an industrial cluster, it leads to the organization of small and medium-sized industries. Thus, it brings benefits to the owners and employees of these units. Accordingly, it leads to huge savings for companies due to teamwork and increasing collective efficacy. Determining an industrial cluster to achieve a particular product is a successful and examined method for aggregating small to medium-sized industrial enterprises, which eliminates the disadvantages of these industries and increases advantages such as diversity and flexibility.
Iran is a pioneer in the production of original and high-quality hand-woven carpets. However, over the past few decades, the economy has stagnated. As a result, exports and income generation of the carpet industry have decreased due to neglecting this valuable cultural production, increasing production costs and problems, insufficient support for carpet weavers, producers, and exporters, as well as increasing competition from other countries such as India, China, and Pakistan. Besides, due to the deficiencies in the structural, organizational, managerial, and primarily commercial fields, global market sales of Iranian hand-woven carpets have declined and are experiencing critical situations.
Due to the dependence of Iranian villagers' livelihoods on agriculture and the lack of income sources other than agriculture, the rural area has a weak and vulnerable economy. Moreover, an income increase in the agricultural sector is not very possible because of the limited lands which are not augmentable. Therefore, considering the strengths and obstacles of each region of the country, it is necessary to find other sources of income to diversify the economics of the rural economy and to increase the maintainability of the village population or, in other words, the stability of the rural community.
In this regard, carpet weaving is one of the skills of the people in Ardabil city, which has had a significant impact on their economy over the years; hence, locating and spatial design in the title of "carpet industrial cluster" in Ardabil county can lead to progress in the industry, and more trade of this ancient commodity, and subsequently improve the quality and living standards of the villagers.
Methodology
The current research aims to identify the best areas for establishing the hand-woven carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county with the rural economic development approach. In other words, the goal of the current research is to select and introduce the best possible places for constructing carpet clusters in Ardabil County so that a study can be presented regarding the development of the economy of the towns and villages of this city. In order to achieve this goal, the library and documentary sources and the descriptive-analytical method for data collection were used, so influential factors for the location of the carpet industrial cluster as well as basic information for the design of the questionnaire, were obtained. Then, considering this information and indicators, the researcher created the questionnaire. The sample of this research included the significant producers of hand-woven carpets in urban and rural areas of Ardabil city, professors and researchers in this field, small weavers, sellers of carpets, and the workers of the carpet administration and Ardabil carpet cluster. Next, the interview with these experts was done, and the results were collected. Then, the effect of each item and their relationship with each other were investigated. In the next step, the collected items were classified into three categories: natural, physical, and manufactured. Then, the spatial information using the analytical network process model was analyzed, and the layers were overlapped and assessed. Then the weight of criteria and related sub-criteria was obtained. The layer related to each sub-item was defined in the GIS regarding the weights. Finally, the suitable location for the establishment of the carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county was determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The criteria obtained in this research can be divided into two categories: first, criteria with a geographical study layer, and second, criteria without a study layer which requires field studies, interviews, and library studies. According to this, the first category criteria using the Arc GIS program and applying the weight percentages showed the regions of Ardabil city to locate the carpet cluster of Ardabil city with the rural economic development approach regarding each criterion. Furthermore, the final map that shows the most suitable places for establishing the carpet cluster was obtained by overlapping and aggregating the zoning maps related to climatic characteristics, topography, and human activities (Figure 1). Based on the map, it is clear that the central regions of Ardabil city are the best area for this research, and the western and southeastern regions of Ardabil city are the wrong places for establishing this cluster. Therefore, regions of the cities and villages located in the central part of Ardabil county can be considered to respond to the project's goal.
The result of the research showed that most of the regions of Ardabil county, especially the central urban and rural areas of the county, have the potential to locate the carpet industrial cluster to improve the economic development of the villages. Therefore, the construction of such an industrial space based on human labor has a significant effect on the region's economy, and it will lead to the development and economic growth of the villagers and increase their living standards.
Appropriate distribution of urban land use is one of the essential issues in the urban planning of cities with a sound and vibrant economy. Each activity in the city requires a suitable space to meet the requirements, and it is only possible to establish them in some areas. Therefore, it is a very important issue in urban planning to decide on the appropriate location for land use. This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of promoting industry clusters as an industrial development alternative for rural areas. On the other hand, previous studies and experiences indicate that when different parallel production units and stores in the same industry are brought together in one geographical area and are organized in the form of an industrial cluster, it leads to the organization of small and medium-sized industries. Thus, it brings benefits to the owners and employees of these units. Accordingly, it leads to huge savings for companies due to teamwork and increasing collective efficacy. Determining an industrial cluster to achieve a particular product is a successful and examined method for aggregating small to medium-sized industrial enterprises, which eliminates the disadvantages of these industries and increases advantages such as diversity and flexibility.
Iran is a pioneer in the production of original and high-quality hand-woven carpets. However, over the past few decades, the economy has stagnated. As a result, exports and income generation of the carpet industry have decreased due to neglecting this valuable cultural production, increasing production costs and problems, insufficient support for carpet weavers, producers, and exporters, as well as increasing competition from other countries such as India, China, and Pakistan. Besides, due to the deficiencies in the structural, organizational, managerial, and primarily commercial fields, global market sales of Iranian hand-woven carpets have declined and are experiencing critical situations.
Due to the dependence of Iranian villagers' livelihoods on agriculture and the lack of income sources other than agriculture, the rural area has a weak and vulnerable economy. Moreover, an income increase in the agricultural sector is not very possible because of the limited lands which are not augmentable. Therefore, considering the strengths and obstacles of each region of the country, it is necessary to find other sources of income to diversify the economics of the rural economy and to increase the maintainability of the village population or, in other words, the stability of the rural community.
In this regard, carpet weaving is one of the skills of the people in Ardabil city, which has had a significant impact on their economy over the years; hence, locating and spatial design in the title of "carpet industrial cluster" in Ardabil county can lead to progress in the industry, and more trade of this ancient commodity, and subsequently improve the quality and living standards of the villagers.
Methodology
The current research aims to identify the best areas for establishing the hand-woven carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county with the rural economic development approach. In other words, the goal of the current research is to select and introduce the best possible places for constructing carpet clusters in Ardabil County so that a study can be presented regarding the development of the economy of the towns and villages of this city. In order to achieve this goal, the library and documentary sources and the descriptive-analytical method for data collection were used, so influential factors for the location of the carpet industrial cluster as well as basic information for the design of the questionnaire, were obtained. Then, considering this information and indicators, the researcher created the questionnaire. The sample of this research included the significant producers of hand-woven carpets in urban and rural areas of Ardabil city, professors and researchers in this field, small weavers, sellers of carpets, and the workers of the carpet administration and Ardabil carpet cluster. Next, the interview with these experts was done, and the results were collected. Then, the effect of each item and their relationship with each other were investigated. In the next step, the collected items were classified into three categories: natural, physical, and manufactured. Then, the spatial information using the analytical network process model was analyzed, and the layers were overlapped and assessed. Then the weight of criteria and related sub-criteria was obtained. The layer related to each sub-item was defined in the GIS regarding the weights. Finally, the suitable location for the establishment of the carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county was determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The criteria obtained in this research can be divided into two categories: first, criteria with a geographical study layer, and second, criteria without a study layer which requires field studies, interviews, and library studies. According to this, the first category criteria using the Arc GIS program and applying the weight percentages showed the regions of Ardabil city to locate the carpet cluster of Ardabil city with the rural economic development approach regarding each criterion. Furthermore, the final map that shows the most suitable places for establishing the carpet cluster was obtained by overlapping and aggregating the zoning maps related to climatic characteristics, topography, and human activities (Figure 1). Based on the map, it is clear that the central regions of Ardabil city are the best area for this research, and the western and southeastern regions of Ardabil city are the wrong places for establishing this cluster. Therefore, regions of the cities and villages located in the central part of Ardabil county can be considered to respond to the project's goal.
The result of the research showed that most of the regions of Ardabil county, especially the central urban and rural areas of the county, have the potential to locate the carpet industrial cluster to improve the economic development of the villages. Therefore, the construction of such an industrial space based on human labor has a significant effect on the region's economy, and it will lead to the development and economic growth of the villagers and increase their living standards.
Mostafa Mardani Najafabadi, Yasamin Zebari, Nasrin Ohadi,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Population growth, the need to provide food security, and pressure on natural resources in developing countries are facing a fundamental challenge for the sustainable production of food products. The need to pay attention to sustainability in agriculture has been confirmed at local, regional, national, and global levels. Sustainable agriculture is a system that uses resources efficiently, produces healthy food resources, preserves the quality of the environment and resources for future generations, and is economically dynamic. Sustainability is a qualitative concept that cannot be measured directly, so appropriate indicators should be selected to determine the amount and durability of an agricultural system. Efficiency is a significant factor in the productivity growth of production resources, especially in developing countries. Increasing efficiency can be considered a suitable and sustainable complement to a set of policies that encourage and protect domestic production and promote the optimal use of resources. The exact definition of efficiency can be found in Pareto's definition. According to the definition of efficiency, a system has Pareto efficiency so that it is impossible to improve the economic status of an individual from society without worsening the economic status of another individual. In other words, the reallocation of resources should not worsen the situation of some people in society. Therefore, improving the efficiency and optimal consumption of production factors in improving the sustainability of agricultural operations in the direction of sustainable development is inevitable. Based on this, the main goal of the present study is to determine the efficiency and optimal use of production resources by rice farmers in rural areas of Gotvand in the direction of sustainable development under conditions of uncertainty (the application of robust Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)).
Methodology
Efficiency measurement methods are classified into two parametric and non-parametric methods according to their characteristics. The most apparent model proposed in the non-parametric framework is the DEA model. In DEA, the efficiency of a group of investigated units is determined by using a multiple set of input and output variables. One of the major limitations of the mentioned method is the high sensitivity of this method to the change in the value of input and output data, or in other words, the presence of uncertainty in these data. Because agriculture is always faced with uncertainty, when the input and output values have uncertainty, the mentioned model faces problems. In this regard, it is necessary to use another method that can protect optimal solutions against uncertainty. Recently, various methods have been proposed to overcome the problem of uncertain data in DEA, such as Interval DEA (IDEA), Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) and Stochastic DEA (SDEA). Another method of dealing with uncertain data that was introduced in mathematical programming models in the late 1990s is Robust DEA (RDEA). This method does not have some shortcomings in other methods for applying uncertainty conditions in the DEA model. The RDEA is one of the robust and valuable models in conditions of uncertainty, and in this study, this method was used to analyze the efficiency of rice farmers. The required data in the study area was obtained through the distribution and completion of the questionnaire in 2018 by 121 rice farmers considering the statistical population and using simple random sampling.
Discussion and conclusion
The average technical efficiency in the state of constant return to scale efficiency and at the level of 0.5 deviation probability and 20% uncertainty level is equal to 0.79, which means that rice farmers can use a fixed technology without reducing production, reduce their input consumption by 21% and reach the production efficiency bound. As a result, the producers of the studied area need to use production inputs optimally to produce a given level of production. However, the actual values of input consumption by rice farmers in rural areas are far from the estimated optimal values. In other words, there is excess consumption for all inputs. The most inefficient inputs in the present study are the area under cultivation and herbicide. Therefore, achieving the optimal level of consumption of these inputs without reducing production by reducing 48% and 45% in the consumption of the cultivated area and herbicide, respectively. Considering the low technical efficiency and unfavorable input consumption among the rice farmers in the researched rural areas, it is suggested to identify efficient units and serve as a reference for inefficient units and develop a regular annual plan for optimal input consumption by farmers and as a result of improving efficiency, to improve the sustainability of agricultural operations in line with the goals of sustainable development. Also, educational planning is recommended to use suitable and advanced technologies to increase the productivity of production factors.
Population growth, the need to provide food security, and pressure on natural resources in developing countries are facing a fundamental challenge for the sustainable production of food products. The need to pay attention to sustainability in agriculture has been confirmed at local, regional, national, and global levels. Sustainable agriculture is a system that uses resources efficiently, produces healthy food resources, preserves the quality of the environment and resources for future generations, and is economically dynamic. Sustainability is a qualitative concept that cannot be measured directly, so appropriate indicators should be selected to determine the amount and durability of an agricultural system. Efficiency is a significant factor in the productivity growth of production resources, especially in developing countries. Increasing efficiency can be considered a suitable and sustainable complement to a set of policies that encourage and protect domestic production and promote the optimal use of resources. The exact definition of efficiency can be found in Pareto's definition. According to the definition of efficiency, a system has Pareto efficiency so that it is impossible to improve the economic status of an individual from society without worsening the economic status of another individual. In other words, the reallocation of resources should not worsen the situation of some people in society. Therefore, improving the efficiency and optimal consumption of production factors in improving the sustainability of agricultural operations in the direction of sustainable development is inevitable. Based on this, the main goal of the present study is to determine the efficiency and optimal use of production resources by rice farmers in rural areas of Gotvand in the direction of sustainable development under conditions of uncertainty (the application of robust Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)).
Methodology
Efficiency measurement methods are classified into two parametric and non-parametric methods according to their characteristics. The most apparent model proposed in the non-parametric framework is the DEA model. In DEA, the efficiency of a group of investigated units is determined by using a multiple set of input and output variables. One of the major limitations of the mentioned method is the high sensitivity of this method to the change in the value of input and output data, or in other words, the presence of uncertainty in these data. Because agriculture is always faced with uncertainty, when the input and output values have uncertainty, the mentioned model faces problems. In this regard, it is necessary to use another method that can protect optimal solutions against uncertainty. Recently, various methods have been proposed to overcome the problem of uncertain data in DEA, such as Interval DEA (IDEA), Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) and Stochastic DEA (SDEA). Another method of dealing with uncertain data that was introduced in mathematical programming models in the late 1990s is Robust DEA (RDEA). This method does not have some shortcomings in other methods for applying uncertainty conditions in the DEA model. The RDEA is one of the robust and valuable models in conditions of uncertainty, and in this study, this method was used to analyze the efficiency of rice farmers. The required data in the study area was obtained through the distribution and completion of the questionnaire in 2018 by 121 rice farmers considering the statistical population and using simple random sampling.
Discussion and conclusion
The average technical efficiency in the state of constant return to scale efficiency and at the level of 0.5 deviation probability and 20% uncertainty level is equal to 0.79, which means that rice farmers can use a fixed technology without reducing production, reduce their input consumption by 21% and reach the production efficiency bound. As a result, the producers of the studied area need to use production inputs optimally to produce a given level of production. However, the actual values of input consumption by rice farmers in rural areas are far from the estimated optimal values. In other words, there is excess consumption for all inputs. The most inefficient inputs in the present study are the area under cultivation and herbicide. Therefore, achieving the optimal level of consumption of these inputs without reducing production by reducing 48% and 45% in the consumption of the cultivated area and herbicide, respectively. Considering the low technical efficiency and unfavorable input consumption among the rice farmers in the researched rural areas, it is suggested to identify efficient units and serve as a reference for inefficient units and develop a regular annual plan for optimal input consumption by farmers and as a result of improving efficiency, to improve the sustainability of agricultural operations in line with the goals of sustainable development. Also, educational planning is recommended to use suitable and advanced technologies to increase the productivity of production factors.
Majid Saeidirad, Farhad Azizpour,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The occurrence of the Covid-19 epidemic and the strains caused by it will definitely affect different parts of human life, including; cultural, social, economic and environmental, as well as human interactions. In the meantime, various human activities in space, including the processes and system of economic activities, will also be affected by this epidemic. Therefore, the activity system of rural regions is also affected by the harmful effects of this epidemic and will see changes in the future. According to the official data of the Planning and Budget Organization in 2019, after the start of the pandemic in Iran, about 250 thousand people in the agricultural sector (25 percent), 17 thousand people in the industry sector (2 percent) and 743 thousand people in the service sector (75 percent), have lost their jobs. According to the data of the Statistical Centre of Iran, economic activities in the central district of Ray County have the highest percentage of activities in the service sector (43%), followed by the industry sector (42%) constitutes the dominant activities of the villagers, in addition to the agricultural sector with 15%. Due to the complexity, many uncertainties and the multi-functional role of the villages in the Central District of Ray County in production activities, rural development policies in the Post Covid-19 should focus on sustainable development goals and livelihood. Also, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural development and economic resilience in this area, the process of exploring and examining the future is necessary to determine the trends, key drivers and uncertainties affecting the activities system of the villagers and form the basis for strategic decision-making.
Methodology
This research, using the mixed research method and Delphi technique (34 people) and the MICMAC software, has determined the "key drivers effective on the reconstruction of the activity system of rural regions in the Post Covid-19". In this research, the "Purposive sampling" method was used, and an attempt was made to select 10 to 15 people from each category or homogenous group as a sample and panel members to achieve a consensus. Finally, using environmental survey, documentary studies and experts' points of view, 48 key factors affecting the development of the activity system of the villages in the central district of Ray County in the Post Covid-19 era have been identified at three local, regional, national and international levels.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this research, 48 factors were identified as the primary factors affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of rural areas in the post-corona era. First, they were analyzed by the structural analysis method in Micmac software (the opinion of the elites with the interaction questionnaire). Then, ten influential vital factors in reconstructing the activity system of the villagers of the central district of Ray County were selected in the Post Covid-19 era. Based on the obtained results, the most important key drivers affecting the villagers' activity system in the study area in order of importance; Marginalization, commoditization of land, destruction of agricultural lands, reduction of investment in the agricultural sector, diversification of economic activities, increasing urban sprawl, change of cultivation pattern, increasing inflation, reduction of labor force and reduction of product insurance. Finally, the distribution of the variables affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of the rural settlements in the Central District of Ray County in the post Covid-19 era shows the system's instability. This instability in the studied area represents the transition from a production-based economy to a consumption-based economy in the post-Covid-19 era. If the current trend continues, this type of reconstruction of the activity system will continue.
The occurrence of the Covid-19 epidemic and the strains caused by it will definitely affect different parts of human life, including; cultural, social, economic and environmental, as well as human interactions. In the meantime, various human activities in space, including the processes and system of economic activities, will also be affected by this epidemic. Therefore, the activity system of rural regions is also affected by the harmful effects of this epidemic and will see changes in the future. According to the official data of the Planning and Budget Organization in 2019, after the start of the pandemic in Iran, about 250 thousand people in the agricultural sector (25 percent), 17 thousand people in the industry sector (2 percent) and 743 thousand people in the service sector (75 percent), have lost their jobs. According to the data of the Statistical Centre of Iran, economic activities in the central district of Ray County have the highest percentage of activities in the service sector (43%), followed by the industry sector (42%) constitutes the dominant activities of the villagers, in addition to the agricultural sector with 15%. Due to the complexity, many uncertainties and the multi-functional role of the villages in the Central District of Ray County in production activities, rural development policies in the Post Covid-19 should focus on sustainable development goals and livelihood. Also, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural development and economic resilience in this area, the process of exploring and examining the future is necessary to determine the trends, key drivers and uncertainties affecting the activities system of the villagers and form the basis for strategic decision-making.
Methodology
This research, using the mixed research method and Delphi technique (34 people) and the MICMAC software, has determined the "key drivers effective on the reconstruction of the activity system of rural regions in the Post Covid-19". In this research, the "Purposive sampling" method was used, and an attempt was made to select 10 to 15 people from each category or homogenous group as a sample and panel members to achieve a consensus. Finally, using environmental survey, documentary studies and experts' points of view, 48 key factors affecting the development of the activity system of the villages in the central district of Ray County in the Post Covid-19 era have been identified at three local, regional, national and international levels.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this research, 48 factors were identified as the primary factors affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of rural areas in the post-corona era. First, they were analyzed by the structural analysis method in Micmac software (the opinion of the elites with the interaction questionnaire). Then, ten influential vital factors in reconstructing the activity system of the villagers of the central district of Ray County were selected in the Post Covid-19 era. Based on the obtained results, the most important key drivers affecting the villagers' activity system in the study area in order of importance; Marginalization, commoditization of land, destruction of agricultural lands, reduction of investment in the agricultural sector, diversification of economic activities, increasing urban sprawl, change of cultivation pattern, increasing inflation, reduction of labor force and reduction of product insurance. Finally, the distribution of the variables affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of the rural settlements in the Central District of Ray County in the post Covid-19 era shows the system's instability. This instability in the studied area represents the transition from a production-based economy to a consumption-based economy in the post-Covid-19 era. If the current trend continues, this type of reconstruction of the activity system will continue.
Nasrin Jalilian, Yaser Mohammadi,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Currently, the issue of employment is one of the most critical social challenges in the country to deal with unemployment, or at least to prevent the spread of anomalies and social damages. Nowadays, rural communities, especially poor rural households, are mainly faced with information poverty, low skills, weak entrepreneurial culture and ethnic and tribal inequalities that distinguish them from other communities. The people of the rural community, especially those of the low-income groups and households that government institutions support, are involved with more issues and problems. Among these groups, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men, and they are more vulnerable to unemployment than men. One way to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods, especially among rural women heads of households, is to provide them with microfinance in the form of providing self-sufficiency facilities and job creation through institutions such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation.
Methodology
This research has been conducted to study the role of employment loans on the sustainable livelihood of rural women heads of households. The research is a quantitative and applied study of nature and purpose. Also, in terms of the data collection method, it is survey research, and in terms of the data analysis method, it is descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population of this research was the rural women who were the heads of the household, whom the relief committee covered in Harsam village, Islamabad Gharb city in Kermanshah province, and 100 of these women were selected and examined by the census. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts' opinions and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in the IBMSPSS software environment.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of the study showed that the two groups of female heads of households who benefited and did not benefit from the aid committee's job creation loans had a significant difference in terms of sustainable rural livelihoods, and the beneficiary women had better livelihoods, especially in terms of financial capital and physical capital. Also, among the women benefiting from good-quality loans, those who were satisfied with the number of loans received and their repayment period and also participated in skill training courses to create jobs had a higher level of sustainable livelihood.
Currently, the issue of employment is one of the most critical social challenges in the country to deal with unemployment, or at least to prevent the spread of anomalies and social damages. Nowadays, rural communities, especially poor rural households, are mainly faced with information poverty, low skills, weak entrepreneurial culture and ethnic and tribal inequalities that distinguish them from other communities. The people of the rural community, especially those of the low-income groups and households that government institutions support, are involved with more issues and problems. Among these groups, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men, and they are more vulnerable to unemployment than men. One way to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods, especially among rural women heads of households, is to provide them with microfinance in the form of providing self-sufficiency facilities and job creation through institutions such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation.
Methodology
This research has been conducted to study the role of employment loans on the sustainable livelihood of rural women heads of households. The research is a quantitative and applied study of nature and purpose. Also, in terms of the data collection method, it is survey research, and in terms of the data analysis method, it is descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population of this research was the rural women who were the heads of the household, whom the relief committee covered in Harsam village, Islamabad Gharb city in Kermanshah province, and 100 of these women were selected and examined by the census. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts' opinions and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in the IBMSPSS software environment.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of the study showed that the two groups of female heads of households who benefited and did not benefit from the aid committee's job creation loans had a significant difference in terms of sustainable rural livelihoods, and the beneficiary women had better livelihoods, especially in terms of financial capital and physical capital. Also, among the women benefiting from good-quality loans, those who were satisfied with the number of loans received and their repayment period and also participated in skill training courses to create jobs had a higher level of sustainable livelihood.
Saadi Mohammadi, Zahra Hakiminea,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Quality of life is core to the sustainable security approach. Regarding that, the status of supply and access to livelihood capital to provide livelihood and quality of life for villagers have an undeniable role in moving towards the stability of the security of rural border areas. The rural border areas of Marivan are in an adverse situation in terms of access to livelihood assets. Livelihood poverty due to poor access to livelihood assets is the dominant feature of the border village areas of Marivan County. This situation is evident in the unemployment report of the management and planning organization of the province, where the highest unemployment rate of the province is related to Marivan County, with 28.6 percent. Although Marivan County is in third place in the province after Sanandaj and Saqz counties in terms of population (12.2% of the province's population), it includes 23.6% of the unemployed in the entire province. The number of unemployed people in the rural areas of Marivan is 3446, with a rate of 19.3%. Compared to the unemployment rate of the rural areas of other counties of the province, it has the highest unemployment rate. Due to being in the political and geopolitical stake, a lot of money and capital is spent to keep the security of this county. According to the principles of stable security, identifying and solving the trends leading to insecurity are significant. So instead of dealing with threats, the emergence of insecurity is prevented by controlling these trends. The current research discusses why the inappropriate situation of access to livelihood assets in the border rural areas of the region was created and continued and what instabilities and risks did it leave behind?
Methodology
The present applied research has been carried out using a post-event descriptive method. The research is qualitative, in essence. Data were collected by targeted interviews. The three main questions of the research are the destabilizing effects of security, the causes and factors of occurrence and continuity, and the strategies adopted by villagers against inappropriate access to livelihood capitals. The research population includes specialists, experts and informants in security and law enforcement, academics and management of the county, who were determined using a targeted non-probability sampling method based on the snowball method, and their number reached 50 people. The analysis of the interviews was done with the grounded theory technique in three stages open coding, central coding and selective coding.
The spatial scope of the research is the border villages of Marivan County. A county that is located in the west of Kurdistan Province and is adjacent to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. These border villages are within Sarshio, Khavomirabad and Zrivar Districts, which are the closest to the borderline (less than 15 kilometres from the border). The location and target villages of the research were considered (10 villages).
Discussion and conclusion
The creation of livelihood poverty due to the lack of provision and proper access of border villagers to livelihood assets has caused a variety of security instabilities. Many of the identified concepts, or in other words, the adverse effects resulting from the lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets, are the result and effects of weakening and failure in other dimensions and security indicators. The lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets in the studied areas, in addition to direct effects (destruction of the natural environment, poverty, human and financial losses), has also had many indirect and dependent effects (creating security holes with Distance between the people and the system due to the feeling of injustice caused by the government's lack of attention to these areas with the continuation of human and financial losses, environmental crises, the continuation of smuggling, increase in immigration, etc.). On the other hand, the instability and security problems created are not only limited to these areas and have threatened the national and public security of the country as well.
The most important strategies adopted for security and development in order to deal with the poor livelihood and security situation include border blocking strategy and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management strategy, extreme exploitation of the natural environment and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, immigration and capital outflow from the borders. However, there needs to be a structural solution to the problem at the regional level. Therefore, defensive strategies have generally been used to prevent the deterioration of the existing situation.
Also, using the grounded theory technique (three stages of open, central and selective coding), it was found that there are many obstacles and problems related to development and security managers and local communities for the business environment or the lack of access to livelihood assets in the studied border rural areas.
The results showed that the lack of proper access of the border villages of the county to livelihood assets had caused the instability of security in its various fields in the studied area. The security instabilities were placed in 51 indicators in the form of 3 main categories: unstable security future and political-military problems, instability of food and environmental-physical security, and instability of economic and social security. This situation showed that the lack of access to livelihood assets has reduced the quality of life and, as a result, security instability in the border villages of Marivan County.
Also, the results of the grounded theory technique extracted 63 weaknesses. These weaknesses are grouped into components such as weak development planning, policy-making and management, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, weak laws and protections, weakness in the physical infrastructure needed for economic development, the lack of local people's capital and socio-cultural weaknesses.
Finally, the results of interviews and field observation showed that the strategy of blocking borders and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, migration and departure capital from borders; The most important strategies adopted by development and security officials and villagers in dealing with the unfavorable situation of access to livelihood assets and security instabilities resulting from it.
Quality of life is core to the sustainable security approach. Regarding that, the status of supply and access to livelihood capital to provide livelihood and quality of life for villagers have an undeniable role in moving towards the stability of the security of rural border areas. The rural border areas of Marivan are in an adverse situation in terms of access to livelihood assets. Livelihood poverty due to poor access to livelihood assets is the dominant feature of the border village areas of Marivan County. This situation is evident in the unemployment report of the management and planning organization of the province, where the highest unemployment rate of the province is related to Marivan County, with 28.6 percent. Although Marivan County is in third place in the province after Sanandaj and Saqz counties in terms of population (12.2% of the province's population), it includes 23.6% of the unemployed in the entire province. The number of unemployed people in the rural areas of Marivan is 3446, with a rate of 19.3%. Compared to the unemployment rate of the rural areas of other counties of the province, it has the highest unemployment rate. Due to being in the political and geopolitical stake, a lot of money and capital is spent to keep the security of this county. According to the principles of stable security, identifying and solving the trends leading to insecurity are significant. So instead of dealing with threats, the emergence of insecurity is prevented by controlling these trends. The current research discusses why the inappropriate situation of access to livelihood assets in the border rural areas of the region was created and continued and what instabilities and risks did it leave behind?
Methodology
The present applied research has been carried out using a post-event descriptive method. The research is qualitative, in essence. Data were collected by targeted interviews. The three main questions of the research are the destabilizing effects of security, the causes and factors of occurrence and continuity, and the strategies adopted by villagers against inappropriate access to livelihood capitals. The research population includes specialists, experts and informants in security and law enforcement, academics and management of the county, who were determined using a targeted non-probability sampling method based on the snowball method, and their number reached 50 people. The analysis of the interviews was done with the grounded theory technique in three stages open coding, central coding and selective coding.
The spatial scope of the research is the border villages of Marivan County. A county that is located in the west of Kurdistan Province and is adjacent to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. These border villages are within Sarshio, Khavomirabad and Zrivar Districts, which are the closest to the borderline (less than 15 kilometres from the border). The location and target villages of the research were considered (10 villages).
Discussion and conclusion
The creation of livelihood poverty due to the lack of provision and proper access of border villagers to livelihood assets has caused a variety of security instabilities. Many of the identified concepts, or in other words, the adverse effects resulting from the lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets, are the result and effects of weakening and failure in other dimensions and security indicators. The lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets in the studied areas, in addition to direct effects (destruction of the natural environment, poverty, human and financial losses), has also had many indirect and dependent effects (creating security holes with Distance between the people and the system due to the feeling of injustice caused by the government's lack of attention to these areas with the continuation of human and financial losses, environmental crises, the continuation of smuggling, increase in immigration, etc.). On the other hand, the instability and security problems created are not only limited to these areas and have threatened the national and public security of the country as well.
The most important strategies adopted for security and development in order to deal with the poor livelihood and security situation include border blocking strategy and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management strategy, extreme exploitation of the natural environment and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, immigration and capital outflow from the borders. However, there needs to be a structural solution to the problem at the regional level. Therefore, defensive strategies have generally been used to prevent the deterioration of the existing situation.
Also, using the grounded theory technique (three stages of open, central and selective coding), it was found that there are many obstacles and problems related to development and security managers and local communities for the business environment or the lack of access to livelihood assets in the studied border rural areas.
The results showed that the lack of proper access of the border villages of the county to livelihood assets had caused the instability of security in its various fields in the studied area. The security instabilities were placed in 51 indicators in the form of 3 main categories: unstable security future and political-military problems, instability of food and environmental-physical security, and instability of economic and social security. This situation showed that the lack of access to livelihood assets has reduced the quality of life and, as a result, security instability in the border villages of Marivan County.
Also, the results of the grounded theory technique extracted 63 weaknesses. These weaknesses are grouped into components such as weak development planning, policy-making and management, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, weak laws and protections, weakness in the physical infrastructure needed for economic development, the lack of local people's capital and socio-cultural weaknesses.
Finally, the results of interviews and field observation showed that the strategy of blocking borders and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, migration and departure capital from borders; The most important strategies adopted by development and security officials and villagers in dealing with the unfavorable situation of access to livelihood assets and security instabilities resulting from it.
Related Websites
Site Keywords
نشریه, Academic Journal, Scientific Article, کلمه شماره یک, کلمه شماره یک, کلمه شماره یک, کلمه شماره یک, کلمه شماره دو, کلمه شماره یک, کلمه دوVote
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb