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Abolfazl Khosravi, Mohammad Reza Fathi, Jaber Yavari, Giti Salahi Isfahani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the notable points in recent decades about villages has been the quantitative and qualitative growth of agricultural entrepreneurship in these areas. Recent studies have shown that farmers' entrepreneurship (as measured by start-ups) has a positive impact on conflict resolution and poverty reduction in developing countries (Bruton et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2014). ; Tobias et al., 2013). For example, according to Fitzgerald et al. (2018), due to the promising opportunities in theoretical and empirical analysis of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector should be given much attention. Carter et al. (2017) also emphasized that farmers' entrepreneurial research should focus more on the home activities of individuals and their communities. The slight growth of farmers' entrepreneurship refers to the number of entrepreneurial farmers as well as the number of economic enterprises established in the village. Qualitative growth of farmers 'entrepreneurship refers to how farmers use the proceeds of farmers' entrepreneurship to benefit individuals, households and communities. Therefore, the quality of farmers' entrepreneurial growth is attributed to the type of services that entrepreneurs provide to society.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study is all entrepreneurs available in rural areas of Golpayegan city (which have special climatic conditions and suitable geographical environment for agricultural activities) which is done using Cochran's sampling formula. Considering that our statistical population was one, the sample is 162, out of 162 questionnaires that were distributed, 151 were complete and the rest were either incomplete or were not returned for some reason. In this research, the library method will be used to collect information and to formulate theoretical foundations and research history, and a standard questionnaire will be used to measure research variables.
Discussion and conclusion
This study examines the role that institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities play in the growth of agricultural entrepreneurship and their interactions. Obtaining any type of capital in the start-up phase is different, and the fields of agricultural entrepreneurship significantly affect the start-up phase. Based on the findings, the adequacy and interaction of both institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities are clearly essential in starting entrepreneurship and launching agricultural entrepreneurship and its quantitative and qualitative growth. For entrepreneurs with a history of agricultural entrepreneurship, human capital is the first capital they acquire and use to start a business. It is related to social capital in many ways. For example, business knowledge and experience help them achieve business connections and communication, while communication skills help maintain customer relationships. Social capital provides access to institutional capital and acts as a platform for gaining social acceptance and access to other resources, especially financial capital. The interrelationship of capital factors is also evident in rural entrepreneurs with no history of agricultural entrepreneurship. In the early stages of starting a business, they usually need the human capital to start an entrepreneurial business. Townsend et al. (2010) found that people increase their willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities if they realize that they have the knowledge, skills, and experience to create jobs. Because their internal circles cannot provide them with the necessary human capital, they seek external resources, especially government support. Thus, institutional capital becomes the first capital of entrepreneurs to start, and this requires them to participate in various programs to develop and support entrepreneurship. As a result, it provides access to other necessary capital, including human capital, such as business knowledge and skills. Social capital such as communications and market communications and financial capital, such as working capital and other forms of financing. We provide the interrelationships of the framework of capital factors as well as capabilities, as shown in the conceptual model.
One of the notable points in recent decades about villages has been the quantitative and qualitative growth of agricultural entrepreneurship in these areas. Recent studies have shown that farmers' entrepreneurship (as measured by start-ups) has a positive impact on conflict resolution and poverty reduction in developing countries (Bruton et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2014). ; Tobias et al., 2013). For example, according to Fitzgerald et al. (2018), due to the promising opportunities in theoretical and empirical analysis of entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector should be given much attention. Carter et al. (2017) also emphasized that farmers' entrepreneurial research should focus more on the home activities of individuals and their communities. The slight growth of farmers' entrepreneurship refers to the number of entrepreneurial farmers as well as the number of economic enterprises established in the village. Qualitative growth of farmers 'entrepreneurship refers to how farmers use the proceeds of farmers' entrepreneurship to benefit individuals, households and communities. Therefore, the quality of farmers' entrepreneurial growth is attributed to the type of services that entrepreneurs provide to society.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study is all entrepreneurs available in rural areas of Golpayegan city (which have special climatic conditions and suitable geographical environment for agricultural activities) which is done using Cochran's sampling formula. Considering that our statistical population was one, the sample is 162, out of 162 questionnaires that were distributed, 151 were complete and the rest were either incomplete or were not returned for some reason. In this research, the library method will be used to collect information and to formulate theoretical foundations and research history, and a standard questionnaire will be used to measure research variables.
Discussion and conclusion
This study examines the role that institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities play in the growth of agricultural entrepreneurship and their interactions. Obtaining any type of capital in the start-up phase is different, and the fields of agricultural entrepreneurship significantly affect the start-up phase. Based on the findings, the adequacy and interaction of both institutional capital and entrepreneurial capabilities are clearly essential in starting entrepreneurship and launching agricultural entrepreneurship and its quantitative and qualitative growth. For entrepreneurs with a history of agricultural entrepreneurship, human capital is the first capital they acquire and use to start a business. It is related to social capital in many ways. For example, business knowledge and experience help them achieve business connections and communication, while communication skills help maintain customer relationships. Social capital provides access to institutional capital and acts as a platform for gaining social acceptance and access to other resources, especially financial capital. The interrelationship of capital factors is also evident in rural entrepreneurs with no history of agricultural entrepreneurship. In the early stages of starting a business, they usually need the human capital to start an entrepreneurial business. Townsend et al. (2010) found that people increase their willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities if they realize that they have the knowledge, skills, and experience to create jobs. Because their internal circles cannot provide them with the necessary human capital, they seek external resources, especially government support. Thus, institutional capital becomes the first capital of entrepreneurs to start, and this requires them to participate in various programs to develop and support entrepreneurship. As a result, it provides access to other necessary capital, including human capital, such as business knowledge and skills. Social capital such as communications and market communications and financial capital, such as working capital and other forms of financing. We provide the interrelationships of the framework of capital factors as well as capabilities, as shown in the conceptual model.
Sefatollah Rahmani Andabili,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
It also has a significant position in GDP, employment and non-oil exports. So that 10% of the value of GDP, 18.9% of employment and 32% of the value added of business belong to this sector. Most importantly, up to 23% of the country's population lives in rural and nomadic areas
The main mission of Tat Iran Organization is to conduct research, education and promotion in various fields of agriculture and natural resources with the aim of improving the level of productivity, agricultural economy and rural development, which has six main tasks of research, education, promotion, registration and certification. Seeds and seedlings, genetic resource management and production of technological products are defined. Since the structure of Tat organization in the country is governmental and national research institutes as well as research and educational centers affiliated to this organization in the provinces and rural areas are consequently completely governmental, so the dependence of budget and credits The organization relies heavily on government funding to fund research projects. The aim of this study was to investigate the areas of development of economic activity and investment capacity and economic exploitation of production facilities in the areas covered by the centers and institutions affiliated to the organization.
Research Methods
The research method in this study is descriptive and survey which has been done using cost-benefit analysis method and project financial indicators for each project in the valley center and its average for each center. It is one of the most efficient techniques in financial and economic decisions. Among the indicators used are: return on capital - rate of return on capital - production (activity) at the breaking point.
In this study, by reviewing and analyzing the quantity and quality of the current situation (actual capacity) and potential capacity of centers, in developing economic and income-generating activities while maintaining the dominance of agricultural research and education, in the form of economic projects applicable in the following stations Covering and taking into account the requirements and requirements of the executive, and determining the income gap, in terms of revenue-generating actions and activities, prioritization indicators based on available statistics and information and the opinions of managers and experts in the framework The technique was used to determine the activities that can be developed and invested. For economic analysis of each of the designated economic projects and activities, economic and financial indicators were estimated. These indicators have been comparatively studied in each center between the proposed projects and also between the studied centers.
Discussion and conclusion
Stations and farms under the auspices of the organization's affiliated research centers in the provinces have the appropriate capacity to design, plan and implement economic activities in the form of defined and developed economic projects. In the 12 research centers surveyed, there is a capacity to implement over 70 economic projects with appropriate economic returns, which can double the economic income of provincial research centers. In general, about 50% of the economic capacity of agricultural and rural areas is used under the auspices of agricultural research and education centers and natural resources of the studied provinces. For the other 50 percent capacity, which is already in place, economic targeting and planning is required. This is presented in the form of proposed revenue-generating projects, whose average return on investment is estimated at 91% with a useful life of 8.5 years.
In order to implement the programs in the form of economic projects at the level of the organization's affiliated centers, the required funding is the basic need of these projects. Since it is not possible to invest by the government, it is necessary to use the participation and investment of the private sector. Achieving this also needs to be accelerated and facilitated. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out the necessary studies from the legal, financial and administrative aspects, and the required regulations should be issued and communicated in the form of by-laws and implementation instructions.
The results of the study show that it is less used in large research centers with economic activity capacities, in other words, the distance between the actual and potential situation is greater. Therefore, there is a greater need and priority to develop a comprehensive economic development plan with the participation of the private sector. In this study, the general economic development plan for each of the studied centers was compiled in the form of a document.
Keywords: Rural Planning, Targeted Exploitation, Economic Capacity, Rural Economy, Tat Organization
Villages and rural settlements can provide a good platform for agricultural, livestock, industrial and service products, environmental protection and border protection, so drawing and implementing a roadmap that can play the role of villages and villagers in the country's planning system. Determine, it is doubly important. Therefore, strengthening the productive capacity of villagers and farmers in economic planning is of great importance and necessity.
Agriculture and natural resources and rural development are among the important economic and social sectors that play a major role in the development of the country in terms of food security and employment. According to statistics announced by the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, the production of agricultural products in 1398, amounted to 118 million tons, which (about 25 to 30 percent of waste) provides about 88 percent of the food needed by society. Slowly
It also has a significant position in GDP, employment and non-oil exports. So that 10% of the value of GDP, 18.9% of employment and 32% of the value added of business belong to this sector. Most importantly, up to 23% of the country's population lives in rural and nomadic areas
The main mission of Tat Iran Organization is to conduct research, education and promotion in various fields of agriculture and natural resources with the aim of improving the level of productivity, agricultural economy and rural development, which has six main tasks of research, education, promotion, registration and certification. Seeds and seedlings, genetic resource management and production of technological products are defined. Since the structure of Tat organization in the country is governmental and national research institutes as well as research and educational centers affiliated to this organization in the provinces and rural areas are consequently completely governmental, so the dependence of budget and credits The organization relies heavily on government funding to fund research projects. The aim of this study was to investigate the areas of development of economic activity and investment capacity and economic exploitation of production facilities in the areas covered by the centers and institutions affiliated to the organization.
Research Methods
The research method in this study is descriptive and survey which has been done using cost-benefit analysis method and project financial indicators for each project in the valley center and its average for each center. It is one of the most efficient techniques in financial and economic decisions. Among the indicators used are: return on capital - rate of return on capital - production (activity) at the breaking point.
In this study, by reviewing and analyzing the quantity and quality of the current situation (actual capacity) and potential capacity of centers, in developing economic and income-generating activities while maintaining the dominance of agricultural research and education, in the form of economic projects applicable in the following stations Covering and taking into account the requirements and requirements of the executive, and determining the income gap, in terms of revenue-generating actions and activities, prioritization indicators based on available statistics and information and the opinions of managers and experts in the framework The technique was used to determine the activities that can be developed and invested. For economic analysis of each of the designated economic projects and activities, economic and financial indicators were estimated. These indicators have been comparatively studied in each center between the proposed projects and also between the studied centers.
Discussion and conclusion
Stations and farms under the auspices of the organization's affiliated research centers in the provinces have the appropriate capacity to design, plan and implement economic activities in the form of defined and developed economic projects. In the 12 research centers surveyed, there is a capacity to implement over 70 economic projects with appropriate economic returns, which can double the economic income of provincial research centers. In general, about 50% of the economic capacity of agricultural and rural areas is used under the auspices of agricultural research and education centers and natural resources of the studied provinces. For the other 50 percent capacity, which is already in place, economic targeting and planning is required. This is presented in the form of proposed revenue-generating projects, whose average return on investment is estimated at 91% with a useful life of 8.5 years.
In order to implement the programs in the form of economic projects at the level of the organization's affiliated centers, the required funding is the basic need of these projects. Since it is not possible to invest by the government, it is necessary to use the participation and investment of the private sector. Achieving this also needs to be accelerated and facilitated. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out the necessary studies from the legal, financial and administrative aspects, and the required regulations should be issued and communicated in the form of by-laws and implementation instructions.
The results of the study show that it is less used in large research centers with economic activity capacities, in other words, the distance between the actual and potential situation is greater. Therefore, there is a greater need and priority to develop a comprehensive economic development plan with the participation of the private sector. In this study, the general economic development plan for each of the studied centers was compiled in the form of a document.
Keywords: Rural Planning, Targeted Exploitation, Economic Capacity, Rural Economy, Tat Organization
Villages and rural settlements can provide a good platform for agricultural, livestock, industrial and service products, environmental protection and border protection, so drawing and implementing a roadmap that can play the role of villages and villagers in the country's planning system. Determine, it is doubly important. Therefore, strengthening the productive capacity of villagers and farmers in economic planning is of great importance and necessity.
Agriculture and natural resources and rural development are among the important economic and social sectors that play a major role in the development of the country in terms of food security and employment. According to statistics announced by the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, the production of agricultural products in 1398, amounted to 118 million tons, which (about 25 to 30 percent of waste) provides about 88 percent of the food needed by society. Slowly
Kebria Moradi, Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidary, Hamid Shayan, Omid Ali Kharazmi,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, the international growth of agricultural tourism in rural economies has raised a number of important policy-related topics for local development planning, the most important of which is the development of production and support for entrepreneurship in agricultural tourism. Given that entrepreneurship in all areas, including agricultural tourism, is a complex phenomenon, agricultural tourism as a complex system encompasses a large range of interactions between economic, environmental, social, technical and financial elements. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurial businesses for agricultural tourism is based on the framework of the factors that make up the environment of a system. Therefore, all these factors must be investigated. Because these factors are interrelated and interact directly and indirectly. In this regard, identifying key factors and factors in the development of entrepreneurial businesses as a complex system can help to revitalize rural areas of the region and is effective in realizing the goals of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Therefore, in this research, it will be tried to identify the proposed dimensions and components for the development of entrepreneurial businesses in the field of agricultural tourism, and the model of development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism will be provided based on the causality model.
Methodology
The current research is an applied research and regarding the results, it is an exploratory research. In this regard, the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism were identified and classified in four socio-cultural, individual skills, tourism facilities and policies. This research also focuses on the rural areas of Mahallat town due to its potential and its ability to develop agricultural tourism. According to field studies of 40 villages in the studied area in two districts of Khorheh and Bagherabad, 21 villages with agricultural tourism capability were identified and selected. In order to investigate the effect of each variable in the causal factors model, 30 questionnaires were designed and delivered to the executive and academic elites. Vensim software was used to draw the causal diagram based on systematic thinking, and to analyze the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics (single sample and Friedman) were used in SPSS software.
Discussions and Results
The results of t test indicate that the factor of policy making and its related variables are the highest mean and then the factor of facilities and services of tourism with 4.02, the factor of individual skills with 3.8, socio-cultural factor with 3.7 and the factor of local capacity with 3.6 are placed in the next ranks respectively. Regarding the fact that in recent years, entrepreneurship is considered as one of the important components of job creation and economic development in societies, so in the last few decades, policymakers in different societies have tried to develop entrepreneurial policies for economic growth. Also, given that the rural development plays a very important role in national development, the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas can be considered as a tool for national development. The results of the research on the basis of the t test show that the impact of the policy making factor on the development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism is ranked first, and the factor of tourism facilities and services, socio-cultural factors, individual skills and local agricultural capacities are the next ranks respectively. The results of the Friedman test also indicate that the factor of policy making is ranked first by the experts, so the findings of this study indicate that the government as the most influential factor through policies and policies related to the development of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship in the field of agricultural tourism and supportive policies can enhance the motivation and the fields of entrepreneurship development in the villages. On the other hand, it has a direct impact on other factors as well. Also, the cultural and social factor and policy will have a significant impact on the individual skills factor as there are positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship in the community as well as policy makers support entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the desire for entrepreneurial activities in agricultural tourism grows in local communities. It also boosts social and communication skills, entrepreneurship creativity and innovation, and high-quality services, resulting in tourists coming to the region more frequently and defining their good experience everywhere. Also, the factors of policy making and individual skills will directly affect the factors of the facilities and services of the tourism because when qualified human resources are trained in local communities, especially experienced tour guides and thus creating interaction between tourists and residents of the region and awareness of tourists' needs can serve as a stimulating factor for satisfaction and safety of tourists. Local capacity factor is also an important factor in the development of entrepreneurial businesses in rural areas, because there is no potential and developmental capacity for this type of tourism in many areas.
In recent decades, the international growth of agricultural tourism in rural economies has raised a number of important policy-related topics for local development planning, the most important of which is the development of production and support for entrepreneurship in agricultural tourism. Given that entrepreneurship in all areas, including agricultural tourism, is a complex phenomenon, agricultural tourism as a complex system encompasses a large range of interactions between economic, environmental, social, technical and financial elements. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurial businesses for agricultural tourism is based on the framework of the factors that make up the environment of a system. Therefore, all these factors must be investigated. Because these factors are interrelated and interact directly and indirectly. In this regard, identifying key factors and factors in the development of entrepreneurial businesses as a complex system can help to revitalize rural areas of the region and is effective in realizing the goals of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Therefore, in this research, it will be tried to identify the proposed dimensions and components for the development of entrepreneurial businesses in the field of agricultural tourism, and the model of development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism will be provided based on the causality model.
Methodology
The current research is an applied research and regarding the results, it is an exploratory research. In this regard, the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism were identified and classified in four socio-cultural, individual skills, tourism facilities and policies. This research also focuses on the rural areas of Mahallat town due to its potential and its ability to develop agricultural tourism. According to field studies of 40 villages in the studied area in two districts of Khorheh and Bagherabad, 21 villages with agricultural tourism capability were identified and selected. In order to investigate the effect of each variable in the causal factors model, 30 questionnaires were designed and delivered to the executive and academic elites. Vensim software was used to draw the causal diagram based on systematic thinking, and to analyze the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics (single sample and Friedman) were used in SPSS software.
Discussions and Results
The results of t test indicate that the factor of policy making and its related variables are the highest mean and then the factor of facilities and services of tourism with 4.02, the factor of individual skills with 3.8, socio-cultural factor with 3.7 and the factor of local capacity with 3.6 are placed in the next ranks respectively. Regarding the fact that in recent years, entrepreneurship is considered as one of the important components of job creation and economic development in societies, so in the last few decades, policymakers in different societies have tried to develop entrepreneurial policies for economic growth. Also, given that the rural development plays a very important role in national development, the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas can be considered as a tool for national development. The results of the research on the basis of the t test show that the impact of the policy making factor on the development of entrepreneurial businesses in agricultural tourism is ranked first, and the factor of tourism facilities and services, socio-cultural factors, individual skills and local agricultural capacities are the next ranks respectively. The results of the Friedman test also indicate that the factor of policy making is ranked first by the experts, so the findings of this study indicate that the government as the most influential factor through policies and policies related to the development of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship in the field of agricultural tourism and supportive policies can enhance the motivation and the fields of entrepreneurship development in the villages. On the other hand, it has a direct impact on other factors as well. Also, the cultural and social factor and policy will have a significant impact on the individual skills factor as there are positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship in the community as well as policy makers support entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the desire for entrepreneurial activities in agricultural tourism grows in local communities. It also boosts social and communication skills, entrepreneurship creativity and innovation, and high-quality services, resulting in tourists coming to the region more frequently and defining their good experience everywhere. Also, the factors of policy making and individual skills will directly affect the factors of the facilities and services of the tourism because when qualified human resources are trained in local communities, especially experienced tour guides and thus creating interaction between tourists and residents of the region and awareness of tourists' needs can serve as a stimulating factor for satisfaction and safety of tourists. Local capacity factor is also an important factor in the development of entrepreneurial businesses in rural areas, because there is no potential and developmental capacity for this type of tourism in many areas.
Bahram Imani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The role and position of villages in the process of economic development, Social and political in different scales and the consequences of its underdevelopment such as poverty, Inequality, Immigration and unemployment, fast population growth, It has caused attention to rural development and its priority over urban development. Since the Today, the main economic problem of rural communities is Their inability to understand the available resources and facilities and not recognizing priorities, It is necessary to get the rural economy out of the current situation. therefore, Identifying the components of branding have a direct impact on achieving these benefits, Because in addition to solving problems, it can also have positive consequences. Ardabil is one of the agricultural poles of the country, Which has considerable potential in relation to product branding And more than four million tons of agricultural products are produced in the province. therefore, Branding in rural areas of the province can Lead to the organization and prevention of sporadic action in rural development programs And this through branding of agricultural products, Numerous tourist attractions And handicrafts And creating a target market for export products is possible, Because in recent years, economic constraints that have been accompanied by a significant reduction in manpower in the work process have affected the conditions of the rurals. according to this, Identifying and evaluating brand components is essential in order to achieve economic empowerment. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the analysis of rural brand components on economic empowerment in rural areas of the central part of Ardabil city.
Research Methods
The present study in terms of applied purpose And is based on a descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of experts and local people in the villages of the central part of Ardabil city. Panel members (experts) in this study in the form of non-probabilistic purposive sampling, 30 qualified people were selected. To obtain the required sample among the local community using cluster sampling in five rural areas of the central part, Initially, six villages from each district And from each village, 436 people were randomly selected as a sample. Data collection method To answer research questions It has been in the form of a library and a questionnaire. To measure research variables, In the variable part of the effects of brand components, Four indicators in the form of 30 indicators and 13 indicators in the economic empowerment variable were used. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts and experienced in this field And confirmed. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the same area And the total reliability of the questionnaire was estimated to be 0.917. Analysis of the findings of the questionnaire using the opinion of experts, Mick Mac software was used. In order to analyze the views of the local community, Spss software was used, Where Pearson correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between research variables, Multivariate regression coefficient was used to determine the effect of brand effects on economic empowerment of villagers.
Discussion and conclusion
The results based on the effective and influential rural brand plan indicate that: The system is in an unstable state And most of the factors are scattered around the diagonal axis and are in a similar position to each other And only their weakness and intensity are different from each other. The results were 100% desirable after 4 spins of cross-effect data. And this indicates the favorable validity of the questionnaire. The filling rate of the matrix is 92.62% Which shows that more than 92% of cases, the factors in question have affected each other. After scoring and analysis by Mick Mac model, 15 factors were selected as key factors And from the 15 factors extracted, Five factors of the existence of facilities, Animal species, Local business development, Handicrafts Proper waste disposal was more important. Findings are based on multivariate regression Considering the level of significance of the test with a confidence level of 0.95 among the four effects of the rural brand, Physical effects index with beta coefficient of 0.855 had the greatest effect on the dependent variable And 0.723 of the total variance explains economic empowerment. On the other hand, The environmental effects of the brand with a beta coefficient of 0.640 have had the least effect in explaining economic empowerment And explains only 0.391 of the variance. The results also showed Pearson correlation coefficient, Between the effects of rural branding and economic empowerment, There is a positive and significant relationship. According to the results obtained, it can be said, Economic empowerment is one of the dimensions of sustainable development Emphasizing the existing capacities and potentials in the region, Provides employment and income generation and strengthens production. Pay attention to capabilities And the potential capabilities of these areas And given the existence of a strong and motivated workforce, By investing and branding through flagship agricultural products, Numerous tourist and handicraft attractions and creating a target market for export products And income generation for the villagers, Provided the necessary ground for their economic empowerment.
The role and position of villages in the process of economic development, Social and political in different scales and the consequences of its underdevelopment such as poverty, Inequality, Immigration and unemployment, fast population growth, It has caused attention to rural development and its priority over urban development. Since the Today, the main economic problem of rural communities is Their inability to understand the available resources and facilities and not recognizing priorities, It is necessary to get the rural economy out of the current situation. therefore, Identifying the components of branding have a direct impact on achieving these benefits, Because in addition to solving problems, it can also have positive consequences. Ardabil is one of the agricultural poles of the country, Which has considerable potential in relation to product branding And more than four million tons of agricultural products are produced in the province. therefore, Branding in rural areas of the province can Lead to the organization and prevention of sporadic action in rural development programs And this through branding of agricultural products, Numerous tourist attractions And handicrafts And creating a target market for export products is possible, Because in recent years, economic constraints that have been accompanied by a significant reduction in manpower in the work process have affected the conditions of the rurals. according to this, Identifying and evaluating brand components is essential in order to achieve economic empowerment. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the analysis of rural brand components on economic empowerment in rural areas of the central part of Ardabil city.
Research Methods
The present study in terms of applied purpose And is based on a descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of experts and local people in the villages of the central part of Ardabil city. Panel members (experts) in this study in the form of non-probabilistic purposive sampling, 30 qualified people were selected. To obtain the required sample among the local community using cluster sampling in five rural areas of the central part, Initially, six villages from each district And from each village, 436 people were randomly selected as a sample. Data collection method To answer research questions It has been in the form of a library and a questionnaire. To measure research variables, In the variable part of the effects of brand components, Four indicators in the form of 30 indicators and 13 indicators in the economic empowerment variable were used. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts and experienced in this field And confirmed. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the same area And the total reliability of the questionnaire was estimated to be 0.917. Analysis of the findings of the questionnaire using the opinion of experts, Mick Mac software was used. In order to analyze the views of the local community, Spss software was used, Where Pearson correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between research variables, Multivariate regression coefficient was used to determine the effect of brand effects on economic empowerment of villagers.
Discussion and conclusion
The results based on the effective and influential rural brand plan indicate that: The system is in an unstable state And most of the factors are scattered around the diagonal axis and are in a similar position to each other And only their weakness and intensity are different from each other. The results were 100% desirable after 4 spins of cross-effect data. And this indicates the favorable validity of the questionnaire. The filling rate of the matrix is 92.62% Which shows that more than 92% of cases, the factors in question have affected each other. After scoring and analysis by Mick Mac model, 15 factors were selected as key factors And from the 15 factors extracted, Five factors of the existence of facilities, Animal species, Local business development, Handicrafts Proper waste disposal was more important. Findings are based on multivariate regression Considering the level of significance of the test with a confidence level of 0.95 among the four effects of the rural brand, Physical effects index with beta coefficient of 0.855 had the greatest effect on the dependent variable And 0.723 of the total variance explains economic empowerment. On the other hand, The environmental effects of the brand with a beta coefficient of 0.640 have had the least effect in explaining economic empowerment And explains only 0.391 of the variance. The results also showed Pearson correlation coefficient, Between the effects of rural branding and economic empowerment, There is a positive and significant relationship. According to the results obtained, it can be said, Economic empowerment is one of the dimensions of sustainable development Emphasizing the existing capacities and potentials in the region, Provides employment and income generation and strengthens production. Pay attention to capabilities And the potential capabilities of these areas And given the existence of a strong and motivated workforce, By investing and branding through flagship agricultural products, Numerous tourist and handicraft attractions and creating a target market for export products And income generation for the villagers, Provided the necessary ground for their economic empowerment.
Abolfazl Ghanbari, Mohammad Valaei,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the emerging infectious diseases in recent years is Coronavirus 2019. For the first time in late December 2019, cases of pneumonia or pneumonia were reported to the World Health Organization in Wuhan, China (the primary source of the disease). The cause of the disease was unknown and the available treatments were not very effective. The disease spread rapidly and affected all the people of the world, and the coronavirus epidemic caused the greatest shock to the world economy and led to the implementation of control policies to control it by governments such as; Social distancing, temporary closures of businesses, quarantine, etc., whose negative effects are greater in rural areas for various reasons and has become an influential factor in the transformation of rural poverty. As in all parts of the world, the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan Province are grappling with the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus, and the number of cases and deaths in this province is increasing every day, and some health experts, not observing social distancing. And non-observance of hygienic protocols is considered as the reason for this increase in patients, but some people consider the use of masks to be more important than distance, and the lack of disinfection of hands and hand washing are other factors that start the upward trend of patients. Therefore, due to the spread of coronavirus and the increase in the number of infected people, many businesses in the province, especially in rural areas, were closed and people who did not have employment insurance, access to health services and care systems, people in They work in the informal sector, or work as workers in private, semi-private, etc. companies, and are more at risk of poverty and deprivation. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province and tries to provide an appropriate answer to the research question: Factors and driving forces affecting rural poverty changes What are the corona times in East Azerbaijan province?
Research Methods
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments in East Azerbaijan province during the corona outbreak and therefore in terms of purpose of exploratory type and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and its philosophical basis is a combination that in the study The Q (Q) forum has a qualitative approach and a quantitative aspect in the Q-factor analysis phase. The research area is the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan province. The discourse community also includes; There are 24 managers and experts (governorate, health, government departments, districts, villages, etc.), local experts and experts in the field of poverty and rural areas. To select the statistical sample, the snowball method and the theoretical sequence were used. Exploratory factor analysis (Stanfson) was used to analyze the data of Q matrices.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of this study using Q research showed that the most important factors and driving forces affecting the development of rural poverty during the outbreak of Corona virus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province are; 1) Failure to comply with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services (first factor). 2) Business closures, rising costs and economic and psychological pressures (second factor). 3) Decreased income, production capital and inefficient management (third factor). 4) Increasing financial problems and reducing spatial flows (fourth factor). 5) Decreased public trust and poor health services (fifth factor). 6) The problem of marketing, access to services and communication channels (factor six). 7) Uncertainty of macro-plans and policies, reduction of production and increase of social anomalies (seventh factor). 8) Political and the application of transportation restrictions (factor eight). Among these, the first factor (non-compliance with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services) with a specific value of 3.13 and a percentage of variance of 13.04 has the greatest impact on rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in the study area had. In addition, the results of the present study with the results of Sadr Mousavi et al. (1399), Tajeri Moghadam et al. (1399), Taherinia and Hassanvand (1399), Rahnama and Bazargan (1399), Adjunun et al. (2021), Vas and Katino ( 2020), Arno et al. (2021), Vivad et al. (2021), Barjin and Aminguno (2021), Liu et al. (2020), Flipson et al. (2020), etc. on the factors affecting poverty and the effects of prevalence The corona virus is in the same direction in rural areas and its developments.
Research Methods
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting rural poverty developments in East Azerbaijan province during the corona outbreak and therefore in terms of purpose of exploratory type and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and its philosophical basis is a combination that in the study The Q (Q) forum has a qualitative approach and a quantitative aspect in the Q-factor analysis phase. The research area is the rural settlements of East Azerbaijan province. The discourse community also includes; There are 24 managers and experts (governorate, health, government departments, districts, villages, etc.), local experts and experts in the field of poverty and rural areas. To select the statistical sample, the snowball method and the theoretical sequence were used. Exploratory factor analysis (Stanfson) was used to analyze the data of Q matrices.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of this study using Q research showed that the most important factors and driving forces affecting the development of rural poverty during the outbreak of Corona virus in rural areas of East Azerbaijan province are; 1) Failure to comply with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services (first factor). 2) Business closures, rising costs and economic and psychological pressures (second factor). 3) Decreased income, production capital and inefficient management (third factor). 4) Increasing financial problems and reducing spatial flows (fourth factor). 5) Decreased public trust and poor health services (fifth factor). 6) The problem of marketing, access to services and communication channels (factor six). 7) Uncertainty of macro-plans and policies, reduction of production and increase of social anomalies (seventh factor). 8) Political and the application of transportation restrictions (factor eight). Among these, the first factor (non-compliance with legal restrictions, reduced literacy and access to communication services) with a specific value of 3.13 and a percentage of variance of 13.04 has the greatest impact on rural poverty developments during the outbreak of coronavirus in the study area had. In addition, the results of the present study with the results of Sadr Mousavi et al. (1399), Tajeri Moghadam et al. (1399), Taherinia and Hassanvand (1399), Rahnama and Bazargan (1399), Adjunun et al. (2021), Vas and Katino ( 2020), Arno et al. (2021), Vivad et al. (2021), Barjin and Aminguno (2021), Liu et al. (2020), Flipson et al. (2020), etc. on the factors affecting poverty and the effects of prevalence The corona virus is in the same direction in rural areas and its developments.
Haniyeh Haghpanah, Tahereh Sadeghloo ,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the ways to empowering rural women is to provide them with the opportunity to participate in economic activities, especially the sale of agricultural products and handicrafts, which requires the provision of favorable conditions, including the creation of suitable markets for these products. Women's empowerment is a way to increase women's individual and social capacity through their political, social, educational or economic power, and a way to promote the status of women is one of the most neglected conditions in society. One of the ways to improve the level of empowerment of rural women is to provide the conditions for their presence in economic activities and the sale of agricultural products and handicrafts. It is necessary to create suitable markets for these products. In recent years, structural changes in societies and changes in the lives of individuals and communities have led housewives to show great interest in working outside the home. Increasing income through job creation has positive effects on their material life, promoting self-esteem, improving basic and essential needs and creating independence among them.
So that having job opportunities increases their role in economic, family and social decisions. In this regard, local markets play an important role in local economic and social developments and fundamental changes in the physical situation, production, employment and economic activity of villages. Local markets are places where, in addition to selling goods, villages will be exchanged with cities. Many small-scale producers (especially rural women) bring very few products to these markets during the month, and by offering these products at a price, they generate income for the household, which is very important for the rural household economy. The present study seeks to examine the conditions of these local markets and their role in empowering rural seller women in these markets.
Methodology
The present research is of applied type with descriptive and analytical methodology. Library and field methods based on the researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect information. The sample size of this study includes 80 rural women from 21 villages of Ghaen Township who were present in the local markets as a seller during the field studies.
After determining the samples, data were collected in the field through a researcher-made questionnaire. To evaluate the validity of the research variables, two methods were used using the study background as well as the specialized panel of university professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the data, which the results indicate a high level of data reliability for the study. To analyze data from descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, multivariate regression and one-way analysis of variance) in SPSS software and to rank villages in terms of market role variables in women's empowerment, from the multi-criteria decision model of Cocoso (Weighting used is entropy) and GIS software was used to display the obtained rank.
Ghaen Township is one of the areas where the villagers sell their products during the week in the form of weekly markets that are temporarily or permanently formed in Ghaen city and the villages of Afriz, Tighab, Chahak and Mousavieh. These markets, regardless of size (small and large), have a significant impact on the economic situation of the family, especially rural families. Some rural female vendors in these markets, which have more than 600 mobile units, have a good opportunity to supply their products, which are mainly agricultural products and vegetables and dried vegetables. In the present study, the role of the weekly markets of this city on the empowerment of women active in these markets has been investigated.
Discussions and Results
The present study examines and analyzes the role of local markets in empowering rural women in economic, social, personal and psychological dimensions (at the level of indicators such as income and savings, finance, employment, product supply, participation and cooperation, improving welfare and awareness, trust Self and voluntary decision making).
The highest average in assessing the market impact on women's empowerment belongs to the employment index with an average of 3.41 and the lowest average belongs to the optional decision index with an average of 2.90. The independent variable in this study is market conditions, which is measured by three indicators: infrastructure-space conditions, supply and demand, competition and social market conditions. Among the market conditions indices, the highest average belongs to the market social conditions index with an average of 3.44 and the lowest average belongs to the infrastructure-spatial index with an average of 2.96. The results show that in the studied villages, the situation of supply and demand and competition and the social conditions of the market and infrastructure-space are in a good situation, which has caused the market to play a positive role in changing and improving empowerment indicators.
The case study women, have received the most impact from market conditions from the individual dimension. Local markets also had the greatest impact on the empowerment of women living in the villages of Qomanjan, Tightar and Rome.
One of the ways to empowering rural women is to provide them with the opportunity to participate in economic activities, especially the sale of agricultural products and handicrafts, which requires the provision of favorable conditions, including the creation of suitable markets for these products. Women's empowerment is a way to increase women's individual and social capacity through their political, social, educational or economic power, and a way to promote the status of women is one of the most neglected conditions in society. One of the ways to improve the level of empowerment of rural women is to provide the conditions for their presence in economic activities and the sale of agricultural products and handicrafts. It is necessary to create suitable markets for these products. In recent years, structural changes in societies and changes in the lives of individuals and communities have led housewives to show great interest in working outside the home. Increasing income through job creation has positive effects on their material life, promoting self-esteem, improving basic and essential needs and creating independence among them.
So that having job opportunities increases their role in economic, family and social decisions. In this regard, local markets play an important role in local economic and social developments and fundamental changes in the physical situation, production, employment and economic activity of villages. Local markets are places where, in addition to selling goods, villages will be exchanged with cities. Many small-scale producers (especially rural women) bring very few products to these markets during the month, and by offering these products at a price, they generate income for the household, which is very important for the rural household economy. The present study seeks to examine the conditions of these local markets and their role in empowering rural seller women in these markets.
Methodology
The present research is of applied type with descriptive and analytical methodology. Library and field methods based on the researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect information. The sample size of this study includes 80 rural women from 21 villages of Ghaen Township who were present in the local markets as a seller during the field studies.
After determining the samples, data were collected in the field through a researcher-made questionnaire. To evaluate the validity of the research variables, two methods were used using the study background as well as the specialized panel of university professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the data, which the results indicate a high level of data reliability for the study. To analyze data from descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, multivariate regression and one-way analysis of variance) in SPSS software and to rank villages in terms of market role variables in women's empowerment, from the multi-criteria decision model of Cocoso (Weighting used is entropy) and GIS software was used to display the obtained rank.
Ghaen Township is one of the areas where the villagers sell their products during the week in the form of weekly markets that are temporarily or permanently formed in Ghaen city and the villages of Afriz, Tighab, Chahak and Mousavieh. These markets, regardless of size (small and large), have a significant impact on the economic situation of the family, especially rural families. Some rural female vendors in these markets, which have more than 600 mobile units, have a good opportunity to supply their products, which are mainly agricultural products and vegetables and dried vegetables. In the present study, the role of the weekly markets of this city on the empowerment of women active in these markets has been investigated.
Discussions and Results
The present study examines and analyzes the role of local markets in empowering rural women in economic, social, personal and psychological dimensions (at the level of indicators such as income and savings, finance, employment, product supply, participation and cooperation, improving welfare and awareness, trust Self and voluntary decision making).
The highest average in assessing the market impact on women's empowerment belongs to the employment index with an average of 3.41 and the lowest average belongs to the optional decision index with an average of 2.90. The independent variable in this study is market conditions, which is measured by three indicators: infrastructure-space conditions, supply and demand, competition and social market conditions. Among the market conditions indices, the highest average belongs to the market social conditions index with an average of 3.44 and the lowest average belongs to the infrastructure-spatial index with an average of 2.96. The results show that in the studied villages, the situation of supply and demand and competition and the social conditions of the market and infrastructure-space are in a good situation, which has caused the market to play a positive role in changing and improving empowerment indicators.
The case study women, have received the most impact from market conditions from the individual dimension. Local markets also had the greatest impact on the empowerment of women living in the villages of Qomanjan, Tightar and Rome.
Hossein Ghazanfarpour, Sadegh Karimi, Zakaria Gomshadzehi,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The most important feature of the economic structure of the country's villages is the lack of diversity in economic contexts and job opportunities. In this regard, the approach of diversification of rural economic activities has been presented as a useful solution that many development theorists emphasize in order to reduce the effects of this structure and in the framework of the sustainable development model. The emergence of environmental crises such as water scarcity in rural communities causes the decline of the most important economic pillar and the largest source of income for rural households, namely the agricultural sector. With the disappearance of agriculture, unemployment increases and the rural economy becomes unstable. One of the important strategies to prevent the instability of villages in different dimensions and move towards sustainable rural development is the diversification (diversification) of economic activities. As a system becomes more diverse, its stability over time and space is maintained not only against internal actions but also against external stresses. Diversifying the economy of rural settlements in developing countries has improved non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas and also has a significant impact on the well-being of rural areas. The economic prosperity of the villages of Mirjaveh city in Sistan and Baluchestan province is largely dependent on the environmental conditions and talents of the region, including water resources, soil quality, temperature, relative humidity and .... The study of geographical features in this area shows the fact that the climatic situation of this area will impose many decisive constraints on the growth of the agricultural sector. It seems that diversification of economic activities can be an effective strategy in this regard. In this study, we seek to assess the capacity and diversification of economic activities in the villages of Mirjaveh city in Sistan and Baluchestan province based on the priority categories of inclusive employment facilities in Sistan and Baluchestan province.
Research Methods
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work. Theoretical foundations and information related to the background of the project and its generalities have been obtained by library method by referring to Persian and English library sources and translation from these sources. The statistical population in this study consists of experts (local experts and elites) who have a complete knowledge of the rural areas of Mirjavah. In this research, the sampling method is the non-probability method "available". To analyze the data and information obtained, quantitative and qualitative analyzes have been used. To analyze the findings, the 7-capital analytical model has been used. Radar graphic graph has been used to display information.
Discussion and conclusion
The capacity of each village is summarized as follows. Suburban village is based on spatial-spatial capital of agricultural business development with the approach of developing gardens, activities related to transportation, border bazaar, consumer services and markets, and retail and wholesale. The jobs of the rural villages are limited border market activities, and the natural capital of agriculture is low and livestock and poultry are raised. Tehlab rural jobs Jobs related to transportation and logistics, border bazaar, consumer services and markets and retail and wholesale, Tamin rural jobs based on natural capital, especially related tourism and agriculture related activities Poultry farming, jobs in the villages of Ladiz village based on natural capital, especially related activities of agriculture and livestock and poultry, major jobs in the villages of Junaabad village based on natural capital, especially related activities of low-input agriculture and light livestock breeding (goats) And the main occupations of the villages of Rigomalek village are activities related to transportation and logistics, border bazaar and agricultural activities such as fodder growing, palm growing and camel breeding. As a result, it can be said; Economic capacities of rural areas of Mirjaveh city vary based on geographical location. The results of the analyzes showed that in the framework of the priority categories of inclusive employment; The capacities of the villages of Mirjaveh city are different. The results of the above analysis, which addressed the capacity-building and capacity-building of employment through the 7 capital model, showed that the main occupations of rural villages are in terms of geographical location, water resources potential, rangeland capacity, rural capital, rural social participation for rural development. , Tourism capacities, natural environment capacities and transportation and communication potentials have been different. The highest capacity is in the villages of Ladiz, Tamin, Andeh, Junabad and suburbs, respectively, and the lowest capacity is in the villages of Tehlab and then Rigomolk, respectively. We conclude that the planning of rural employment development in the studied rural areas requires attention to the spatial differences and different talents of each of the rural settlements.
The most important feature of the economic structure of the country's villages is the lack of diversity in economic contexts and job opportunities. In this regard, the approach of diversification of rural economic activities has been presented as a useful solution that many development theorists emphasize in order to reduce the effects of this structure and in the framework of the sustainable development model. The emergence of environmental crises such as water scarcity in rural communities causes the decline of the most important economic pillar and the largest source of income for rural households, namely the agricultural sector. With the disappearance of agriculture, unemployment increases and the rural economy becomes unstable. One of the important strategies to prevent the instability of villages in different dimensions and move towards sustainable rural development is the diversification (diversification) of economic activities. As a system becomes more diverse, its stability over time and space is maintained not only against internal actions but also against external stresses. Diversifying the economy of rural settlements in developing countries has improved non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas and also has a significant impact on the well-being of rural areas. The economic prosperity of the villages of Mirjaveh city in Sistan and Baluchestan province is largely dependent on the environmental conditions and talents of the region, including water resources, soil quality, temperature, relative humidity and .... The study of geographical features in this area shows the fact that the climatic situation of this area will impose many decisive constraints on the growth of the agricultural sector. It seems that diversification of economic activities can be an effective strategy in this regard. In this study, we seek to assess the capacity and diversification of economic activities in the villages of Mirjaveh city in Sistan and Baluchestan province based on the priority categories of inclusive employment facilities in Sistan and Baluchestan province.
Research Methods
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work. Theoretical foundations and information related to the background of the project and its generalities have been obtained by library method by referring to Persian and English library sources and translation from these sources. The statistical population in this study consists of experts (local experts and elites) who have a complete knowledge of the rural areas of Mirjavah. In this research, the sampling method is the non-probability method "available". To analyze the data and information obtained, quantitative and qualitative analyzes have been used. To analyze the findings, the 7-capital analytical model has been used. Radar graphic graph has been used to display information.
Discussion and conclusion
The capacity of each village is summarized as follows. Suburban village is based on spatial-spatial capital of agricultural business development with the approach of developing gardens, activities related to transportation, border bazaar, consumer services and markets, and retail and wholesale. The jobs of the rural villages are limited border market activities, and the natural capital of agriculture is low and livestock and poultry are raised. Tehlab rural jobs Jobs related to transportation and logistics, border bazaar, consumer services and markets and retail and wholesale, Tamin rural jobs based on natural capital, especially related tourism and agriculture related activities Poultry farming, jobs in the villages of Ladiz village based on natural capital, especially related activities of agriculture and livestock and poultry, major jobs in the villages of Junaabad village based on natural capital, especially related activities of low-input agriculture and light livestock breeding (goats) And the main occupations of the villages of Rigomalek village are activities related to transportation and logistics, border bazaar and agricultural activities such as fodder growing, palm growing and camel breeding. As a result, it can be said; Economic capacities of rural areas of Mirjaveh city vary based on geographical location. The results of the analyzes showed that in the framework of the priority categories of inclusive employment; The capacities of the villages of Mirjaveh city are different. The results of the above analysis, which addressed the capacity-building and capacity-building of employment through the 7 capital model, showed that the main occupations of rural villages are in terms of geographical location, water resources potential, rangeland capacity, rural capital, rural social participation for rural development. , Tourism capacities, natural environment capacities and transportation and communication potentials have been different. The highest capacity is in the villages of Ladiz, Tamin, Andeh, Junabad and suburbs, respectively, and the lowest capacity is in the villages of Tehlab and then Rigomolk, respectively. We conclude that the planning of rural employment development in the studied rural areas requires attention to the spatial differences and different talents of each of the rural settlements.
Ali Akbar Najafi Kani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
On the one hand, food Supply to the country's 85 million people and its growing population, and the need to achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural production and food security, on the other hand, necessitate an increase in agricultural production in the country. This requires an alteration in traditional farming systems and methods, including soil cultivation and open field cultivation (cultivation in farm and garden) and their replacement with new and high-yield methods such as hydroponics.
Hydroponics, despite the need for sufficient expertise and relatively high initial capital compared to soil cultivation, has several advantages such as high yield, low labor requirement, no need to observe crop rotation, weed control, plant growth uniformity, minimum water loss, Lack of competition of plants for water and nutrients, the possibility of providing food supply in accordance with the needs of plants, less use of chemicals and as a result healthier crops. Another advantage of this system is its applicability and use in various levels, including large greenhouses commercially and small home scales. In-home environments, by using unused spaces such as homes’ rooftops, indoors and even parking lots and so on, the required products can be easily produced organically. By using the mentioned method and by employing the professional and the youth of the country and also by considering the numerous advantages of hydroponic systems, not only it creates jobs and entrepreneurship, but also helps the development of the country's economy by producing valuable products.
Research Methodology
Due to the importance of the subject, the general purpose of this study is to scrutinize the role of hydroponic farming in the prosperity and the production leap and, consequently, the economic development of rural areas. The present study is in applied form and in terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies and the statistical population is the villages of the central district of Gorgan County. After identifying and designing the indicators, a questionnaire was prepared that by using Cochran's formula, 240 employers and hydroponic farmworkers, as well as villagers, were selected and interviewed as a sample population. Finally, using the T-test and Mann–Whitney U test, multiple linear regression test, and cluster analysis (compression type) in the SPSS software environment, data were measured and analyzed.
Gorgan has a privileged geographical position and excellent climatic conditions due to its location which is between a vast and fertile plain and mountains covered with forests and also its relatively short distance to the Caspian Sea. This County is bounded by Aq Qala city from the north, Semnan Province from the south, Aliabad County from the east, and Kordkuy County from the west. In terms of area, Gorgan is 1615 square kilometers (7.91 percent of the province) and the average height of the city is 155 meters above sea level. According to the country divisions in 2016, it consists of two central parts, Baharan and five Rural Districts (Estarabad-e Jonubi, Anjirabad, Roshanabad, Estarabad-e Shomali, Qoroq) and 98 villages.
Results and discussion
The results of the independent t-Test indicate that there is a significant difference in the production of summer crops per unit area between the two studied methods and the income of landowners with a 99% confidence level. The results of the Mann-Whitney test also indicate that there is a significant difference of 99% among the chemical fertilizers absorption coefficient, pesticides, and the apparent quality of crops. Moreover, the results of the multiple linear regression test to explain the effectiveness of hydroponics in multiple fields show that their satisfaction with hydroponics is very high. In other words, the hydroponics method not only reduces water consumption and increases production per unit area and demonstrates the 99% relationship, but also partially improves the absorption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the plant. The results obtained or the coefficient of determination obtained in the regression indicate that hydroponic farming was effective up to approximately 88% in increasing crop production per unit area, reducing water consumption and increasing the fertilizers and absorption coefficient, and also increasing farmers' incomes. Cluster analysis was used to measure the development capacity of hydroponics in the target villages and they were classified into four categories in terms of development capacity. Villages of the first cluster (Karimabad and Saadabad) and villages of the second cluster (Lamlang, Jelin, Kheyrat,Fayzabad and Ziarat) have the highest development capacity of hydroponics, respectively. The villages of the third cluster (Maryamabad) and the villages of the fourth cluster (Qarnabad, Dodangeh, Ahangar Mahalleh, and Tushan), although they have good capacity in different fields, they have a lower capacity in comparison to the villages of the first and second clusters.
On the one hand, food Supply to the country's 85 million people and its growing population, and the need to achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural production and food security, on the other hand, necessitate an increase in agricultural production in the country. This requires an alteration in traditional farming systems and methods, including soil cultivation and open field cultivation (cultivation in farm and garden) and their replacement with new and high-yield methods such as hydroponics.
Hydroponics, despite the need for sufficient expertise and relatively high initial capital compared to soil cultivation, has several advantages such as high yield, low labor requirement, no need to observe crop rotation, weed control, plant growth uniformity, minimum water loss, Lack of competition of plants for water and nutrients, the possibility of providing food supply in accordance with the needs of plants, less use of chemicals and as a result healthier crops. Another advantage of this system is its applicability and use in various levels, including large greenhouses commercially and small home scales. In-home environments, by using unused spaces such as homes’ rooftops, indoors and even parking lots and so on, the required products can be easily produced organically. By using the mentioned method and by employing the professional and the youth of the country and also by considering the numerous advantages of hydroponic systems, not only it creates jobs and entrepreneurship, but also helps the development of the country's economy by producing valuable products.
Research Methodology
Due to the importance of the subject, the general purpose of this study is to scrutinize the role of hydroponic farming in the prosperity and the production leap and, consequently, the economic development of rural areas. The present study is in applied form and in terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies and the statistical population is the villages of the central district of Gorgan County. After identifying and designing the indicators, a questionnaire was prepared that by using Cochran's formula, 240 employers and hydroponic farmworkers, as well as villagers, were selected and interviewed as a sample population. Finally, using the T-test and Mann–Whitney U test, multiple linear regression test, and cluster analysis (compression type) in the SPSS software environment, data were measured and analyzed.
Gorgan has a privileged geographical position and excellent climatic conditions due to its location which is between a vast and fertile plain and mountains covered with forests and also its relatively short distance to the Caspian Sea. This County is bounded by Aq Qala city from the north, Semnan Province from the south, Aliabad County from the east, and Kordkuy County from the west. In terms of area, Gorgan is 1615 square kilometers (7.91 percent of the province) and the average height of the city is 155 meters above sea level. According to the country divisions in 2016, it consists of two central parts, Baharan and five Rural Districts (Estarabad-e Jonubi, Anjirabad, Roshanabad, Estarabad-e Shomali, Qoroq) and 98 villages.
Results and discussion
The results of the independent t-Test indicate that there is a significant difference in the production of summer crops per unit area between the two studied methods and the income of landowners with a 99% confidence level. The results of the Mann-Whitney test also indicate that there is a significant difference of 99% among the chemical fertilizers absorption coefficient, pesticides, and the apparent quality of crops. Moreover, the results of the multiple linear regression test to explain the effectiveness of hydroponics in multiple fields show that their satisfaction with hydroponics is very high. In other words, the hydroponics method not only reduces water consumption and increases production per unit area and demonstrates the 99% relationship, but also partially improves the absorption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the plant. The results obtained or the coefficient of determination obtained in the regression indicate that hydroponic farming was effective up to approximately 88% in increasing crop production per unit area, reducing water consumption and increasing the fertilizers and absorption coefficient, and also increasing farmers' incomes. Cluster analysis was used to measure the development capacity of hydroponics in the target villages and they were classified into four categories in terms of development capacity. Villages of the first cluster (Karimabad and Saadabad) and villages of the second cluster (Lamlang, Jelin, Kheyrat,Fayzabad and Ziarat) have the highest development capacity of hydroponics, respectively. The villages of the third cluster (Maryamabad) and the villages of the fourth cluster (Qarnabad, Dodangeh, Ahangar Mahalleh, and Tushan), although they have good capacity in different fields, they have a lower capacity in comparison to the villages of the first and second clusters.
Kobra Hassanpour, Yaser Mohammadi, Zeinab Asadi,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
According to the United Nations, women make up 49% of the rural population and 65% of agricultural activities; The rate of this participation in the agricultural sector of Iran is 60%. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported in 2010 that with the increase in male migration, the role of women in agriculture has increased and women have found a key role in food production to support the family; About 50% of the world's food production is produced by women. Due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease and the increasing need of communities for healthy and accessible food, the importance of women's activities in the agricultural sector, whose first and most important role is to ensure food security of communities, has doubled. The rapid spread of the disease and the lack of an accurate timeline for how long the disease will last or when the virus can be controlled have raised many international concerns. The FAO (2020) report states that the full effects of coronary heart disease (Covid-19) on food security and food and agricultural systems are still becoming apparent, and that its prevalence could have significant negative effects on all those involved throughout the world. Have a food supply chain. Therefore, the epidemic caused by the Corona virus has had a significant impact on agriculture, and most of this impact has been on the vulnerable population of farmers. In addition to the decisive role in food production, rural women with sufficient knowledge and experience in various agricultural activities. They have also played a role in activities such as food processing, household chores, and trade in the handicraft market, and are among the most important pillars of maintaining economic prosperity and achieving a sustainable rural community. Women in all sectors, including agriculture, like other economic sectors of society, follow in the footsteps of men, to maintain the dynamic life of social structures and to promote the effective functions of production-service processes, and to provide a significant share of the labor force. Self-allocate. However, since the cultural values that govern the village consider all women's activities as a natural thing and part of their daily duties, as a result, despite all their efforts, their activities in the agricultural sector Is ignored. However, without the active participation of women, the rural economy and its households will undoubtedly face new challenges if they do not face closure, and achieving sustainable development goals will not be possible without their participation.
Research Methods
The present study is considered as an applied research according to the research objectives and results. According to the method of data collection and implementation method, the research is a descriptive correlation with the survey strategy. In order to express the reasons for changes in social phenomena, in terms of numerical analysis of data, little research has been done. The statistical population in this study is women farmers in Delfan city. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 200 samples and stratified sampling. Based on this, first 5 villages were randomly selected from 10 villages of the statistical population, then 19 villages were randomly selected from the selected villages to fill in the questionnaire. The statistical sample size of this study includes 200 women farmers. In order to collect information about the opinions of women farmers about the factors affecting agricultural activities in this study, two methods of documentary study (library) and survey have been used. To collect information by referring to books, documents and scientific articles, valid statistics of organizations and institutions related to the library method. According to the main objectives and questions of the research, the required information has been collected using a questionnaire.
Discussion and conclusion
From the first stages of agriculture, women have been very active in agriculture, especially in rural areas of Iran, which is the predominant form of family exploitation. According to the results obtained in the study population, the majority of exploiters (81%) are in the same way. The activities of women in the agricultural sector of Delfan city are very diverse, including these activities such as plant cultivation, harvesting, weeding, harvesting, pruning trees, threshing and cleaning And measuring the crop as well as giving forage and animal care, on the other hand, according to the custom and culture of rural society, women do not appear outside the farm and more to produce products and products from agriculture and They take care of domestic animals. The participation of women in developing countries is higher than other countries due to the lack of mechanized farms and lack of access to some agricultural equipment. However, in some areas the working time for women is less than the working time for men. Given the above and the major role of women farmers in agricultural and livestock production, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to their use and access to development resources and to identify the main and effective factors in this regard and to address the problem and knots. And provide the necessary support to women farmers to be more active in the agricultural sector, because with more and more women in the agricultural sector, in addition to creating food security, this will also lead to economic growth and also improve livelihoods. Villagers and farmers will also be.
Research Methods
The present study is considered as an applied research according to the research objectives and results. According to the method of data collection and implementation method, the research is a descriptive correlation with the survey strategy. In order to express the reasons for changes in social phenomena, in terms of numerical analysis of data, little research has been done. The statistical population in this study is women farmers in Delfan city. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 200 samples and stratified sampling. Based on this, first 5 villages were randomly selected from 10 villages of the statistical population, then 19 villages were randomly selected from the selected villages to fill in the questionnaire. The statistical sample size of this study includes 200 women farmers. In order to collect information about the opinions of women farmers about the factors affecting agricultural activities in this study, two methods of documentary study (library) and survey have been used. To collect information by referring to books, documents and scientific articles, valid statistics of organizations and institutions related to the library method. According to the main objectives and questions of the research, the required information has been collected using a questionnaire.
Discussion and conclusion
From the first stages of agriculture, women have been very active in agriculture, especially in rural areas of Iran, which is the predominant form of family exploitation. According to the results obtained in the study population, the majority of exploiters (81%) are in the same way. The activities of women in the agricultural sector of Delfan city are very diverse, including these activities such as plant cultivation, harvesting, weeding, harvesting, pruning trees, threshing and cleaning And measuring the crop as well as giving forage and animal care, on the other hand, according to the custom and culture of rural society, women do not appear outside the farm and more to produce products and products from agriculture and They take care of domestic animals. The participation of women in developing countries is higher than other countries due to the lack of mechanized farms and lack of access to some agricultural equipment. However, in some areas the working time for women is less than the working time for men. Given the above and the major role of women farmers in agricultural and livestock production, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to their use and access to development resources and to identify the main and effective factors in this regard and to address the problem and knots. And provide the necessary support to women farmers to be more active in the agricultural sector, because with more and more women in the agricultural sector, in addition to creating food security, this will also lead to economic growth and also improve livelihoods. Villagers and farmers will also be.
Adel Sulaimany, Mohammad Reza Rezvani,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Resilience is the ability of a system to maintain its structures and functions in the event of environmental hazards and sustainably conserve the ecosystem resources and services that are essential to human livelihood. This definition of resilience implies that the system is relatively capable of learning and adapting. A system such as a social system, ecosystem, or complex human-environmental system can provide sufficient self-organization to maintain structures and processes within a coping process or adaptability. A review of structuralist and economic views in consistence with the rural geographical perspective as a major field of researching on natural hazards on reveal that vulnerability to climate change and economic inequality are positively correlated. In this context, frequent occurrence of environmental hazards in rural geographical spaces, has required special attention to the research, lessons learned and lived experiences about resilience to reduce and moderate economic and livelihood vulnerability in rural settlements. In this regard, investigation and analysis of global studies in the field of rural economy resilience are necessary, due to the large number and dispersion of the country's villages, the vulnerability of rural settlements in the face of various risks and hazards and the consequences. Therefore, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the studies and economic empowerment programs of local communities in Iran.
Methodology
This research is applied study that has used scientometric approach to review scientific documents. The present study is a type of scientometrics. In this research, the method of social network analysis with an exploratory approach has been used to explain and analyze the co-authorship and co-authorship of related researches in the whole network. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to systematic analysis of knowledge network and mapping the rural economy resilience by examining the network of both co-authorship and co- occurrence in this field to determine the sources and trends of knowledge and its shortcomings. The data were collected from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. To this end, we used census method, collected all scientific documents (including articles and books) related to the field of "rural economy resilience" in English inserted in the title, abstract and keywords from Scopus database in several stages from 1980 to the end of March 2022.
VOSviewer software is a network analysis-based application that can be used to draw scientific networks and scientometric-based studies. The software has many applications in research based on research literature and research background
Discussion and conclusion
The findings showed that among more than 1105 scientific documents and 3493 authors, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, China and Italy had the most publications and authors such as Salvia, Quaranta, Shaw and Castillo had the highest citations. Li Jing's cluster of ideas from China had the highest network density. Co-occurrence of words analysis revealed four research clusters in rural economy resilience studies are: governance, climate change, sustainable development, and poverty. The results showed that the discourse of rural resilience is in line with the global discourse of resilience, so any plan to promote the resilience of the rural economy must be coherent and comprehensive and take into account all studies, authors and leading research. The findings of this study can have valuable guidance for rural geography researchers and open new horizons for them. The study and analysis of the network and ecosystem of rural economy resilience research as a cognitive transformation in geography and rural development indicates the paradigmatic trends and shifts of knowledge in this field and shows the research advances in the field of rural economy resilience.
Resilience is the ability of a system to maintain its structures and functions in the event of environmental hazards and sustainably conserve the ecosystem resources and services that are essential to human livelihood. This definition of resilience implies that the system is relatively capable of learning and adapting. A system such as a social system, ecosystem, or complex human-environmental system can provide sufficient self-organization to maintain structures and processes within a coping process or adaptability. A review of structuralist and economic views in consistence with the rural geographical perspective as a major field of researching on natural hazards on reveal that vulnerability to climate change and economic inequality are positively correlated. In this context, frequent occurrence of environmental hazards in rural geographical spaces, has required special attention to the research, lessons learned and lived experiences about resilience to reduce and moderate economic and livelihood vulnerability in rural settlements. In this regard, investigation and analysis of global studies in the field of rural economy resilience are necessary, due to the large number and dispersion of the country's villages, the vulnerability of rural settlements in the face of various risks and hazards and the consequences. Therefore, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the studies and economic empowerment programs of local communities in Iran.
Methodology
This research is applied study that has used scientometric approach to review scientific documents. The present study is a type of scientometrics. In this research, the method of social network analysis with an exploratory approach has been used to explain and analyze the co-authorship and co-authorship of related researches in the whole network. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to systematic analysis of knowledge network and mapping the rural economy resilience by examining the network of both co-authorship and co- occurrence in this field to determine the sources and trends of knowledge and its shortcomings. The data were collected from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. To this end, we used census method, collected all scientific documents (including articles and books) related to the field of "rural economy resilience" in English inserted in the title, abstract and keywords from Scopus database in several stages from 1980 to the end of March 2022.
VOSviewer software is a network analysis-based application that can be used to draw scientific networks and scientometric-based studies. The software has many applications in research based on research literature and research background
Discussion and conclusion
The findings showed that among more than 1105 scientific documents and 3493 authors, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, China and Italy had the most publications and authors such as Salvia, Quaranta, Shaw and Castillo had the highest citations. Li Jing's cluster of ideas from China had the highest network density. Co-occurrence of words analysis revealed four research clusters in rural economy resilience studies are: governance, climate change, sustainable development, and poverty. The results showed that the discourse of rural resilience is in line with the global discourse of resilience, so any plan to promote the resilience of the rural economy must be coherent and comprehensive and take into account all studies, authors and leading research. The findings of this study can have valuable guidance for rural geography researchers and open new horizons for them. The study and analysis of the network and ecosystem of rural economy resilience research as a cognitive transformation in geography and rural development indicates the paradigmatic trends and shifts of knowledge in this field and shows the research advances in the field of rural economy resilience.
Mehrangiz Rezaei, Hassan Ali Faraji Sabkbar, Hamed Mazinani, Siamak Tahmasebi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most prominent features of the economic landscape is the intense geographical concentration of economic activity. Economic activities tend to be located in specific locations (for example, near markets or raw materials) and often some industries are concentrated in specific areas. Surveys show that out of 619,000 cattle and calf farms in the country, only 27,000 (4%) operate industrially. However, the share of the number of cows and calves and milk production of industrial farms from the total number of farms in the country is 32% and 58%, respectively. In this paper, the spatial distribution analysis of industrial cattle farming will be performed in two stages. First, the pattern of spatial distribution in the provinces in 2013, 2016 and 2019 has been studied, and then, using spatial regression method, more details of the regional concentration in industrial cattle farming are provided. More precisely, it has been tested to what extent natural and geographical factors, transportation, raw materials, are able to explain the spatial pattern of the geographical concentration of industrial cattle farming.
Methodology
The research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory-confirmatory in terms of method. The research data are related to the number of active dairy and beef cattle’s divided and showed by provinces and extracted from the results of the census of the industrial cattle farming of the country in 2013, 2016 and 2019. The main determinants of the research are: percentage of barley production, percentage of forage production, average elevation, GDP, average temperature, average rainfall, road network density and population percentage.
Poisson global regression (GPR) and Poisson geographic weight regression (GWPR) were used to model the spatial distribution of industrial cattle farming. The mentioned models are performed in ArcGIS, GWR4 and the maps are prepared in the illustrator software.
Discussion and conclusion
This study aimed to model the spatial distribution of industrial cattle farming and its main determinants in the provinces of Iran. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of industrial farms in the studied periods show little spatial and temporal variability. The results showed that the GWPR model has a better performance compared to the GPR model due to the fact that it shows the spatial variability of variables according to local conditions. The mean height showed a positive relationship. Active industrial farms are mainly concentrated in the central, southern and northeastern regions, where on the one hand it is far from mountainous and high areas and on the other hand the average temperature is high and the average rainfall is lower. But in local modeling, the relationships of these variables change according to local conditions and are not the same throughout the space. The results of this study show that the relationships between the distribution of industrial cattle farming and its determinants among the provinces of Iran both change in direction and intensity.
One of the most prominent features of the economic landscape is the intense geographical concentration of economic activity. Economic activities tend to be located in specific locations (for example, near markets or raw materials) and often some industries are concentrated in specific areas. Surveys show that out of 619,000 cattle and calf farms in the country, only 27,000 (4%) operate industrially. However, the share of the number of cows and calves and milk production of industrial farms from the total number of farms in the country is 32% and 58%, respectively. In this paper, the spatial distribution analysis of industrial cattle farming will be performed in two stages. First, the pattern of spatial distribution in the provinces in 2013, 2016 and 2019 has been studied, and then, using spatial regression method, more details of the regional concentration in industrial cattle farming are provided. More precisely, it has been tested to what extent natural and geographical factors, transportation, raw materials, are able to explain the spatial pattern of the geographical concentration of industrial cattle farming.
Methodology
The research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory-confirmatory in terms of method. The research data are related to the number of active dairy and beef cattle’s divided and showed by provinces and extracted from the results of the census of the industrial cattle farming of the country in 2013, 2016 and 2019. The main determinants of the research are: percentage of barley production, percentage of forage production, average elevation, GDP, average temperature, average rainfall, road network density and population percentage.
Poisson global regression (GPR) and Poisson geographic weight regression (GWPR) were used to model the spatial distribution of industrial cattle farming. The mentioned models are performed in ArcGIS, GWR4 and the maps are prepared in the illustrator software.
Discussion and conclusion
This study aimed to model the spatial distribution of industrial cattle farming and its main determinants in the provinces of Iran. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of industrial farms in the studied periods show little spatial and temporal variability. The results showed that the GWPR model has a better performance compared to the GPR model due to the fact that it shows the spatial variability of variables according to local conditions. The mean height showed a positive relationship. Active industrial farms are mainly concentrated in the central, southern and northeastern regions, where on the one hand it is far from mountainous and high areas and on the other hand the average temperature is high and the average rainfall is lower. But in local modeling, the relationships of these variables change according to local conditions and are not the same throughout the space. The results of this study show that the relationships between the distribution of industrial cattle farming and its determinants among the provinces of Iran both change in direction and intensity.
Hossein Karimzadeh, Sima Saadi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Despite the fact that the number of female entrepreneurs is growing, data shows that they grow at a slower rate than male entrepreneurs due to the difficulties and challenges they face. There have always been several obstacles and challenges in founding and growing enterprises, whether in urban or rural settings. On the other hand, the resources and contexts available for entrepreneurship can help to mitigate some of the barriers and challenges; in other words, the right geographical location and easy access to resources can help to foster entrepreneurship development, which is the foundation for regional development. Additionally, urban and rural women entrepreneurs play essential roles in the economic growth, particularly in developing and underprivileged countries. The World Bank claims that investing more in female entrepreneurship will result in a nation's development. The reasons are women's empowerment in society (whether urban or rural) eliminates inequality and poverty, and women are the first hope for family development and country development in underdeveloped countries. Female entrepreneurs' success in these societies benefits not only the economy but also the social and cultural structure. Nonetheless, women entrepreneurs confront numerous challenges, just like other groups of entrepreneurs.
Methodology
The study's statistical population is made up of women aged 15 to 65 who live in Marivan City and its surrounding villages. According to the statistical population of 65081 women between the ages of 15 and 65 in Marivan, 189 samples were chosen using Cochran's formula. In addition, 9 villages were chosen from a total of 93 villages in Marivan County based on their distance from the city: 3 villages within 0-5 km of the city (close), 3 villages within 5-10 km of the city (medium), and 3 villages at a distance of 10-15 km from the city (far). According to the statistical population (827), there are 113 questionnaires distributed in the villages indicated. For statistical analysis of the research, the one-sample t-test and ANOVA have used in SPSS 22 software, and for spatial analysis of the research ArcGIS software was used.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the research findings in the economic and political dimensions, women entrepreneurship growth in the both study area's settlements, namely rural areas and Marivan City, are not at the required level. The reasons are the lack of private investment in the region to build enterprises, the lack of banks and institutions offering loans and financial credits in rural regions, the existence of extreme poverty in the region, particularly in rural areas, lack risk-taking, lack of government assistance, lack of action in villages or municipalities to build and promote women's entrepreneurship, lack of public sector cooperation in investing in new firms, and so on. It should be mentioned that the status are considerably better in urban regions than rural ones. These findings are congruent with Sivanesan's 2014 study comparing rural and urban female entrepreneurship in India, as well as Robinson et al. (2004) and Rasekhi et al (2018). Marivan City has a better social and infrastructural status than rural areas in both social and infrastructural terms. Lack of participation of women in business organizations, unions, and guilds, lack of educational fields related to entrepreneurship in rural areas, lack of social security for women in the marketplace, lack of cooperation of rural managers with women, lack of a class or organization of women entrepreneurs, lack of appropriate technology infrastructure in rural areas are some of the reasons for this. These findings are in line with a 2011 study by Angela Davis comparing the priorities of urban and rural entrepreneurs' service demands, as well as studies by Asitik (2015) and Anthopoulou (2016). (2010). Both towns are in good shape in terms of individual dimensions, but when comparing the averages of the two, Marivan is in a better position than rural areas (cities with an average of 3.96 and villages with an average of 3.04). Individual qualities and backgrounds of entrepreneurship in the inhabitants of the research area, such as readiness to confront challenges and difficulties, not escaping unpleasant situations, people's level of responsibility, self-reliance, and acceptability, could be the cause for this. These findings are in line with those of a 2013 study in Kentucky by Hyunjeong Joo, which compared rural and urban entrepreneurs. There is a substantial difference in the mean of the desired dimensions, according to the analysis of the variance test. In addition, according to the post hoc test, the city of Marivan has the biggest differences from other groups, i.e. rural groups, in all of the analyzed characteristics. The city of Marivan has a better situation in the field of female entrepreneurship development than the rural areas analyzed, according to the findings of a spatial analysis of research in ArcGIS software. Due to the fact that the rural areas studied had an unfavorable situation in this regard, we have measured these areas by distance from the city. According to GIS maps, the villages near the city of Marivan, especially Bileh and Tazehabad, are in a more favorable situation than other rural areas. The reason for this can be considered the proximity of these villages to the city of Marivan.
Despite the fact that the number of female entrepreneurs is growing, data shows that they grow at a slower rate than male entrepreneurs due to the difficulties and challenges they face. There have always been several obstacles and challenges in founding and growing enterprises, whether in urban or rural settings. On the other hand, the resources and contexts available for entrepreneurship can help to mitigate some of the barriers and challenges; in other words, the right geographical location and easy access to resources can help to foster entrepreneurship development, which is the foundation for regional development. Additionally, urban and rural women entrepreneurs play essential roles in the economic growth, particularly in developing and underprivileged countries. The World Bank claims that investing more in female entrepreneurship will result in a nation's development. The reasons are women's empowerment in society (whether urban or rural) eliminates inequality and poverty, and women are the first hope for family development and country development in underdeveloped countries. Female entrepreneurs' success in these societies benefits not only the economy but also the social and cultural structure. Nonetheless, women entrepreneurs confront numerous challenges, just like other groups of entrepreneurs.
Methodology
The study's statistical population is made up of women aged 15 to 65 who live in Marivan City and its surrounding villages. According to the statistical population of 65081 women between the ages of 15 and 65 in Marivan, 189 samples were chosen using Cochran's formula. In addition, 9 villages were chosen from a total of 93 villages in Marivan County based on their distance from the city: 3 villages within 0-5 km of the city (close), 3 villages within 5-10 km of the city (medium), and 3 villages at a distance of 10-15 km from the city (far). According to the statistical population (827), there are 113 questionnaires distributed in the villages indicated. For statistical analysis of the research, the one-sample t-test and ANOVA have used in SPSS 22 software, and for spatial analysis of the research ArcGIS software was used.
Discussion and conclusion
According to the research findings in the economic and political dimensions, women entrepreneurship growth in the both study area's settlements, namely rural areas and Marivan City, are not at the required level. The reasons are the lack of private investment in the region to build enterprises, the lack of banks and institutions offering loans and financial credits in rural regions, the existence of extreme poverty in the region, particularly in rural areas, lack risk-taking, lack of government assistance, lack of action in villages or municipalities to build and promote women's entrepreneurship, lack of public sector cooperation in investing in new firms, and so on. It should be mentioned that the status are considerably better in urban regions than rural ones. These findings are congruent with Sivanesan's 2014 study comparing rural and urban female entrepreneurship in India, as well as Robinson et al. (2004) and Rasekhi et al (2018). Marivan City has a better social and infrastructural status than rural areas in both social and infrastructural terms. Lack of participation of women in business organizations, unions, and guilds, lack of educational fields related to entrepreneurship in rural areas, lack of social security for women in the marketplace, lack of cooperation of rural managers with women, lack of a class or organization of women entrepreneurs, lack of appropriate technology infrastructure in rural areas are some of the reasons for this. These findings are in line with a 2011 study by Angela Davis comparing the priorities of urban and rural entrepreneurs' service demands, as well as studies by Asitik (2015) and Anthopoulou (2016). (2010). Both towns are in good shape in terms of individual dimensions, but when comparing the averages of the two, Marivan is in a better position than rural areas (cities with an average of 3.96 and villages with an average of 3.04). Individual qualities and backgrounds of entrepreneurship in the inhabitants of the research area, such as readiness to confront challenges and difficulties, not escaping unpleasant situations, people's level of responsibility, self-reliance, and acceptability, could be the cause for this. These findings are in line with those of a 2013 study in Kentucky by Hyunjeong Joo, which compared rural and urban entrepreneurs. There is a substantial difference in the mean of the desired dimensions, according to the analysis of the variance test. In addition, according to the post hoc test, the city of Marivan has the biggest differences from other groups, i.e. rural groups, in all of the analyzed characteristics. The city of Marivan has a better situation in the field of female entrepreneurship development than the rural areas analyzed, according to the findings of a spatial analysis of research in ArcGIS software. Due to the fact that the rural areas studied had an unfavorable situation in this regard, we have measured these areas by distance from the city. According to GIS maps, the villages near the city of Marivan, especially Bileh and Tazehabad, are in a more favorable situation than other rural areas. The reason for this can be considered the proximity of these villages to the city of Marivan.
Maryam Alinaghipour, Esa Pourramzan, Nasrolah Molaeihashjin,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The concept of livability is complex and includes various aspects of life. In general, livability is all the components that are the basis of creating a high quality settlement increase the rate of livability and the level of satisfaction of rural residents. These components appear in different dimensions: environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-managerial and physical. Economic dimension is not the only factor affecting livability, but it is the significant one in the opinion of rural residents.
The villages around the metropolis of Rasht, like other villages in the country, are facing with various problems., If a place is economically improved, it is more suitable for living. Increasing the economic level Especially for young people will create satisfaction and prosperity in the society, increase the motivation of the residents to stay in the village environment and prevent the migration of the villagers, by investigating this issue, more appropriate planning can be done in the village environment to achieve the desired quality of life. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the economic livability of rural settlements around the metropolis of Rasht. The study identifies economic indicators that are effective in livability and evaluates them in order to answer these questions: what are the economic indicators affecting livability? which villages are the most economically livable village in the study are?
Methodology
The research in terms of purpose is applied study and in terms of methodology is descriptive-analytical. The required information is collected from documents and a field study. The required data are collected by interviewing and a questionnaire from head of household and village managers. The components and items in the questionnaire were extracted from the literature and field studies.37 rural settlements around metropolis of Rasht were statistical population. 516 head of household and 37 rural managers were statistical samples. The number of household head has been estimated based on the total number of households in the study area and using the Cochran formula. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by experts and specialists in rural studies. The reliability of questionnaires was assessed by Cronbach's alpha method. A number of questionnaires were completed randomly to pre-test in the study area and its reliability coefficient (0.837) was calculated which indicates the acceptable reliability. Excel and SPSS software were used in the descriptive statistics section. For inferential statistics, and the process of indexing, the livability scores were used for comparison and conclusion. One-sample t-test was used to prove the significance and generalizability of research results, and regression analysis to show the impact of the economic dimension on livability and for further analysis. The results of the studied villages were ranked according to the economic livability scores at five levels: very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable and very undesirable.
Discussion and conclusion
The economic dimension in livability consists of 4 components and 16 items. The components include employment and income, household expenses, land and housing value and tourism. Component of employment and income had 8 items including having a suitable job (in a village or adjacent town), the variety of available job opportunities in the village, job security and job satisfaction, satisfaction with family income, satisfaction with total family income, satisfaction with family saving and the existence of profitable investment. The component of the household expenses had 3 items including levels of satisfaction with household expenses, satisfaction with housing costs and satisfaction with shipping costs. The component of land and housing value had 3 items including the value of land in the village, the growth of the price of land and the growth of housing prices. The component of tourism had 2 items including the annual number of tourists and the income generated by the presence of tourists.
After identifying the effective components and items and the process of creating index, the economic livability scores of each of the studied villages were obtained. The value of land and housing with the score of 9.00 was the highest score and the tourism index with a score of 1.2 was the lowest score. Development of tourism was found an effective way to increase the level of economic livability in the studied villages. Also, considering the livability scores, Pirkolachai village has the highest score of 29.7 and Varazgah village has a lowest score of 94.3. Furthermore, the studied villages are classified according to their livability scores in five groups. According to this rating, Pirkolachai villages is very desirable, Talemseshanbe, Kassar, Alman, Balakkoyakh, Tuchipaibast, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalko are desirable, Dareposht, Foshtam, Keshalvarzal, Gilpordesar, Pesikhan, Pasvishe, Komakol, Piledarbon, Bijarbaneh, Pachkenar, Gorabvarzal are moderate, Roudbordeh, Kheshtmasjed, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Mangode, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, Kizhde, Karchovandan, Ravajir, Kisarvarzal are undesirable, and Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Tarazkouh, Bijarpas, Vishkavarzal, and Vishkamatir are very undesirable on the level of livability.
The present research is in line with the research of researchers such as Khorasani et al. (evaluating livability), Isalo et al. (analysis livability economic indicators), Jomepour and Tahmasebi (explanation of livability), Sasanpour et al. (identification of livability indexes), Khorasani, Rashidi et al., and Honarvarsedighian (livability measurement). Finally, according to the conducted research, we can find ways to improve the economic livability. The measurement of livability can lead to proper decisions in the field of rural policy and investment and sustainable consumption of resources, stimulate the participation of village residents and planning correctly which recognizes the capabilities of each region separately, improves the quality of management levels.
To this end, the study suggests the following actions:
Provide plans for investing in the village - many villagers tend to invest their little savings in the village, but they have not been able to take action because rural managers do not plan on this. The studied villages have a high potential for attracting capital because of the proximity to the Rasht metropolitan area. -
Create jobs in village and the follow up supports- creating job in the village increases the motivation to stay in rural areas. In many of the studied villages production united are available, but it is used by non-local labors, nevertheless many villagers work in the cities and other villages. Rural managers can obligate the job owners in the villages to hire local residents. In this case, part of their dissatisfaction about jobs and income will be reduced.
Plan to attract tourists – villagers can create activities in the village to attract tourists, and then with the necessary promotions and marketing, they will boost their village.
The concept of livability is complex and includes various aspects of life. In general, livability is all the components that are the basis of creating a high quality settlement increase the rate of livability and the level of satisfaction of rural residents. These components appear in different dimensions: environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-managerial and physical. Economic dimension is not the only factor affecting livability, but it is the significant one in the opinion of rural residents.
The villages around the metropolis of Rasht, like other villages in the country, are facing with various problems., If a place is economically improved, it is more suitable for living. Increasing the economic level Especially for young people will create satisfaction and prosperity in the society, increase the motivation of the residents to stay in the village environment and prevent the migration of the villagers, by investigating this issue, more appropriate planning can be done in the village environment to achieve the desired quality of life. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the economic livability of rural settlements around the metropolis of Rasht. The study identifies economic indicators that are effective in livability and evaluates them in order to answer these questions: what are the economic indicators affecting livability? which villages are the most economically livable village in the study are?
Methodology
The research in terms of purpose is applied study and in terms of methodology is descriptive-analytical. The required information is collected from documents and a field study. The required data are collected by interviewing and a questionnaire from head of household and village managers. The components and items in the questionnaire were extracted from the literature and field studies.37 rural settlements around metropolis of Rasht were statistical population. 516 head of household and 37 rural managers were statistical samples. The number of household head has been estimated based on the total number of households in the study area and using the Cochran formula. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by experts and specialists in rural studies. The reliability of questionnaires was assessed by Cronbach's alpha method. A number of questionnaires were completed randomly to pre-test in the study area and its reliability coefficient (0.837) was calculated which indicates the acceptable reliability. Excel and SPSS software were used in the descriptive statistics section. For inferential statistics, and the process of indexing, the livability scores were used for comparison and conclusion. One-sample t-test was used to prove the significance and generalizability of research results, and regression analysis to show the impact of the economic dimension on livability and for further analysis. The results of the studied villages were ranked according to the economic livability scores at five levels: very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable and very undesirable.
Discussion and conclusion
The economic dimension in livability consists of 4 components and 16 items. The components include employment and income, household expenses, land and housing value and tourism. Component of employment and income had 8 items including having a suitable job (in a village or adjacent town), the variety of available job opportunities in the village, job security and job satisfaction, satisfaction with family income, satisfaction with total family income, satisfaction with family saving and the existence of profitable investment. The component of the household expenses had 3 items including levels of satisfaction with household expenses, satisfaction with housing costs and satisfaction with shipping costs. The component of land and housing value had 3 items including the value of land in the village, the growth of the price of land and the growth of housing prices. The component of tourism had 2 items including the annual number of tourists and the income generated by the presence of tourists.
After identifying the effective components and items and the process of creating index, the economic livability scores of each of the studied villages were obtained. The value of land and housing with the score of 9.00 was the highest score and the tourism index with a score of 1.2 was the lowest score. Development of tourism was found an effective way to increase the level of economic livability in the studied villages. Also, considering the livability scores, Pirkolachai village has the highest score of 29.7 and Varazgah village has a lowest score of 94.3. Furthermore, the studied villages are classified according to their livability scores in five groups. According to this rating, Pirkolachai villages is very desirable, Talemseshanbe, Kassar, Alman, Balakkoyakh, Tuchipaibast, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalko are desirable, Dareposht, Foshtam, Keshalvarzal, Gilpordesar, Pesikhan, Pasvishe, Komakol, Piledarbon, Bijarbaneh, Pachkenar, Gorabvarzal are moderate, Roudbordeh, Kheshtmasjed, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Mangode, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, Kizhde, Karchovandan, Ravajir, Kisarvarzal are undesirable, and Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Tarazkouh, Bijarpas, Vishkavarzal, and Vishkamatir are very undesirable on the level of livability.
The present research is in line with the research of researchers such as Khorasani et al. (evaluating livability), Isalo et al. (analysis livability economic indicators), Jomepour and Tahmasebi (explanation of livability), Sasanpour et al. (identification of livability indexes), Khorasani, Rashidi et al., and Honarvarsedighian (livability measurement). Finally, according to the conducted research, we can find ways to improve the economic livability. The measurement of livability can lead to proper decisions in the field of rural policy and investment and sustainable consumption of resources, stimulate the participation of village residents and planning correctly which recognizes the capabilities of each region separately, improves the quality of management levels.
To this end, the study suggests the following actions:
Provide plans for investing in the village - many villagers tend to invest their little savings in the village, but they have not been able to take action because rural managers do not plan on this. The studied villages have a high potential for attracting capital because of the proximity to the Rasht metropolitan area. -
Create jobs in village and the follow up supports- creating job in the village increases the motivation to stay in rural areas. In many of the studied villages production united are available, but it is used by non-local labors, nevertheless many villagers work in the cities and other villages. Rural managers can obligate the job owners in the villages to hire local residents. In this case, part of their dissatisfaction about jobs and income will be reduced.
Plan to attract tourists – villagers can create activities in the village to attract tourists, and then with the necessary promotions and marketing, they will boost their village.
Aliakbar Anabestani, Farokh Legha Bahadori Amjaz, Jamileh Tavakolinia,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Smart growth is one of the regional planning strategies that aims to create regional balance and prevent degradation in line with the goals of sustainable development, which seeks to create and promote social equality, a sense of spatial and social belonging and preservation of natural resources alongside cultural resources. It also has significant benefits for rural communities through preserving their history and identity, making rural settlements more pleasant and livable, sustainable economic development, creating diverse and more affordable housing options and preserving ecological sustainability. It can be argued that the challenges a rural area is facing even if sometimes similar, can never be the same in different countries. Rural areas or villages need a specific growth that improves people's lives. This is because rural development is essential to accelerate the overall development of any country. However, the unplanned growth of the rural population, unplanned physical development of rural settlements and the improper use of the rural environment have created a situation which calls for the special need for planning in rural areas. A review of the statistics of involuntary rural migration and the problems that migrants create in destinations show the consequences of neglecting the villages, which are the main challenges facing managers and planners. Therefore, paying attention to rural development and sustainability requires more serious and systematic research. One of the proposed strategies in the field of rural sustainability is the smart growth strategy, which is in the form of sustainable development theory. Therefore, it seems that the smart growth approach can provide a way out of instability and achieve sustainable development in rural areas. in addition to identifying the indicators of smart growth and determining the effect and relationships between them, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of factors affecting the formation of smart growth in rural settlements of Jiroft.
Methodology
This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. we used documentary and library methods for theoretical framework and to investigate the factors affecting the formation of smart growth in rural settlements, field study and the questionnaire were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of two groups. According to the assumption that smart growth infrastructure is probable in large villages, we selected over 1000 people villages as the experimental group villages. Also, in this study, cluster sampling method (multi-stage) was used. For this purpose, in the first stage, among 4 districts of Jiroft County and 14 rural districts of this county, according to the 2016 census, 11 rural districts were selected as a cluster sample. According to the 2016 census, this city has 30 villages with a population of more than 1000 people (Jabal Barez 2 villages, Markazi 21 villages, Ismaili 7 villages). To determine the sample size of villages, Cochran's formula was applied. In this formula, to take advantage of 95% confidence level, accuracy coefficient of 0.05 and variance = 0.15 d2, the sample size of 18 villages has been determined. Among rural households, according to Cochran's formula, 261 households were selected as a sample and were randomly interviewed.
Discussion and conclusion
The extent smart growth and sustainable development affect all members of society from the lowest to the highest level. Therefore, improving the status of smart growth indicators can provide the basis for sustainable rural development. We examined different sources as well as the characteristics of the study area and ended up with seven components of local economy stability, environmental quality improvement, density and intensive development, housing quality improvement, transportation and communication, local community stability, and physical texture improvement. From the perspective of rural respondents, the indicators of rural smart growth, transportation and communication and physical texture improvement, respectively, were the most important indicators of rural smart growth. From the experts point of view, based on a pairwise comparison of components, the components of local economy stability, transportation and communications, housing quality improvement, environmental quality improvement with weights of 0.303, 0.204, 0.132 and 0.126, respectively, were the most important factors affecting smart growth. Also, the components of density and intensive development, improvement of physical texture and stability of the local community with weights of 0.065, 0.081 and 0.089, respectively, are the less important factors. Finally, for spatial analysis of smart growth indices, the combined weighting method of AHP and COCOSO were used. Narjo and Sogdar have the lowest rank in terms of intelligent growth indicators. The research findings are in line with the results of other researchers. For instance, Tregear & Cooper 2016 believes that smart growth can help by making rural settlements more livable, sustainable economic development, creating diverse and affordable housing options, and maintaining ecological, social, economic, and physical sustainability, resulting in significant benefits for rural communities.
Smart growth is one of the regional planning strategies that aims to create regional balance and prevent degradation in line with the goals of sustainable development, which seeks to create and promote social equality, a sense of spatial and social belonging and preservation of natural resources alongside cultural resources. It also has significant benefits for rural communities through preserving their history and identity, making rural settlements more pleasant and livable, sustainable economic development, creating diverse and more affordable housing options and preserving ecological sustainability. It can be argued that the challenges a rural area is facing even if sometimes similar, can never be the same in different countries. Rural areas or villages need a specific growth that improves people's lives. This is because rural development is essential to accelerate the overall development of any country. However, the unplanned growth of the rural population, unplanned physical development of rural settlements and the improper use of the rural environment have created a situation which calls for the special need for planning in rural areas. A review of the statistics of involuntary rural migration and the problems that migrants create in destinations show the consequences of neglecting the villages, which are the main challenges facing managers and planners. Therefore, paying attention to rural development and sustainability requires more serious and systematic research. One of the proposed strategies in the field of rural sustainability is the smart growth strategy, which is in the form of sustainable development theory. Therefore, it seems that the smart growth approach can provide a way out of instability and achieve sustainable development in rural areas. in addition to identifying the indicators of smart growth and determining the effect and relationships between them, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of factors affecting the formation of smart growth in rural settlements of Jiroft.
Methodology
This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. we used documentary and library methods for theoretical framework and to investigate the factors affecting the formation of smart growth in rural settlements, field study and the questionnaire were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of two groups. According to the assumption that smart growth infrastructure is probable in large villages, we selected over 1000 people villages as the experimental group villages. Also, in this study, cluster sampling method (multi-stage) was used. For this purpose, in the first stage, among 4 districts of Jiroft County and 14 rural districts of this county, according to the 2016 census, 11 rural districts were selected as a cluster sample. According to the 2016 census, this city has 30 villages with a population of more than 1000 people (Jabal Barez 2 villages, Markazi 21 villages, Ismaili 7 villages). To determine the sample size of villages, Cochran's formula was applied. In this formula, to take advantage of 95% confidence level, accuracy coefficient of 0.05 and variance = 0.15 d2, the sample size of 18 villages has been determined. Among rural households, according to Cochran's formula, 261 households were selected as a sample and were randomly interviewed.
Discussion and conclusion
The extent smart growth and sustainable development affect all members of society from the lowest to the highest level. Therefore, improving the status of smart growth indicators can provide the basis for sustainable rural development. We examined different sources as well as the characteristics of the study area and ended up with seven components of local economy stability, environmental quality improvement, density and intensive development, housing quality improvement, transportation and communication, local community stability, and physical texture improvement. From the perspective of rural respondents, the indicators of rural smart growth, transportation and communication and physical texture improvement, respectively, were the most important indicators of rural smart growth. From the experts point of view, based on a pairwise comparison of components, the components of local economy stability, transportation and communications, housing quality improvement, environmental quality improvement with weights of 0.303, 0.204, 0.132 and 0.126, respectively, were the most important factors affecting smart growth. Also, the components of density and intensive development, improvement of physical texture and stability of the local community with weights of 0.065, 0.081 and 0.089, respectively, are the less important factors. Finally, for spatial analysis of smart growth indices, the combined weighting method of AHP and COCOSO were used. Narjo and Sogdar have the lowest rank in terms of intelligent growth indicators. The research findings are in line with the results of other researchers. For instance, Tregear & Cooper 2016 believes that smart growth can help by making rural settlements more livable, sustainable economic development, creating diverse and affordable housing options, and maintaining ecological, social, economic, and physical sustainability, resulting in significant benefits for rural communities.
Ebrahim Sadeghi, Mohammad Hassanzadeh Nafooti, Aliakbar Jamali, Asghar Salehi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Many experts and practitioners stated that sustainable development is more probable through social capital or participation and social trust. By involving local people in the watershed management process, users' technical and analytical skills are improved. In evaluating watershed management projects, so far, mainly technical goals to reduce nature reactions have been considered by designers and planners; however, the human factor in the design, evaluation and achievement of socio-economic goals of the project has received less attention. Therefore, it will be necessary to pay more attention in this regard. In Qaleh Shahrerokh Basin, various watershed management projects have been implemented that have different effects on environmental factors, and consequently, socio-economic conditions in the region. According to the researchers, the study of the factors affecting the participation and also the internal effect of each factor on each other is one of the tasks that should be done before, during and after the implementation of such projects. The present study aims to identify barriers affecting the participation of the villagers using multiple correlation and path analysis to help local managers to be more successful in planning and implementing future watershed management projects with maximum participation.
Methodology
The present study is a non-experimental and descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of this study consists of all heads of households in Qaleh Shahrokh village of Chadegan city. According to the statistical population, the sample size was obtained using the Cochran's formula with a 5% error rate, which was considered 250 for greater accuracy. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by professors and experts of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-test was performed, in which the calculated Cronbach's alpha value was obtained for the main scales of the questionnaire. SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the collected data by multiple correlation and path analysis.
Discussion and conclusion
The research findings showed that the level of participation of respondents in watershed management projects is low. The continuation of this situation can make difficulties for the implementation and maintenance of future watershed management projects in the region, and cost a lot of money imposed on the government to maintain and develop plans. Regarding the level of familiarity of villagers with watershed management plans, the results showed that in general the level of familiarity and knowledge of respondents about different dimensions of watershed management plans was low and this factor is one of the important reasons for the low level of rural participation in watershed management projects. This problem indicates the lack of extension and educational activities of watershed management project implementers before the implementation of the projects. These results show that unless the villagers have a good level of awareness about plans and projects and have a negative mindset about job creation and the positive impact of watershed management projects, they will be indifferent such plans. The results of multiple correlation and path analysis showed that cultural factors play a key role in the non-participation of villagers in watershed management projects and other factors do not directly affect participation. This result indicates that the knowledge and awareness of the residents of the region about the goals and results of watershed management projects should be increased in order to lead to gaining trust and maximum participation in the implementation, maintenance and maintenance of such projects.
Many experts and practitioners stated that sustainable development is more probable through social capital or participation and social trust. By involving local people in the watershed management process, users' technical and analytical skills are improved. In evaluating watershed management projects, so far, mainly technical goals to reduce nature reactions have been considered by designers and planners; however, the human factor in the design, evaluation and achievement of socio-economic goals of the project has received less attention. Therefore, it will be necessary to pay more attention in this regard. In Qaleh Shahrerokh Basin, various watershed management projects have been implemented that have different effects on environmental factors, and consequently, socio-economic conditions in the region. According to the researchers, the study of the factors affecting the participation and also the internal effect of each factor on each other is one of the tasks that should be done before, during and after the implementation of such projects. The present study aims to identify barriers affecting the participation of the villagers using multiple correlation and path analysis to help local managers to be more successful in planning and implementing future watershed management projects with maximum participation.
Methodology
The present study is a non-experimental and descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of this study consists of all heads of households in Qaleh Shahrokh village of Chadegan city. According to the statistical population, the sample size was obtained using the Cochran's formula with a 5% error rate, which was considered 250 for greater accuracy. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by professors and experts of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-test was performed, in which the calculated Cronbach's alpha value was obtained for the main scales of the questionnaire. SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the collected data by multiple correlation and path analysis.
Discussion and conclusion
The research findings showed that the level of participation of respondents in watershed management projects is low. The continuation of this situation can make difficulties for the implementation and maintenance of future watershed management projects in the region, and cost a lot of money imposed on the government to maintain and develop plans. Regarding the level of familiarity of villagers with watershed management plans, the results showed that in general the level of familiarity and knowledge of respondents about different dimensions of watershed management plans was low and this factor is one of the important reasons for the low level of rural participation in watershed management projects. This problem indicates the lack of extension and educational activities of watershed management project implementers before the implementation of the projects. These results show that unless the villagers have a good level of awareness about plans and projects and have a negative mindset about job creation and the positive impact of watershed management projects, they will be indifferent such plans. The results of multiple correlation and path analysis showed that cultural factors play a key role in the non-participation of villagers in watershed management projects and other factors do not directly affect participation. This result indicates that the knowledge and awareness of the residents of the region about the goals and results of watershed management projects should be increased in order to lead to gaining trust and maximum participation in the implementation, maintenance and maintenance of such projects.
Asghar Ahmadi, Jafar Yaghoubi, Bahman Khosravipour,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Rural youth, as one of the most important human resources, constitutes a large part of the population and workforce of the rural community and play a valuable role in improving the economic and social situation of rural families. This is a capable resource to transform villages from unfavorable situation to favorable situation. Over the past few decades, migration has led to an aging rural population. Because most of the immigrants are young people, and often, they are the ones who tend to leave the villages to stay in the cities. Both migration and increasing age of the villagers become the main concern in rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the situation and adopt scientific and executive strategies to manage it. In this paper, we study the migration motivation of rural students in field of agriculture at Zanjan University.
Methodology
This research is an applied study which uses a survey in data collection and a correlation for analysis. In the present study, the factors affecting the migration motivation of rural youth were identified through a literature review and a research questionnaire was applied to find the correlation for the factors. The population of this study consisted of rural students studying in the fields of agriculture at University of Zanjan in 2018-2019 (N=210). The sample size was determined using the Krejcie & Morgan table (n=132). We used a stratified random sampling method to select the students for this study. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24.
Discussion and conclusion
The migration of educated youth from rural to urban areas is an alarming phenomenon in the geographical space of the country. The reason is that the situation can reduce the ability and motivation of the agricultural labor force in rural areas and lead to the waste of human capital in the country. Given that any planning in rural areas is directly and indirectly related to population structure and quality, it was important to study the factors affecting the willingness of moving out in rural youth.
The results showed that the number of family members living in the city, the desire to live in the village, life satisfaction, the amount of participation in agricultural activities, irrigated land owned by the family, accommodations and economic amenities in the urban areas and employment problem and difficulty of establishing business in the rural area are the most important reasons for the migration of agriculturally educated rural toung people.
Based on the results of logistic regression, the difficulty of establishing business in the rural area had the greatest impact on the inclination of migration. This finding reflects the fact that the most important priority of rural agricultural students is to achieve a job and create a business. Thus, it is suggested that the problem needs to be solved by promising an employment package for the agriculturally educated rural youth. These packages consist of the cases of financing through the allocation of low-income employment loans with minimum bureaucracy, consulting and training to start the businesses required by the market and marketing and sales program. Also, based on the results of regression analysis, it was found that the two variables of life satisfaction and the amount of participation in agricultural activities had a positive effect on migration tendency. This indicates that the more satisfied young people are with their lives, the greater their desire to migrate. This finding, along with increasing the tendency to migrate by increasing the participation of the rural youth in agricultural activities, indicates the fact that the desire to migrate among young people is not due to ignorance and lack of knowledge but is based on the existing knowledge and realities of rural society. As students' experience and knowledge of the agricultural situation increase, they come to the unfortunate conclusion that migration is a better way to achieve their goals. Using exploratory factor analysis, strategies to strengthen the rural economy by increasing the desire of rural youth to live and work in rural areas after graduation were summarized in two factors including facilitating the market of products and employment in rural areas and developing public and private investment in rural areas and agriculture.
Rural youth, as one of the most important human resources, constitutes a large part of the population and workforce of the rural community and play a valuable role in improving the economic and social situation of rural families. This is a capable resource to transform villages from unfavorable situation to favorable situation. Over the past few decades, migration has led to an aging rural population. Because most of the immigrants are young people, and often, they are the ones who tend to leave the villages to stay in the cities. Both migration and increasing age of the villagers become the main concern in rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the situation and adopt scientific and executive strategies to manage it. In this paper, we study the migration motivation of rural students in field of agriculture at Zanjan University.
Methodology
This research is an applied study which uses a survey in data collection and a correlation for analysis. In the present study, the factors affecting the migration motivation of rural youth were identified through a literature review and a research questionnaire was applied to find the correlation for the factors. The population of this study consisted of rural students studying in the fields of agriculture at University of Zanjan in 2018-2019 (N=210). The sample size was determined using the Krejcie & Morgan table (n=132). We used a stratified random sampling method to select the students for this study. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24.
Discussion and conclusion
The migration of educated youth from rural to urban areas is an alarming phenomenon in the geographical space of the country. The reason is that the situation can reduce the ability and motivation of the agricultural labor force in rural areas and lead to the waste of human capital in the country. Given that any planning in rural areas is directly and indirectly related to population structure and quality, it was important to study the factors affecting the willingness of moving out in rural youth.
The results showed that the number of family members living in the city, the desire to live in the village, life satisfaction, the amount of participation in agricultural activities, irrigated land owned by the family, accommodations and economic amenities in the urban areas and employment problem and difficulty of establishing business in the rural area are the most important reasons for the migration of agriculturally educated rural toung people.
Based on the results of logistic regression, the difficulty of establishing business in the rural area had the greatest impact on the inclination of migration. This finding reflects the fact that the most important priority of rural agricultural students is to achieve a job and create a business. Thus, it is suggested that the problem needs to be solved by promising an employment package for the agriculturally educated rural youth. These packages consist of the cases of financing through the allocation of low-income employment loans with minimum bureaucracy, consulting and training to start the businesses required by the market and marketing and sales program. Also, based on the results of regression analysis, it was found that the two variables of life satisfaction and the amount of participation in agricultural activities had a positive effect on migration tendency. This indicates that the more satisfied young people are with their lives, the greater their desire to migrate. This finding, along with increasing the tendency to migrate by increasing the participation of the rural youth in agricultural activities, indicates the fact that the desire to migrate among young people is not due to ignorance and lack of knowledge but is based on the existing knowledge and realities of rural society. As students' experience and knowledge of the agricultural situation increase, they come to the unfortunate conclusion that migration is a better way to achieve their goals. Using exploratory factor analysis, strategies to strengthen the rural economy by increasing the desire of rural youth to live and work in rural areas after graduation were summarized in two factors including facilitating the market of products and employment in rural areas and developing public and private investment in rural areas and agriculture.
Asiey Ghorbani , Milad Joudi Damirchi, Naser Motiei,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The first step in spatial planning is the recognition of the environment and its latent capabilities. However, planning for development, especially rural development, should be based on a real understanding of the potential and talents of rural areas. Evidently, a major factor implicated in the failure of rural development planning is the negligence of the environment; indeed, any geographical space has its own potential, capabilities, and facilities for development. Human communities cannot survive apart from economic, social, and physical factors and depend on nature, especially the environment, to meet their basic needs.
Methodology
The research was an applied, non-experimental, library, and document based study with a quantitative paradigm. The statistical population was composed of rural areas in Isfahan Province of Iran. The study was conducted at the county level so that 24 counties in Isfahan Province were investigated in terms of rural economic development. The research had two sets of variables. a dependent variable, i.e., rural economic development, and independent variables including human resources development, access to infrastructural factors, and environmental capability, which were all quantitative. The data were both quantitative and imagery, collected by the library and document method. The ecological capability section was analyzed by Dr. Makhtoum’s multi-factor evaluation method. The criteria of the ecological capability were assigned with weights using the pairwise comparison technique of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Then, the criteria were integrated using the weighted linear combination method. Ultimately, the final fuzzy map was classified based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the value of its pixels in the ENVI5.1 software package. The aggregated index calculation method was employed to estimate other parameters including rural economic development, human resources development, and access to infrastructural factors. Eventually, the multivariate regression method was applied to explore the effect of independent variables on rural economic development. The software packages used in the research included SPSS and MS-excel for statistical analyses and the calculation of aggregated indices, Super Decisions for assigning weights to the environmental capability criteria by the pairwise comparison technique, ENVI5.1 for standardizing information layers of the criteria and categorizing land-uses based on the mean and SD of the pixel values, ArgGIS 10.1 for aggregating and preparing information layers, estimating the areas of each section, and producing the output maps, and SHAZAM for performing the regression analysis and testing the estimator hypotheses of ordinary least squares (OLS).
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results, Isfahan County had the highest and Semirom County had the lowest rate of economic development in their rural areas. Naeen and Dehaqn Counties showed the highest and lowest levels of human resources development, respectively. The highest and lowest access to the infrastructural factors were related to the counties of Khomeynishahr and Semirom, respectively and Chadegan and Khour-va-Biabanak Counties had the highest and lowest ecological capabilities, respectively. A closer look at the results revealed that although some counties such as Chadegan, Bueen Miyandasht, and Semirom had high ecological potential; however, they were at the lowest level of the economic development of rural areas. In contrast, counties like Isfahan, Ardestan, Aran-va-Bidgol, and Naeen with weaker ecological capabilities were at higher levels of economic development in their rural areas.
Based on the analysis of the effect of variables on economic development with multivariate regression, the coefficient of determination (R2) was estimated at 0.806 for the model. The statistic shows that 80.6% of the variance in rural economic development is accounted for by three variables of ecological capability, human resources development, and infrastructural factors and 19.4% is related to other factors not included in the model. The results of the regression analysis show that the relative importance or effectiveness of the ecological capability is 0.23 whereas the relative importance of the access to infrastructural factors is 0.65 and the relative importance of the human resources development is 0.35. According to the results, rural economic development in Isfahan province is mainly affected by the variable of access to infrastructural factors and least affected by ecological capability. This is an unexpected result because the rural economy is based on ecological resources and capability since most of the people in the rural areas are employed in agriculture and related activities. Also, the results showed that the variances in the three independent variables are not consistent, reflecting the fact that the policies adopted by development planners have not distributed infrastructure endowments in accordance with environmental potential. If they were distributed proportionally, regions with higher environmental capability should have had more infrastructural facilities. Therefore, infrastructure development and credit distribution are influenced by factors other than environmental potential.
In general, if capabilities and facilities are considered for rural economic development, it will be possible to realize economic development in villages and achieve an optimal level of economic development in these areas. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt policies and strategies for rural development that are consistent with environmental potential.
The first step in spatial planning is the recognition of the environment and its latent capabilities. However, planning for development, especially rural development, should be based on a real understanding of the potential and talents of rural areas. Evidently, a major factor implicated in the failure of rural development planning is the negligence of the environment; indeed, any geographical space has its own potential, capabilities, and facilities for development. Human communities cannot survive apart from economic, social, and physical factors and depend on nature, especially the environment, to meet their basic needs.
Methodology
The research was an applied, non-experimental, library, and document based study with a quantitative paradigm. The statistical population was composed of rural areas in Isfahan Province of Iran. The study was conducted at the county level so that 24 counties in Isfahan Province were investigated in terms of rural economic development. The research had two sets of variables. a dependent variable, i.e., rural economic development, and independent variables including human resources development, access to infrastructural factors, and environmental capability, which were all quantitative. The data were both quantitative and imagery, collected by the library and document method. The ecological capability section was analyzed by Dr. Makhtoum’s multi-factor evaluation method. The criteria of the ecological capability were assigned with weights using the pairwise comparison technique of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Then, the criteria were integrated using the weighted linear combination method. Ultimately, the final fuzzy map was classified based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the value of its pixels in the ENVI5.1 software package. The aggregated index calculation method was employed to estimate other parameters including rural economic development, human resources development, and access to infrastructural factors. Eventually, the multivariate regression method was applied to explore the effect of independent variables on rural economic development. The software packages used in the research included SPSS and MS-excel for statistical analyses and the calculation of aggregated indices, Super Decisions for assigning weights to the environmental capability criteria by the pairwise comparison technique, ENVI5.1 for standardizing information layers of the criteria and categorizing land-uses based on the mean and SD of the pixel values, ArgGIS 10.1 for aggregating and preparing information layers, estimating the areas of each section, and producing the output maps, and SHAZAM for performing the regression analysis and testing the estimator hypotheses of ordinary least squares (OLS).
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results, Isfahan County had the highest and Semirom County had the lowest rate of economic development in their rural areas. Naeen and Dehaqn Counties showed the highest and lowest levels of human resources development, respectively. The highest and lowest access to the infrastructural factors were related to the counties of Khomeynishahr and Semirom, respectively and Chadegan and Khour-va-Biabanak Counties had the highest and lowest ecological capabilities, respectively. A closer look at the results revealed that although some counties such as Chadegan, Bueen Miyandasht, and Semirom had high ecological potential; however, they were at the lowest level of the economic development of rural areas. In contrast, counties like Isfahan, Ardestan, Aran-va-Bidgol, and Naeen with weaker ecological capabilities were at higher levels of economic development in their rural areas.
Based on the analysis of the effect of variables on economic development with multivariate regression, the coefficient of determination (R2) was estimated at 0.806 for the model. The statistic shows that 80.6% of the variance in rural economic development is accounted for by three variables of ecological capability, human resources development, and infrastructural factors and 19.4% is related to other factors not included in the model. The results of the regression analysis show that the relative importance or effectiveness of the ecological capability is 0.23 whereas the relative importance of the access to infrastructural factors is 0.65 and the relative importance of the human resources development is 0.35. According to the results, rural economic development in Isfahan province is mainly affected by the variable of access to infrastructural factors and least affected by ecological capability. This is an unexpected result because the rural economy is based on ecological resources and capability since most of the people in the rural areas are employed in agriculture and related activities. Also, the results showed that the variances in the three independent variables are not consistent, reflecting the fact that the policies adopted by development planners have not distributed infrastructure endowments in accordance with environmental potential. If they were distributed proportionally, regions with higher environmental capability should have had more infrastructural facilities. Therefore, infrastructure development and credit distribution are influenced by factors other than environmental potential.
In general, if capabilities and facilities are considered for rural economic development, it will be possible to realize economic development in villages and achieve an optimal level of economic development in these areas. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt policies and strategies for rural development that are consistent with environmental potential.
Ali Yousefi Taleghani, Nasrolah Molaei Hashjin, Parviz Rezaei,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, much attention has been paid to discussions and concerns about environmental and land use changes. In such a situation, sustainable land use has become an important analytical-political issue. Land use is considered as an example of human effect on the environment. In developing countries, the issue of land use change is more important due to poor management and disruption of the political and economic structure. Land use change and land cover has become a complex process that involves different variables and factors at different social and spatial levels. The great and potential effect of land use change and land cover on the physical and social environment has created a motivation for research to understand land use change and its main causes and effects. The growth of the population of Rasht and the consequent need for more housing and construction, has led to the physical expansion of the city from various angles. In some cases, this problem has been solved in an unplanned way through land use change, both around cities and in peripheral rural settlements. On the other hand, the migration of some villagers to these rural areas and the lack of a specific authority and institution to control constructions, has caused physical development in an unbalanced way and without an integrated plan. It is clear that in this case, the land use of the agricultural lands of the village will change from agricultural to other uses, especially residential. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the following general question in this study: "How can these land use changes be organized in order to preserve land by identifying the factors affecting land use change?"
Methodology
In terms of the method, this research is considered as a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of this study is the villages around Rasht City. In the present study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was designed after identifying the economic and social factors affecting agricultural land use change. In fact, in this questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate the effect of each of the socio-economic factors on land use change in the form of Likert scale. This questionnaire was given to the respondents in the villages around the city of Rasht. Finally, 516 questionnaires were completed by the respondents. The data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Discussion and conclusion
The factors affecting land use change on a regional scale were analyzed aiming to identify the mechanism of interaction simulation and predict the process of land use change. Land cover changes not only have a significant effect on the key parts of natural resources, but it has a close relationship with sustainable socio-economic issues. According to the results of the studies, human activities currently play a key role as a factor in land use change. Land use in an improper way can lead to some environmental issues. There is little knowledge on these issues and a brief understanding of the complex factors and processes that control land use change.
It's difficult to identify the factors affecting land use change and their prioritization. The present study investigated the socio-economic factors affecting land use changes in villages around Rasht using a questionnaire technique and based on the views of villagers. According to the results, economic factors are more important and effective on the research issue than social factors. Drought and water scarcity in agriculture created economic problems for farmers and prevented them from engaging in agricultural activities. The change of use from agriculture to residential and service activities has also occurred due to the decline in agricultural activities. Other relevant factors are lack of sufficient budget to purchase agricultural machinery, reduced income of the agricultural sector, lack of financial support in the production stages, the benefits of investing in land and housing, low prices of agricultural products and high prices of agricultural inputs. Social factors, on the other hand, are the pressure of children to sell land, the lack of interest of young people in agricultural activities, the belief in the unsuitable position of agricultural activities, the increase in the tourist population and the migration nature of villages
Nowadays, much attention has been paid to discussions and concerns about environmental and land use changes. In such a situation, sustainable land use has become an important analytical-political issue. Land use is considered as an example of human effect on the environment. In developing countries, the issue of land use change is more important due to poor management and disruption of the political and economic structure. Land use change and land cover has become a complex process that involves different variables and factors at different social and spatial levels. The great and potential effect of land use change and land cover on the physical and social environment has created a motivation for research to understand land use change and its main causes and effects. The growth of the population of Rasht and the consequent need for more housing and construction, has led to the physical expansion of the city from various angles. In some cases, this problem has been solved in an unplanned way through land use change, both around cities and in peripheral rural settlements. On the other hand, the migration of some villagers to these rural areas and the lack of a specific authority and institution to control constructions, has caused physical development in an unbalanced way and without an integrated plan. It is clear that in this case, the land use of the agricultural lands of the village will change from agricultural to other uses, especially residential. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the following general question in this study: "How can these land use changes be organized in order to preserve land by identifying the factors affecting land use change?"
Methodology
In terms of the method, this research is considered as a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of this study is the villages around Rasht City. In the present study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was designed after identifying the economic and social factors affecting agricultural land use change. In fact, in this questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate the effect of each of the socio-economic factors on land use change in the form of Likert scale. This questionnaire was given to the respondents in the villages around the city of Rasht. Finally, 516 questionnaires were completed by the respondents. The data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Discussion and conclusion
The factors affecting land use change on a regional scale were analyzed aiming to identify the mechanism of interaction simulation and predict the process of land use change. Land cover changes not only have a significant effect on the key parts of natural resources, but it has a close relationship with sustainable socio-economic issues. According to the results of the studies, human activities currently play a key role as a factor in land use change. Land use in an improper way can lead to some environmental issues. There is little knowledge on these issues and a brief understanding of the complex factors and processes that control land use change.
It's difficult to identify the factors affecting land use change and their prioritization. The present study investigated the socio-economic factors affecting land use changes in villages around Rasht using a questionnaire technique and based on the views of villagers. According to the results, economic factors are more important and effective on the research issue than social factors. Drought and water scarcity in agriculture created economic problems for farmers and prevented them from engaging in agricultural activities. The change of use from agriculture to residential and service activities has also occurred due to the decline in agricultural activities. Other relevant factors are lack of sufficient budget to purchase agricultural machinery, reduced income of the agricultural sector, lack of financial support in the production stages, the benefits of investing in land and housing, low prices of agricultural products and high prices of agricultural inputs. Social factors, on the other hand, are the pressure of children to sell land, the lack of interest of young people in agricultural activities, the belief in the unsuitable position of agricultural activities, the increase in the tourist population and the migration nature of villages
Akram Ghanbari, Abdul Reza Rahmani Fazli, Farhad Azizpour,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Today, in order to achieve sustainable rural development as well as optimization of local advantages, identifying the factors affecting the utilization of geographical advantages are essential. The villages of the country today are more than ever influenced by the political, economic, social and cultural conditions of their systems as external factors influencing the development of rural settlements. These are factors such as inappropriate government policies at all levels of planning, legislation, management and implementation, bias towards urban areas and large industries, lack of independent civil society organizations, fostering the transformation of villages into cities and so on. Moreover, the internal obstacles of rural communities are such as: low level of awareness of rural stakeholders on their internal and socio-economic capacities, restrictive norms, low power of transformation, and low the power of risk, overcoming traditional approaches to harnessing the potential of rural areas, and the uncertainty and trust between rural communities towards new perspectives and patterns, etc. Both factors are the reasons for neglecting rural areas and lack of proper operation of the capacity and potential in this area. Rural settlements in Khorramabad county have not seen much growth and are facing instability of rural settlements, despite their high potentials and capacities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What are the factors influencing the role of geographical advantages in achieving sustainable development of rural settlements?
Methodology
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the role of geographical advantages in achieving sustainable development in rural settlements of Khorramabad. In this regard, it is a combination (quantitative-qualitative) research method with sequential strategy and exploratory - descriptive research design. Based on this orientation and evaluation, the Q model was selected for problem recognition and analysis. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Khorramabad. The qualitative participants were expert villagers who selected 30 theoretically saturated subjects and data were collected using semi-structured interviews and semi-structured interview card tools. In the quantitative section, we chose village experts. 150 villages out of 647 villages, were selected by simple stratified sampling. Next, one rural mayor or council was selected from each village. In the Q model, Q cards were used to collect data.
Discussion and conclusion
According to rural experts, the lack of role of geographical advantages in the feasibility of sustainable rural development in the study areas is influenced by the following factors: low level of skill and familiarity with modern knowledge, dominance of conservative mindset, lack of creativity and innovation, aging population, dominance of closed cultural beliefs, low income, inflation and uneven distribution of credit resources, market system instability, poor attention to infrastructure and welfare services, rural education and promotion system failure, weak legal-institutional arrangements, lack of system Integrated program for agricultural activities commensurate with domestic and foreign markets, service weakness Production support, low level of security and weakness of processing companies.
Rural experts' perceptions of the inability of geographical advantages to achieve sustainable rural development fall into five categories: economic factors, managerial-institutional factors, socio-cultural factors, human factors, and physical factors, which are economic factors with 25%, managerial-institutional factors with 23.66%, socio-cultural factors with 23.66%, human factors with 20.23% and physical factors with 8.70% had the most influence on the lack of role of geographical advantages in the feasibility of sustainable rural development.
According to the results, meticulous planning in organizing economic, social, political, organizational and managerial and cultural constructions, utilizing the geographical advantages of rural areas is one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustainable rural development. As a result, planners need to identify and analyze the forces and relationships that make the most of these advantages by influencing shaping forces and processes, help improve the conditions in the geographic advantage process.
Today, in order to achieve sustainable rural development as well as optimization of local advantages, identifying the factors affecting the utilization of geographical advantages are essential. The villages of the country today are more than ever influenced by the political, economic, social and cultural conditions of their systems as external factors influencing the development of rural settlements. These are factors such as inappropriate government policies at all levels of planning, legislation, management and implementation, bias towards urban areas and large industries, lack of independent civil society organizations, fostering the transformation of villages into cities and so on. Moreover, the internal obstacles of rural communities are such as: low level of awareness of rural stakeholders on their internal and socio-economic capacities, restrictive norms, low power of transformation, and low the power of risk, overcoming traditional approaches to harnessing the potential of rural areas, and the uncertainty and trust between rural communities towards new perspectives and patterns, etc. Both factors are the reasons for neglecting rural areas and lack of proper operation of the capacity and potential in this area. Rural settlements in Khorramabad county have not seen much growth and are facing instability of rural settlements, despite their high potentials and capacities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What are the factors influencing the role of geographical advantages in achieving sustainable development of rural settlements?
Methodology
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the role of geographical advantages in achieving sustainable development in rural settlements of Khorramabad. In this regard, it is a combination (quantitative-qualitative) research method with sequential strategy and exploratory - descriptive research design. Based on this orientation and evaluation, the Q model was selected for problem recognition and analysis. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Khorramabad. The qualitative participants were expert villagers who selected 30 theoretically saturated subjects and data were collected using semi-structured interviews and semi-structured interview card tools. In the quantitative section, we chose village experts. 150 villages out of 647 villages, were selected by simple stratified sampling. Next, one rural mayor or council was selected from each village. In the Q model, Q cards were used to collect data.
Discussion and conclusion
According to rural experts, the lack of role of geographical advantages in the feasibility of sustainable rural development in the study areas is influenced by the following factors: low level of skill and familiarity with modern knowledge, dominance of conservative mindset, lack of creativity and innovation, aging population, dominance of closed cultural beliefs, low income, inflation and uneven distribution of credit resources, market system instability, poor attention to infrastructure and welfare services, rural education and promotion system failure, weak legal-institutional arrangements, lack of system Integrated program for agricultural activities commensurate with domestic and foreign markets, service weakness Production support, low level of security and weakness of processing companies.
Rural experts' perceptions of the inability of geographical advantages to achieve sustainable rural development fall into five categories: economic factors, managerial-institutional factors, socio-cultural factors, human factors, and physical factors, which are economic factors with 25%, managerial-institutional factors with 23.66%, socio-cultural factors with 23.66%, human factors with 20.23% and physical factors with 8.70% had the most influence on the lack of role of geographical advantages in the feasibility of sustainable rural development.
According to the results, meticulous planning in organizing economic, social, political, organizational and managerial and cultural constructions, utilizing the geographical advantages of rural areas is one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustainable rural development. As a result, planners need to identify and analyze the forces and relationships that make the most of these advantages by influencing shaping forces and processes, help improve the conditions in the geographic advantage process.
Mehdi Cheraghi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the topics related to food insecurity coping strategies is recognizing the effective factors for choosing strategies to deal with household food insecurity. Recognition of these factors is essential for planning to reduce the negative effects of food insecurity among rural households. Preliminary studies show that food security in the villages of Halab District, Ijrud County is at a low level, which includes reasons such as distance from food shopping centers, poor infrastructure, health, education and welfare facilities, low employment rate, low income level. However, in the study area, rural areas have suitable natural, economic and social resources and substrates for achieving sustainable rural development. The present study investigated the food insecurity situation of households in Halab District of Ijroud County, and then analyzed the effective factors in choosing strategies to combat food insecurity. Following questions are investigated: 1. What is the most important nutritional strategy of the households in the studied villages to deal with food insecurity? 2. What is the most important non-food strategy of the households in the studied villages to deal with food insecurity? 3. What is the most effective factor in applying strategies to combat food insecurity in the study area?
Methodology
The present research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study . Data were collected by using library and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study is households living in Halab, Ijroud County of Zanjan Province. This section has 29 inhabited villages with a population of 5183 people and 1715 families in the 2016 census. 380 households completed the questionnaire in the households of the studied villages, which was determined using the Cochran's formula. A simple systematic and random method was used for the sample selection. To assess the food security of rural households, the household food insecurity scale method was used, which consisted of 18 questions and to assess food and non-food strategy, 12 indicators was applied. In order to group the food security status of the families with children, the questions and standard grouping of the US Department of Agriculture have been used. Hackman's model was also used to investigate the factors influencing the selection of effective strategies in combating food insecurity. The Hackmann two-stage model was proposed in 1979. This model is designed to eliminate the error in selecting the sample or population under study. In the present study, Hackman's model identifies the variables with their intensity of impact for the implementation of food insecurity coping strategies in the study area.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings related to food security classification of the studied households show that 49.41% of households have food security, 31.76% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 10.59% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger and 8.24% of households have severe food insecurity with hunger. Descriptive findings related to food strategies to combat food insecurity among the rural households studied show that the highest mean is related to the strategy of consuming cheap food and the lowest average is related to the strategy of a full day without food. The results of the model show that with a 99% probability the factors of age, number of household members, type of housing quality and percentage of income from the agricultural sector are effective in applying food strategies to combat food insecurity in the study area. Furthermore, for non-food strategies, the results of the Hackman model can confirm with a 99% confidence level that the factors of age, spouse education, number of household members, number of sons, number of people with university education, head job, spouse job, sub-job, income, irrigated lands, garden lands, having livestock, number of visits to the city during the week, vehicle, receiving bank credits, percentage of income from the industrial sector, percentage of income from the agricultural sector and percentage of income from the service sector are the most effective factors on the application of strategies to combat food insecurity.
One of the topics related to food insecurity coping strategies is recognizing the effective factors for choosing strategies to deal with household food insecurity. Recognition of these factors is essential for planning to reduce the negative effects of food insecurity among rural households. Preliminary studies show that food security in the villages of Halab District, Ijrud County is at a low level, which includes reasons such as distance from food shopping centers, poor infrastructure, health, education and welfare facilities, low employment rate, low income level. However, in the study area, rural areas have suitable natural, economic and social resources and substrates for achieving sustainable rural development. The present study investigated the food insecurity situation of households in Halab District of Ijroud County, and then analyzed the effective factors in choosing strategies to combat food insecurity. Following questions are investigated: 1. What is the most important nutritional strategy of the households in the studied villages to deal with food insecurity? 2. What is the most important non-food strategy of the households in the studied villages to deal with food insecurity? 3. What is the most effective factor in applying strategies to combat food insecurity in the study area?
Methodology
The present research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study . Data were collected by using library and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study is households living in Halab, Ijroud County of Zanjan Province. This section has 29 inhabited villages with a population of 5183 people and 1715 families in the 2016 census. 380 households completed the questionnaire in the households of the studied villages, which was determined using the Cochran's formula. A simple systematic and random method was used for the sample selection. To assess the food security of rural households, the household food insecurity scale method was used, which consisted of 18 questions and to assess food and non-food strategy, 12 indicators was applied. In order to group the food security status of the families with children, the questions and standard grouping of the US Department of Agriculture have been used. Hackman's model was also used to investigate the factors influencing the selection of effective strategies in combating food insecurity. The Hackmann two-stage model was proposed in 1979. This model is designed to eliminate the error in selecting the sample or population under study. In the present study, Hackman's model identifies the variables with their intensity of impact for the implementation of food insecurity coping strategies in the study area.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings related to food security classification of the studied households show that 49.41% of households have food security, 31.76% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 10.59% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger and 8.24% of households have severe food insecurity with hunger. Descriptive findings related to food strategies to combat food insecurity among the rural households studied show that the highest mean is related to the strategy of consuming cheap food and the lowest average is related to the strategy of a full day without food. The results of the model show that with a 99% probability the factors of age, number of household members, type of housing quality and percentage of income from the agricultural sector are effective in applying food strategies to combat food insecurity in the study area. Furthermore, for non-food strategies, the results of the Hackman model can confirm with a 99% confidence level that the factors of age, spouse education, number of household members, number of sons, number of people with university education, head job, spouse job, sub-job, income, irrigated lands, garden lands, having livestock, number of visits to the city during the week, vehicle, receiving bank credits, percentage of income from the industrial sector, percentage of income from the agricultural sector and percentage of income from the service sector are the most effective factors on the application of strategies to combat food insecurity.
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