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Arash Enteghami, Alireza Estalaji, Ali Tavakolan,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Nanotechnology is one of the new scientific topics that has led to economic growth in the world. We need a well-designed plan to apply this technology in rural areas and agricultural products, and creating the right policies for the growth and development of villages. According to the 1404 horizon planning document on the development of nanotechnology, this technology is intended to generate wealth and improve the quality of life of people because it is one of the most important technological developments that can change the structure of production and economic processes in society, especially rural areas. This science is the most important key to economic potential in the 21st century. Therefore, this study aims to identify planning indicators and categorize them based on content analysis while evaluating the advantages and limitations of developing nanotechnology products based on the appropriate strategy model in the development of rural communities.
Methodology
This research is applied and and in terms of method is a quantitative, descriptive and explanatory type. Data was collected using library and field methods. In the field study, a questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.77 was used to interview the experts of the Nanotechnology headquarters, the Organization of Rural and Urban Municipalities, and the professors in the department of geography and rural planning, as well as the agricultural extension and education in Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, which are considered as the statistical population. Since the responsibility of recognizing the strategy is considered to be on senior managers and experts, and they must have a systemic view about the objectives and missions of the organization, 122 individuals as a sample size using a snowball sampling method was considered for this study. The applied research model is SWOT strategic analysis and the quantitative strategic planning model is QSPM. Consequently, implementing the QSPM quantitative model matrix, social, economic, infrastructural and political-managerial factors was prioritized.
Discussion and conclusion
Matrix scoring of external factors shows that the total final score in this matrix is 2.28, which is less than 2.5, so the development of nano-products in rural communities is in threat in terms of external factors. It will also be ahead of its opportunities. In addition, the result of scoring the matrix of internal factors shows the sum of the total final score is 1.68, which is less than 2.5, so the development of nano-products is weak in terms of internal factors. This issue confirms the weakness of the development of nano-products over their strength. Therefore, it seems that there are noticeable number of weaknesses for the development of nano-products in rural development, and by examining and targeting them can increase the development of these products in rural communities. According to the loading of social, economic, infrastructure and political-managerial indicators in the SWOT planning quality matrix and specifically evaluation scores of 2.28 for external factors and 1.16 for internal factors, a defensive strategy for the development of nanotechnology products in rural communities is determined, which ultimately develops four defensive strategies to achieve long-term goals. Including: (WT1): implementing knowledge workers in the field of nano to evaluate and assess the need to reduce the errors of economic development planning of rural communities. (WT2): determining the monitoring mechanisms in order to measure the risks of implementing the policy program related to the Nanotechnology development program on 1404 horizon. (WT3): establishment of a risk assessment office regarding the use of nano-products in the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad and the country's rural development organization. (WT4): establishment of incubator in cooperation with rural ICT offices to raise the knowledge about use of nano-products in rural industries. In the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad and the rural municipality organization over the country. The fourth priority with a score of 4.09 shows the use of specialized labor in the field of nanotechnology to assess the need to reduce errors in the economic development planning of rural communities. Since relatively few chance will be available to address the weaknesses, according to the defensive strategy, we must adopt strategies for risk assessment, awareness and the use of specialized labor while being cautious and conservative. This requires inspecting the predictors for the future in plans and policies to maximize opportunities.
Nanotechnology is one of the new scientific topics that has led to economic growth in the world. We need a well-designed plan to apply this technology in rural areas and agricultural products, and creating the right policies for the growth and development of villages. According to the 1404 horizon planning document on the development of nanotechnology, this technology is intended to generate wealth and improve the quality of life of people because it is one of the most important technological developments that can change the structure of production and economic processes in society, especially rural areas. This science is the most important key to economic potential in the 21st century. Therefore, this study aims to identify planning indicators and categorize them based on content analysis while evaluating the advantages and limitations of developing nanotechnology products based on the appropriate strategy model in the development of rural communities.
Methodology
This research is applied and and in terms of method is a quantitative, descriptive and explanatory type. Data was collected using library and field methods. In the field study, a questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.77 was used to interview the experts of the Nanotechnology headquarters, the Organization of Rural and Urban Municipalities, and the professors in the department of geography and rural planning, as well as the agricultural extension and education in Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, which are considered as the statistical population. Since the responsibility of recognizing the strategy is considered to be on senior managers and experts, and they must have a systemic view about the objectives and missions of the organization, 122 individuals as a sample size using a snowball sampling method was considered for this study. The applied research model is SWOT strategic analysis and the quantitative strategic planning model is QSPM. Consequently, implementing the QSPM quantitative model matrix, social, economic, infrastructural and political-managerial factors was prioritized.
Discussion and conclusion
Matrix scoring of external factors shows that the total final score in this matrix is 2.28, which is less than 2.5, so the development of nano-products in rural communities is in threat in terms of external factors. It will also be ahead of its opportunities. In addition, the result of scoring the matrix of internal factors shows the sum of the total final score is 1.68, which is less than 2.5, so the development of nano-products is weak in terms of internal factors. This issue confirms the weakness of the development of nano-products over their strength. Therefore, it seems that there are noticeable number of weaknesses for the development of nano-products in rural development, and by examining and targeting them can increase the development of these products in rural communities. According to the loading of social, economic, infrastructure and political-managerial indicators in the SWOT planning quality matrix and specifically evaluation scores of 2.28 for external factors and 1.16 for internal factors, a defensive strategy for the development of nanotechnology products in rural communities is determined, which ultimately develops four defensive strategies to achieve long-term goals. Including: (WT1): implementing knowledge workers in the field of nano to evaluate and assess the need to reduce the errors of economic development planning of rural communities. (WT2): determining the monitoring mechanisms in order to measure the risks of implementing the policy program related to the Nanotechnology development program on 1404 horizon. (WT3): establishment of a risk assessment office regarding the use of nano-products in the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad and the country's rural development organization. (WT4): establishment of incubator in cooperation with rural ICT offices to raise the knowledge about use of nano-products in rural industries. In the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad and the rural municipality organization over the country. The fourth priority with a score of 4.09 shows the use of specialized labor in the field of nanotechnology to assess the need to reduce errors in the economic development planning of rural communities. Since relatively few chance will be available to address the weaknesses, according to the defensive strategy, we must adopt strategies for risk assessment, awareness and the use of specialized labor while being cautious and conservative. This requires inspecting the predictors for the future in plans and policies to maximize opportunities.
Mohammad Alizadeh Tooli, Bijan Rahmani, Rahmatullah Monshizadeh, Pegah Moridsadat, Mohammad Taghi Razavian,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 36 (8-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Rural areas in the country, today, suffer from myriad challenges such as poverty, latent unemployment, environmental degradation, inequality in the distribution of opportunities and resources between urban and rural areas, which indicates the failure of former rural development strategies to provide successful solutions to address them. Therefore, sustainable entrepreneurship development targeting sustainable rural development tend to be an appropriate strategy. Sustainable entrepreneurship in a specific geographical area, such as the coastal villages of Qeshm Island resonates many rural areas of the country. Despite the numerous natural and economic potentials, they face with many challenges. Due to lack of comprehensive planning and lack of systemic vision, the coastal villages of Qeshm Island are like other rural areas of the country are currently in a poor situation and faces many problems such as poverty, widespread youth unemployment, water shortages, migration, inadequate infrastructure, etc. Nonetheless, the formation of cooperatives (production, distribution and sale) facilitate rural economic activities. Local organizations, on the other hand, are possible through the formation of competitive and endogenous small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the industrial and service sectors. This can be an appropriate and logical answer to the issues which is along with the development of the agricultural sector.
In these companies, villagers are central to the decisions. The existence of cooperatives, especially actors in this field, as well as obtaining their opinions on sustainable entrepreneurship in coastal villages can be helpful. This study explores the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship from practitioners’ point of view.
Methodology
The present study was conducted in order to meet the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship, which is one of the main concerns. Not only will this improve the level of development of rural communities, but also it helps exploit agricultural lands as one of the most important assets of villagers and national capital in the best way. The analysis of the questionnaire data was done using two software Spss20 and Amos. First, ANOVA, t-test for independent groups, Pearson correlation, and regression were conducted using Spss20 software. Then, goodness of fit test for measuring latent variables of the research, confirmatory factor analysis was used. In addition, in order to test the relationships between latent variables in the conceptual model of the research, structural model analysis was used for path analysis using Amos software. Structural equation modeling is an approach that includes two stages, namely the measurement model and the structural model. The first stage, the measurement model, examines the validity, reliability and relevance of the latent variables of the research using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In the second stage, the structural model evaluates the hypotheses about the relationship between the latent variables (structures) of the research.
Discussion and conclusion
Sustainable entrepreneurship approach in terms of comprehensiveness and attention to the principle of sustainability via combining these assets and resources provides mechanisms for employment and secure the income, and by ignoring the elimination and restrictive methods, local communities will be led to optimal exploitation of natural resources. Entrepreneurial assets concentrate on local basic resources. These assets are presented in the form of a five-dimensional model including human, natural, social, physical and financial capital. The present study was conducted in order to meet the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship, which is one of the main concerns. Not only will this improve the level of development of rural communities, but also it helps exploit agricultural lands as one of the most important assets of villagers and national capital in the best way. To answer this question, a survey was conducted from the community of cooperative experts. Firstly, after reviewing the questionnaires and analyzing the relationship between variables and testing the hypothesis, the result was obtained. Rural development of Qeshm indicates that sustainable entrepreneurship = educational component * 0.28 + socio-cultural component * 0.25 + physical infrastructure component * 0.17 + financial capital component * 0.30 + production-marketing component * 0.37. According to the survey conducted based on the respondents, the most impact is the economic component and the least impact is the knowledge-skills component. Therefore, the greatest impact is related to factors such as profitability, investment, financial strength of users, land prices, different land uses in creating new job opportunities, tourism boom, access to new technologies, diversification of household income, provision of infrastructure by the government, product insurance, the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations, improving government programs and policies, reducing the risk of various land uses.
Rural areas in the country, today, suffer from myriad challenges such as poverty, latent unemployment, environmental degradation, inequality in the distribution of opportunities and resources between urban and rural areas, which indicates the failure of former rural development strategies to provide successful solutions to address them. Therefore, sustainable entrepreneurship development targeting sustainable rural development tend to be an appropriate strategy. Sustainable entrepreneurship in a specific geographical area, such as the coastal villages of Qeshm Island resonates many rural areas of the country. Despite the numerous natural and economic potentials, they face with many challenges. Due to lack of comprehensive planning and lack of systemic vision, the coastal villages of Qeshm Island are like other rural areas of the country are currently in a poor situation and faces many problems such as poverty, widespread youth unemployment, water shortages, migration, inadequate infrastructure, etc. Nonetheless, the formation of cooperatives (production, distribution and sale) facilitate rural economic activities. Local organizations, on the other hand, are possible through the formation of competitive and endogenous small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the industrial and service sectors. This can be an appropriate and logical answer to the issues which is along with the development of the agricultural sector.
In these companies, villagers are central to the decisions. The existence of cooperatives, especially actors in this field, as well as obtaining their opinions on sustainable entrepreneurship in coastal villages can be helpful. This study explores the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship from practitioners’ point of view.
Methodology
The present study was conducted in order to meet the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship, which is one of the main concerns. Not only will this improve the level of development of rural communities, but also it helps exploit agricultural lands as one of the most important assets of villagers and national capital in the best way. The analysis of the questionnaire data was done using two software Spss20 and Amos. First, ANOVA, t-test for independent groups, Pearson correlation, and regression were conducted using Spss20 software. Then, goodness of fit test for measuring latent variables of the research, confirmatory factor analysis was used. In addition, in order to test the relationships between latent variables in the conceptual model of the research, structural model analysis was used for path analysis using Amos software. Structural equation modeling is an approach that includes two stages, namely the measurement model and the structural model. The first stage, the measurement model, examines the validity, reliability and relevance of the latent variables of the research using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In the second stage, the structural model evaluates the hypotheses about the relationship between the latent variables (structures) of the research.
Discussion and conclusion
Sustainable entrepreneurship approach in terms of comprehensiveness and attention to the principle of sustainability via combining these assets and resources provides mechanisms for employment and secure the income, and by ignoring the elimination and restrictive methods, local communities will be led to optimal exploitation of natural resources. Entrepreneurial assets concentrate on local basic resources. These assets are presented in the form of a five-dimensional model including human, natural, social, physical and financial capital. The present study was conducted in order to meet the requirements for sustainable entrepreneurship, which is one of the main concerns. Not only will this improve the level of development of rural communities, but also it helps exploit agricultural lands as one of the most important assets of villagers and national capital in the best way. To answer this question, a survey was conducted from the community of cooperative experts. Firstly, after reviewing the questionnaires and analyzing the relationship between variables and testing the hypothesis, the result was obtained. Rural development of Qeshm indicates that sustainable entrepreneurship = educational component * 0.28 + socio-cultural component * 0.25 + physical infrastructure component * 0.17 + financial capital component * 0.30 + production-marketing component * 0.37. According to the survey conducted based on the respondents, the most impact is the economic component and the least impact is the knowledge-skills component. Therefore, the greatest impact is related to factors such as profitability, investment, financial strength of users, land prices, different land uses in creating new job opportunities, tourism boom, access to new technologies, diversification of household income, provision of infrastructure by the government, product insurance, the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations, improving government programs and policies, reducing the risk of various land uses.
Mojtaba Ghadiri Masom, Mohammad Amin Khorasani, Zahra Torkashvand, Shima Amidi,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Entrepreneurship as a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of human societies has been an invaluable mechanism through which all the factors, resources and facilities of a society are mobilized in a spontaneous and evolutionary fashion, which is the source of many positive economic and social effects and consequences. Knowing about the driving forces of rural entrepreneurship development are crucial. The development of rural entrepreneurship depends on some drivers such as appropriate infrastructure, environmental conditions, social cohesion and solidarity of entrepreneurs in different stages from production to supplement, quality of institutional services, supportive laws and policies and individual and behavioral characteristics of entrepreneurs. Despite the necessity of these drivers, the level of priority and significance are not the same, hence some of them will be mandatory and others might be complementary in the entrepreneurial process. This study seeks to identify the most important drivers of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Iran by a systematic review of scientific publication in recent years, and prioritize these drivers based on their significance.
Methodology
This study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of content. In this study, meta-analysis method was used to identify the drivers of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Iran. 50 published papers in national and international scientific research journals until March 2018 were used to identify the drivers of entrepreneurship development. The main topic of these papers was entrepreneurship in rural areas of Iran. We implemented Q method for extracting and summarizing the most important factors of rural entrepreneurship. To this end, this study selected 38 Q statements as the Q sample. For sorting Q categories using purposive sampling method, 30 individuals familiar with rural entrepreneurship were selected as participants. Finally, factor analysis method in SPSS software was utilized to identify and prioritize the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings of the meta-analysis from the review of sources indicate that among the conducted studies, behavioral, educational and technological, supportive, economic, social, and environmental and infrastructure drivers are among the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship development. Based on the findings of the Q method, which prioritized the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship, the discourse analysis and the participants' mental pattern highlighted the behavioral drivers. Behavioral drivers consist of ability to endure difficult and stressful situations, strengthen the self-confidence, problem solving skills, discipline at working, acknowledging opportunities and be risk-taking. For educational drivers, the participants prioritized adequate access to information channels and resources, investment in research and development to increase productivity, and taking entrepreneurship training courses. For economic drivers, the respondents underscored the access to seed money, granting low-interest loans and tax deduction in creating new production units. On supportive drivers, the priority was for transparent economic and tax rules and household support. The expansion of platforms and infrastructure (road, electricity, telephone, Internet, etc.) was the most important condition for infrastructure drivers. As a result, in order to develop rural entrepreneurship, in addition to these drivers, it is necessary to consider issues such as establishing rural incubators and think tanks, establishing rural development councils and entrepreneurship parks, and providing basic infrastructure for policy makers and planners.
Entrepreneurship as a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of human societies has been an invaluable mechanism through which all the factors, resources and facilities of a society are mobilized in a spontaneous and evolutionary fashion, which is the source of many positive economic and social effects and consequences. Knowing about the driving forces of rural entrepreneurship development are crucial. The development of rural entrepreneurship depends on some drivers such as appropriate infrastructure, environmental conditions, social cohesion and solidarity of entrepreneurs in different stages from production to supplement, quality of institutional services, supportive laws and policies and individual and behavioral characteristics of entrepreneurs. Despite the necessity of these drivers, the level of priority and significance are not the same, hence some of them will be mandatory and others might be complementary in the entrepreneurial process. This study seeks to identify the most important drivers of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Iran by a systematic review of scientific publication in recent years, and prioritize these drivers based on their significance.
Methodology
This study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of content. In this study, meta-analysis method was used to identify the drivers of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Iran. 50 published papers in national and international scientific research journals until March 2018 were used to identify the drivers of entrepreneurship development. The main topic of these papers was entrepreneurship in rural areas of Iran. We implemented Q method for extracting and summarizing the most important factors of rural entrepreneurship. To this end, this study selected 38 Q statements as the Q sample. For sorting Q categories using purposive sampling method, 30 individuals familiar with rural entrepreneurship were selected as participants. Finally, factor analysis method in SPSS software was utilized to identify and prioritize the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings of the meta-analysis from the review of sources indicate that among the conducted studies, behavioral, educational and technological, supportive, economic, social, and environmental and infrastructure drivers are among the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship development. Based on the findings of the Q method, which prioritized the most important drivers of rural entrepreneurship, the discourse analysis and the participants' mental pattern highlighted the behavioral drivers. Behavioral drivers consist of ability to endure difficult and stressful situations, strengthen the self-confidence, problem solving skills, discipline at working, acknowledging opportunities and be risk-taking. For educational drivers, the participants prioritized adequate access to information channels and resources, investment in research and development to increase productivity, and taking entrepreneurship training courses. For economic drivers, the respondents underscored the access to seed money, granting low-interest loans and tax deduction in creating new production units. On supportive drivers, the priority was for transparent economic and tax rules and household support. The expansion of platforms and infrastructure (road, electricity, telephone, Internet, etc.) was the most important condition for infrastructure drivers. As a result, in order to develop rural entrepreneurship, in addition to these drivers, it is necessary to consider issues such as establishing rural incubators and think tanks, establishing rural development councils and entrepreneurship parks, and providing basic infrastructure for policy makers and planners.
Neda Bani Asdi, Davood Samari, Seyed Jamal Farajullah Hosseini, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Agricultural processing industries are groups in which an agricultural product is transformed to achieve better consumption, better supply and increase economic value. Thus the nature of both primary and secondary products are the same, but compared to the raw material, the final product is totally novel. Establishment of processing and complementary industries has positive and significant effects on strengthening the rural economy, which enhances the level and variety of products and preserves agricultural lands and rural landscape. Among agricultural products, date is one of the most important and strategic horticultural products in Iran. About 17% of the cultivated area and 13% of world date production are in Iran. Also, according to the latest Iranian Customs Office statistics in 2011, the export of dates from Iran raised 17.7 percent compared to 2010 and reached to more than 174 million dollars. Innovation is vital to a civilization. The new era of global development is experiencing an extensive competition based on innovation to access scarce and limited resources, which guarantees the long-term and sustainable growth path of society. Innovation is considered as an idea or attitude related to a product, service, machinery, policy and program that is new and implemented by an organization. Total Innovation Management (TIM) provides the components for the organization, culture, strategy and the relationship between them as well as a model for the relationship between non-technology and technology. The TIM implementation has three transformations. It expands from single to complete innovation, from segregated to integrated innovation, and from focusing merely on the company's internal resources to emphasizing the integration of internal and external resources. Therefore, innovation will not only be the responsibility of some individuals or functions but also an integrated strategic process for adding and creating value and involving all members of the organization at any time and place.
Methodology
This research is descriptive-analytical and using a survey method for data collection. The statistical population of this research is 200 people who are active in the three domains of marketing, packaging and processing of date in the processing and complementary industries in Kerman Province. The sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula and155 people were determined by a simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which has 58 items. For the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of experts were used and for the reliability the Cronbach's alpha was used, which was confirmed (higher than 0.70). In order to analyze the collected data, multiple regression and One-Way variance analysis.
Discussion and conclusion
The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the total innovation management in the development of date processing and complementary industries in Kerman Province. Findings confirmed that the relationship between innovation culture and the development of processing and complementary industries of dates is directly significant and innovation strategy has an inverse relationship to the culture of innovation. In other words, the value of strategic innovation decreased, but the culture of innovation increased. In the case of technology management, as the findings showed, the values are positive, i.e. with the rise in technology management variable, the development of processing and complementary industries increases. Also, with the organizational structure variable, the value of “b” related to innovation culture and strategic innovation and technology management decreases. However, organizational structure has increased. The values for the organizational structure variable are positive, i.e. with the rise in the organizational structure variable, the rate of processing and complementary industries of dates improves. It seems that Kerman Province has the necessary conditions and capabilities for date cultivation and expansion of processing and complementary industries of this product. Establishment of complementary industries and date processing in the region can contribute to suitable conditions for economic development of Kerman Province by providing higher efficiency and profit for conventional date production, hence causing more income and higher standard of living for businesses.
Agricultural processing industries are groups in which an agricultural product is transformed to achieve better consumption, better supply and increase economic value. Thus the nature of both primary and secondary products are the same, but compared to the raw material, the final product is totally novel. Establishment of processing and complementary industries has positive and significant effects on strengthening the rural economy, which enhances the level and variety of products and preserves agricultural lands and rural landscape. Among agricultural products, date is one of the most important and strategic horticultural products in Iran. About 17% of the cultivated area and 13% of world date production are in Iran. Also, according to the latest Iranian Customs Office statistics in 2011, the export of dates from Iran raised 17.7 percent compared to 2010 and reached to more than 174 million dollars. Innovation is vital to a civilization. The new era of global development is experiencing an extensive competition based on innovation to access scarce and limited resources, which guarantees the long-term and sustainable growth path of society. Innovation is considered as an idea or attitude related to a product, service, machinery, policy and program that is new and implemented by an organization. Total Innovation Management (TIM) provides the components for the organization, culture, strategy and the relationship between them as well as a model for the relationship between non-technology and technology. The TIM implementation has three transformations. It expands from single to complete innovation, from segregated to integrated innovation, and from focusing merely on the company's internal resources to emphasizing the integration of internal and external resources. Therefore, innovation will not only be the responsibility of some individuals or functions but also an integrated strategic process for adding and creating value and involving all members of the organization at any time and place.
Methodology
This research is descriptive-analytical and using a survey method for data collection. The statistical population of this research is 200 people who are active in the three domains of marketing, packaging and processing of date in the processing and complementary industries in Kerman Province. The sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula and155 people were determined by a simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which has 58 items. For the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of experts were used and for the reliability the Cronbach's alpha was used, which was confirmed (higher than 0.70). In order to analyze the collected data, multiple regression and One-Way variance analysis.
Discussion and conclusion
The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the total innovation management in the development of date processing and complementary industries in Kerman Province. Findings confirmed that the relationship between innovation culture and the development of processing and complementary industries of dates is directly significant and innovation strategy has an inverse relationship to the culture of innovation. In other words, the value of strategic innovation decreased, but the culture of innovation increased. In the case of technology management, as the findings showed, the values are positive, i.e. with the rise in technology management variable, the development of processing and complementary industries increases. Also, with the organizational structure variable, the value of “b” related to innovation culture and strategic innovation and technology management decreases. However, organizational structure has increased. The values for the organizational structure variable are positive, i.e. with the rise in the organizational structure variable, the rate of processing and complementary industries of dates improves. It seems that Kerman Province has the necessary conditions and capabilities for date cultivation and expansion of processing and complementary industries of this product. Establishment of complementary industries and date processing in the region can contribute to suitable conditions for economic development of Kerman Province by providing higher efficiency and profit for conventional date production, hence causing more income and higher standard of living for businesses.
Alireza Karimi, Hossein Daneshmehr,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Social capital is a way of economic empowerment of local and rural communities with which they can overcome the poverty in these communities. Bourdieu underscores the convertibility of various forms of capital and the final alteration of all forms of capital into economic capital. He believes that among all types of capital, economic capital has the ability to convert to other capitals easily and quickly. However, social capital is no only difficult to convert, but also it cannot be easily used as a direct alternative for other forms of capital. Actors can have direct access to economic resources and capital through social capital.
In developing countries such as Iran especially in rural areas, social capital as an independent variable and its effects on economic empowerment or as Bourdieu argues the conversion of social capital into economic capital has been less investigated. This must be also the case for the areas in border of Marivan County. A large part of the borderline region of Marivan County in Kurdistan Province includes the villages of Khav and Mirabad Districts. Economic empowerment is crucial for these villages to maintain their population and hence the border security particularly for the piggyback cross-border smuggling phenomenon. Accordingly, economic empowerment of the border villagers of Marivan County is an absolute necessity. The main questions of this study are: 1. What is level the economic empowerment of villagers and their social capital? 2. What is the relation of social capital to economic empowerment of the villagers?
Methodology
A survey method was used for a quantitative data collection by a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Khav and Mirabad District of Marivan County in Kurdistan Province. Khav and Mirabad District comprises one rural district including 39 villages, 32 of which are inhabited. Khav and Mirabad District is located in the west of Marivan County and the Iran-Iraq border. The samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. From a total of 32 inhabited villages in Khav and Mirabad District, 22 villages were selected as the sample. The selection of these villages is inconsistence with their geographical location and population. The selection of these villages is based on their geographical location and population. The independent variable of study or social capital was measured via 7 indicators. The indicators used are subjective participation, objective participation, social interactions, social cohesion, in-group trust, out-group trust and institutional trust. The dependent variable of the research or the economic empowerment of the villagers, examines the extent of the villagers' ability to increase income, create new jobs, save money, repay bank installments, etc.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings of this study show that social capital has inverse relation to the economic empowerment of the villagers. However, examining the indicators and their significance indicate that in-group social capital in the community has strengthened and out-group social capital has weakened. The relation of indexes of out-group social capital such as out-group social trust and institutional trust with economic empowerment was not significant, but their direction is positive. Although in-group social capital in the rural community has beneficial functions in rural ceremonies and collective actions, the emphasis on that and ignoring out-group social capital lead to reproducing traditional capabilities. Weak rural communication network and emphasis on in-group communication reduces the likelihood of novel activities and capabilities in rural communities. In fact, localized networks are good for developing small enterprise like farming, animal husbandry and retailing in the rural community, or latest informal jobs like piggyback cross-border smuggling and construction workers in Tehran.
Planners and public administrative in rural development have been taking the simplest way to empower the rural community, which is the allocation of small loans or a kind of distribution of money in the rural community. Despite its inefficiency, it remains the most common method of economic empowerment in rural communities. Gaining the trust of the villagers by rural community institutions, teaching new and relevant skills to the rural community, avoiding the money distribution among the villagers in the form of loans, using social capital within the villagers to form cooperatives production are the strategies with durability and more effectiveness
Social capital is a way of economic empowerment of local and rural communities with which they can overcome the poverty in these communities. Bourdieu underscores the convertibility of various forms of capital and the final alteration of all forms of capital into economic capital. He believes that among all types of capital, economic capital has the ability to convert to other capitals easily and quickly. However, social capital is no only difficult to convert, but also it cannot be easily used as a direct alternative for other forms of capital. Actors can have direct access to economic resources and capital through social capital.
In developing countries such as Iran especially in rural areas, social capital as an independent variable and its effects on economic empowerment or as Bourdieu argues the conversion of social capital into economic capital has been less investigated. This must be also the case for the areas in border of Marivan County. A large part of the borderline region of Marivan County in Kurdistan Province includes the villages of Khav and Mirabad Districts. Economic empowerment is crucial for these villages to maintain their population and hence the border security particularly for the piggyback cross-border smuggling phenomenon. Accordingly, economic empowerment of the border villagers of Marivan County is an absolute necessity. The main questions of this study are: 1. What is level the economic empowerment of villagers and their social capital? 2. What is the relation of social capital to economic empowerment of the villagers?
Methodology
A survey method was used for a quantitative data collection by a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Khav and Mirabad District of Marivan County in Kurdistan Province. Khav and Mirabad District comprises one rural district including 39 villages, 32 of which are inhabited. Khav and Mirabad District is located in the west of Marivan County and the Iran-Iraq border. The samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. From a total of 32 inhabited villages in Khav and Mirabad District, 22 villages were selected as the sample. The selection of these villages is inconsistence with their geographical location and population. The selection of these villages is based on their geographical location and population. The independent variable of study or social capital was measured via 7 indicators. The indicators used are subjective participation, objective participation, social interactions, social cohesion, in-group trust, out-group trust and institutional trust. The dependent variable of the research or the economic empowerment of the villagers, examines the extent of the villagers' ability to increase income, create new jobs, save money, repay bank installments, etc.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings of this study show that social capital has inverse relation to the economic empowerment of the villagers. However, examining the indicators and their significance indicate that in-group social capital in the community has strengthened and out-group social capital has weakened. The relation of indexes of out-group social capital such as out-group social trust and institutional trust with economic empowerment was not significant, but their direction is positive. Although in-group social capital in the rural community has beneficial functions in rural ceremonies and collective actions, the emphasis on that and ignoring out-group social capital lead to reproducing traditional capabilities. Weak rural communication network and emphasis on in-group communication reduces the likelihood of novel activities and capabilities in rural communities. In fact, localized networks are good for developing small enterprise like farming, animal husbandry and retailing in the rural community, or latest informal jobs like piggyback cross-border smuggling and construction workers in Tehran.
Planners and public administrative in rural development have been taking the simplest way to empower the rural community, which is the allocation of small loans or a kind of distribution of money in the rural community. Despite its inefficiency, it remains the most common method of economic empowerment in rural communities. Gaining the trust of the villagers by rural community institutions, teaching new and relevant skills to the rural community, avoiding the money distribution among the villagers in the form of loans, using social capital within the villagers to form cooperatives production are the strategies with durability and more effectiveness
Mahdiyeh Saei, Pirooz Shakeri, Asghar Salehi, Sefatolah Rahmani,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Providing qualified, healthy and enough food for the population of the country has always been a fundamental issue for government officials and experts. At the same time, the economic growth of the society, the raise of consumption of livestock products in the household and the growth of the population have increased the demand for these products. Given these, conducting new scientific research for sustainable development of animal husbandry and promotion of livestock production is one of the inevitable strategies. Kerman Province has a dry/arid climate, but due to its large rangelands, it is one of the traditional nomadic places for rural livestock activities in the country. Because of unbalanced distribution, some areas of Kerman Province have a good ability to produce livestock, especially in rural and nomadic areas, which has a large share in supplying meat and dairy products needed for local people and even exported to neighboring places. At present, the north of Kerman province is ranked the 13th red meat, egg and honey producer, the 17th milk producer and the 18th chicken meat producer. The amount of animal husbandry employment in this province is 40%. A small amount of studies in Iran investigated structural and institutional factors influencing the sustainable development of the livestock industry. This is a common issue for other countries too. Studies have been mostly on the factors on sustainable development of other sectors such as tourism, sustainable rural development, etc.
Methodology
According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as an applied and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. The statistical population consisted of three groups: experts of the deputy for livestock in Agricultural Jahad Organization of Kerman Province, experts of the Animal Sciences Research Department of the Kerman Agricultural Research Center, and some representatives of private sector organizations. 20 individuals were selecetd from these groups. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including 70 close questions. This questionnaire was divided in 7 domains (indicators): vision, objectives and macro strategies in policy (4 items), process and cycles of input supply and sales of livestock products (4 items), vision, objective and strategies for sustainable development of livestock industry (12 items), upgrading the capacity of existing economic activities in the livestock industry (18 items), sustainable development programs in the livestock industry (10 items), effective mechanisms in sustainable development of the livestock industry (13 items), social and institutional requirements for implementation of development projects (7 items).
Discussion and conclusion
The results of the study obtained using descriptive and inferential statistics showed that for the vision, objectives and macro strategies in policy for Kerman Province in the official documents (before the Sixth National Development Plan and after two-year implementation of the Plan), the most successful livestock was first the heavy livestock and then the poultry. Light livestock and aquatic animals are the next prospering livestock before the Sixth National Development Plan. However, the performance of the two-year implementation of the Sixth Plan has been less successful than the previous plans, so this need to be addressed in planning and policy making. Regarding the process and cycles of input supply and sales of livestock products, experts believe that supplying the inputs (fodder and concentrate, chickens, genes, vaccines, medicine, etc.) before production, and then services and supply during production, such as veterinary and health services, technical guidance to production units are the most effective measures. On the other hand, marketing procedure and products supply to the final consumer as well as the collection, processing and processing of livestock products are less important. Therefore, the problems of providing inputs and fodder and services should be a priority for the relevant organizations. One of the most effective indicators of sustainable development of the livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province is the income enhancement. Consequently, any policy for sustainable development of the livestock industry should first increase the income for the ranchers. The experts also believe that the facilitation of the Agriculture Jahad Organization is the most effective action for enhancing the capacity of economic activities in the livestock industry. The facilitator enables the group or organization to operate more effectively, increase collaboration, and create cooperation. The facilitator also encourages individuals to participate, understand each other, and collectively do tasks. Among the current programs for sustainable development of the livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province, increasing production and productivity is of the highest importance from the experts' point of view. Improving the entrepreneurial attitude and identifying human resources in the livestock industry to implement projects are the other variables that can pave the way for improving and promoting the sustainable development of the rural livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province.
Providing qualified, healthy and enough food for the population of the country has always been a fundamental issue for government officials and experts. At the same time, the economic growth of the society, the raise of consumption of livestock products in the household and the growth of the population have increased the demand for these products. Given these, conducting new scientific research for sustainable development of animal husbandry and promotion of livestock production is one of the inevitable strategies. Kerman Province has a dry/arid climate, but due to its large rangelands, it is one of the traditional nomadic places for rural livestock activities in the country. Because of unbalanced distribution, some areas of Kerman Province have a good ability to produce livestock, especially in rural and nomadic areas, which has a large share in supplying meat and dairy products needed for local people and even exported to neighboring places. At present, the north of Kerman province is ranked the 13th red meat, egg and honey producer, the 17th milk producer and the 18th chicken meat producer. The amount of animal husbandry employment in this province is 40%. A small amount of studies in Iran investigated structural and institutional factors influencing the sustainable development of the livestock industry. This is a common issue for other countries too. Studies have been mostly on the factors on sustainable development of other sectors such as tourism, sustainable rural development, etc.
Methodology
According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as an applied and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. The statistical population consisted of three groups: experts of the deputy for livestock in Agricultural Jahad Organization of Kerman Province, experts of the Animal Sciences Research Department of the Kerman Agricultural Research Center, and some representatives of private sector organizations. 20 individuals were selecetd from these groups. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including 70 close questions. This questionnaire was divided in 7 domains (indicators): vision, objectives and macro strategies in policy (4 items), process and cycles of input supply and sales of livestock products (4 items), vision, objective and strategies for sustainable development of livestock industry (12 items), upgrading the capacity of existing economic activities in the livestock industry (18 items), sustainable development programs in the livestock industry (10 items), effective mechanisms in sustainable development of the livestock industry (13 items), social and institutional requirements for implementation of development projects (7 items).
Discussion and conclusion
The results of the study obtained using descriptive and inferential statistics showed that for the vision, objectives and macro strategies in policy for Kerman Province in the official documents (before the Sixth National Development Plan and after two-year implementation of the Plan), the most successful livestock was first the heavy livestock and then the poultry. Light livestock and aquatic animals are the next prospering livestock before the Sixth National Development Plan. However, the performance of the two-year implementation of the Sixth Plan has been less successful than the previous plans, so this need to be addressed in planning and policy making. Regarding the process and cycles of input supply and sales of livestock products, experts believe that supplying the inputs (fodder and concentrate, chickens, genes, vaccines, medicine, etc.) before production, and then services and supply during production, such as veterinary and health services, technical guidance to production units are the most effective measures. On the other hand, marketing procedure and products supply to the final consumer as well as the collection, processing and processing of livestock products are less important. Therefore, the problems of providing inputs and fodder and services should be a priority for the relevant organizations. One of the most effective indicators of sustainable development of the livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province is the income enhancement. Consequently, any policy for sustainable development of the livestock industry should first increase the income for the ranchers. The experts also believe that the facilitation of the Agriculture Jahad Organization is the most effective action for enhancing the capacity of economic activities in the livestock industry. The facilitator enables the group or organization to operate more effectively, increase collaboration, and create cooperation. The facilitator also encourages individuals to participate, understand each other, and collectively do tasks. Among the current programs for sustainable development of the livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province, increasing production and productivity is of the highest importance from the experts' point of view. Improving the entrepreneurial attitude and identifying human resources in the livestock industry to implement projects are the other variables that can pave the way for improving and promoting the sustainable development of the rural livestock industry in the north of Kerman Province.
Osman Hedayat, Shahram Basity,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important conditions and challenges that have affected the life in border areas is the border economy. Border economy refers to trade and economic exchanges and interactions across borders that can lead to economic and social change in border areas. These exchanges and interactions may take place legally or illegally, and formally or informally. In any case, all these actions will have extensive social and economic consequences for border areas. The extension of these consequences for border villages might be vital because of proximity to border and the weakness of social and economic conditions. In this situation, border villages are marginalized as areas with low competitiveness and exchange capacity to be part of the development programs, policies and strategies. Border villages are also exposed to growth and continuity of opportunities and threats which affect the quality of life and the needs of residents. This situation can seem more complex when we add the access to services, the ecological threats of border areas, and the issue of migration. Regarding all these problems, habitability of rural areas is so challenging. The present study with a sustainable development and rural habitability perspective investigates the effects of border economy on the habitability of rural border areas of Khav and Mirabad District. So the questions of the study are as follows: how the socio-economic habitability of the border villages and to what extend the socio-economic condition of these areas is instable?
Methodology
A qualitative methodology has been adopted for this study. Among the qualitative methods, the grounded theory is suitable for developing theoretical framework, which recognizes the social problems. It has characteristics such as theoretical capability, continuous and active relationship of the researcher with the topic and flexibility. Due to the nature of the present study, we used the "semi-structured interview" tool. Theoretical and purposeful sampling methods are used to select the interviewees who were asked the questions related to the research objectives. The length of the interview varied from one to two hours at their place of residence. Interviews were conducted with 46 key informants, including rural mayor, councils and religious actors in Nanur Rural District in Baneh County. According to the geographical location, Nanur Rural District has 17 villages located near the borderline. The existence of Siranband Border Market and Baneh free trade zone has given a special sitution to these villages.
Discussion and conclusion
The interviews findings showed that the border economy has strongly affected the living conditions of residents. Geographical and border conditions have shaped this situation. Uneven land elevation, land fragmentation, avoiding to use land resources, land conflicts are the most important components of the border consequences. Opportunistic attitude of border residents, lack of education, increasing dependence of villagers on public financial support, defective border markets and increasing smuggling of goods, land grabbing by capitalists are some reasons for shaping border economy of these areas. These indicate that border communities have been experiencing social and cultural transformation. Given that, the areas are facing a decrease in the economic balance. In addition, factors such as institutional barriers to production, lack of investment in agriculture, animal husbandry and industry, and security and militant orientation to these regions have contributed to the border situation, which implies the weakness of development infrastructure. We concluded that the consequences of cross-border economic effects on rural habitability was instability and reduced socio-economic resilience. Components such as high price, dependence on public support, high unemployment and lack of sales of villagers' products, and transaction intermediaries have led to poverty and instability and livelihoods reduction in the villages. However, the villagers and organizations have taken measures to deal with these consequences. Rural development and reconstruction, agricultural prosperity and turning to modern animal husbandry, reverse migration have been among the actions of the villagers, which have brought about positive results. The public organization actions such as issuing border cards and fuel cards and establishing border cooperatives have been temporary and had negative results due to political and ideological issues, and even aggravated the instability of the villages.
One of the most important conditions and challenges that have affected the life in border areas is the border economy. Border economy refers to trade and economic exchanges and interactions across borders that can lead to economic and social change in border areas. These exchanges and interactions may take place legally or illegally, and formally or informally. In any case, all these actions will have extensive social and economic consequences for border areas. The extension of these consequences for border villages might be vital because of proximity to border and the weakness of social and economic conditions. In this situation, border villages are marginalized as areas with low competitiveness and exchange capacity to be part of the development programs, policies and strategies. Border villages are also exposed to growth and continuity of opportunities and threats which affect the quality of life and the needs of residents. This situation can seem more complex when we add the access to services, the ecological threats of border areas, and the issue of migration. Regarding all these problems, habitability of rural areas is so challenging. The present study with a sustainable development and rural habitability perspective investigates the effects of border economy on the habitability of rural border areas of Khav and Mirabad District. So the questions of the study are as follows: how the socio-economic habitability of the border villages and to what extend the socio-economic condition of these areas is instable?
Methodology
A qualitative methodology has been adopted for this study. Among the qualitative methods, the grounded theory is suitable for developing theoretical framework, which recognizes the social problems. It has characteristics such as theoretical capability, continuous and active relationship of the researcher with the topic and flexibility. Due to the nature of the present study, we used the "semi-structured interview" tool. Theoretical and purposeful sampling methods are used to select the interviewees who were asked the questions related to the research objectives. The length of the interview varied from one to two hours at their place of residence. Interviews were conducted with 46 key informants, including rural mayor, councils and religious actors in Nanur Rural District in Baneh County. According to the geographical location, Nanur Rural District has 17 villages located near the borderline. The existence of Siranband Border Market and Baneh free trade zone has given a special sitution to these villages.
Discussion and conclusion
The interviews findings showed that the border economy has strongly affected the living conditions of residents. Geographical and border conditions have shaped this situation. Uneven land elevation, land fragmentation, avoiding to use land resources, land conflicts are the most important components of the border consequences. Opportunistic attitude of border residents, lack of education, increasing dependence of villagers on public financial support, defective border markets and increasing smuggling of goods, land grabbing by capitalists are some reasons for shaping border economy of these areas. These indicate that border communities have been experiencing social and cultural transformation. Given that, the areas are facing a decrease in the economic balance. In addition, factors such as institutional barriers to production, lack of investment in agriculture, animal husbandry and industry, and security and militant orientation to these regions have contributed to the border situation, which implies the weakness of development infrastructure. We concluded that the consequences of cross-border economic effects on rural habitability was instability and reduced socio-economic resilience. Components such as high price, dependence on public support, high unemployment and lack of sales of villagers' products, and transaction intermediaries have led to poverty and instability and livelihoods reduction in the villages. However, the villagers and organizations have taken measures to deal with these consequences. Rural development and reconstruction, agricultural prosperity and turning to modern animal husbandry, reverse migration have been among the actions of the villagers, which have brought about positive results. The public organization actions such as issuing border cards and fuel cards and establishing border cooperatives have been temporary and had negative results due to political and ideological issues, and even aggravated the instability of the villages.
Hassanali Faraji Sabokbar, Alireza Darban Astaneh, Kourosh Akhavan Heydari, Masoud Modanlou Jouybari, Helia Khatami,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Good governance is one of the most important and recent concepts that has been addressed in the development literature since the 1980s. A good rural governance is one of the basic requirements for achieving sustainable development. Rural entrepreneurship seeks to find the right combination of resources for economic activities to maximize profits. Moreover, rural entrepreneurs seek innovation and creativity in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, land use and optimal, diverse and innovative resource utilization for rural development. However, the development of businesses and rural entrepreneurship will not be possible without the entrepreneurial support of rural governance. Good rural governance is the implementation of rural policies in line with the people's interest and compatible with national, regional and local interests. It plays an important role in shaping regulation, and promoting and facilitating entrepreneurship for entrepreneurs. Efforts by public and private institutions at the societal level can reduce the constraints of entrepreneurship by reducing opportunity costs for new businesses. The word entrepreneurship comes from a French word meaning commitment and implies the process of creating value through the formation of a unique set of resources in order to take advantage of opportunities.
Methodology
The present research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection has been done in both filed study and desk research. The statistical population of this study is households living in rural areas of Gomishan County which consists of 5111 households. The unit of analysis is divided in three groups of households in the northern and eastern and western zones of Gomishan. In this study, 263 samples are taken in a systematic random sampling method using Cochran's formula. This study analyzed data in a multidisciplinary decision-making approach using WASPAS method and Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), which identifies and determines the relationships between 31 factors. These are extracted from interviews with experts as well as previous studies on good governance and entrepreneurship.
Discussion and conclusion
In the ISM graph, the factor of participation and legitimacy is at the lowest level of the good governance indicator in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities, so these variables should be prioritized. The factor of efficiency and effectiveness also acts as a basis in the second level. The factors of consensus oriented, equity and inclusiveness are in the third level, and the factors of transparency and responsiveness are in the fourth level, and the factors of accountability are in the fifth level. In examining the impact and dependency of the variables of effectiveness and efficiency, consensus oriented and legitimacy are more influenced by other factors and from a systemic dependent element. In other words, many factors are involved in creating these elements and they can be less likely to cause the other variables. The variables of equity and inclusiveness are in the group of independent (autonomous) variables that have weak drive and dependence. These variables are relatively unconnected to the system and have high drive and low dependence. Transparency, accountability and participation are among the major effective variables of good governance in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities. Basically, variables that have high impact power are called major variables. These variables fall into one of two groups of independent or linkage variables. Accountability is one of the linkage variables and has a high drive power and dependence. On the solution of the linear model in the best-worst method, participation variable with a weight of 0.401 were ranked first, as the most important index and accountability variable with a weight of 0.024 ranked eight, the least important indicator of good governance in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities. The adaptability rate is at an acceptable level of 0.013. Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment is a new technique with high effectiveness and efficiency in the decision-making process. This technique is a combination of weighted sum model and weighted linear combination that make the output of the model very accurate. The findings show that in Gomishan County in terms of the effect of good governance factor facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities, the first, second and third ranks are the villages of the eastern area with a value of 3.365, the villages of the western area with a value of 3.229, and the villages of the northern area with a value of 3.117, respectively.
Good governance is one of the most important and recent concepts that has been addressed in the development literature since the 1980s. A good rural governance is one of the basic requirements for achieving sustainable development. Rural entrepreneurship seeks to find the right combination of resources for economic activities to maximize profits. Moreover, rural entrepreneurs seek innovation and creativity in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, land use and optimal, diverse and innovative resource utilization for rural development. However, the development of businesses and rural entrepreneurship will not be possible without the entrepreneurial support of rural governance. Good rural governance is the implementation of rural policies in line with the people's interest and compatible with national, regional and local interests. It plays an important role in shaping regulation, and promoting and facilitating entrepreneurship for entrepreneurs. Efforts by public and private institutions at the societal level can reduce the constraints of entrepreneurship by reducing opportunity costs for new businesses. The word entrepreneurship comes from a French word meaning commitment and implies the process of creating value through the formation of a unique set of resources in order to take advantage of opportunities.
Methodology
The present research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection has been done in both filed study and desk research. The statistical population of this study is households living in rural areas of Gomishan County which consists of 5111 households. The unit of analysis is divided in three groups of households in the northern and eastern and western zones of Gomishan. In this study, 263 samples are taken in a systematic random sampling method using Cochran's formula. This study analyzed data in a multidisciplinary decision-making approach using WASPAS method and Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), which identifies and determines the relationships between 31 factors. These are extracted from interviews with experts as well as previous studies on good governance and entrepreneurship.
Discussion and conclusion
In the ISM graph, the factor of participation and legitimacy is at the lowest level of the good governance indicator in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities, so these variables should be prioritized. The factor of efficiency and effectiveness also acts as a basis in the second level. The factors of consensus oriented, equity and inclusiveness are in the third level, and the factors of transparency and responsiveness are in the fourth level, and the factors of accountability are in the fifth level. In examining the impact and dependency of the variables of effectiveness and efficiency, consensus oriented and legitimacy are more influenced by other factors and from a systemic dependent element. In other words, many factors are involved in creating these elements and they can be less likely to cause the other variables. The variables of equity and inclusiveness are in the group of independent (autonomous) variables that have weak drive and dependence. These variables are relatively unconnected to the system and have high drive and low dependence. Transparency, accountability and participation are among the major effective variables of good governance in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities. Basically, variables that have high impact power are called major variables. These variables fall into one of two groups of independent or linkage variables. Accountability is one of the linkage variables and has a high drive power and dependence. On the solution of the linear model in the best-worst method, participation variable with a weight of 0.401 were ranked first, as the most important index and accountability variable with a weight of 0.024 ranked eight, the least important indicator of good governance in facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities. The adaptability rate is at an acceptable level of 0.013. Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment is a new technique with high effectiveness and efficiency in the decision-making process. This technique is a combination of weighted sum model and weighted linear combination that make the output of the model very accurate. The findings show that in Gomishan County in terms of the effect of good governance factor facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities, the first, second and third ranks are the villages of the eastern area with a value of 3.365, the villages of the western area with a value of 3.229, and the villages of the northern area with a value of 3.117, respectively.
Somayeh Ashouri Moridani, Mohammad Baset Ghoreyshi, Issa Pourramzan,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
The limited financial capital in villages and the distance between rural production units and the policy of urban financial institutions have caused the lack of financial resources for villagers. It should be noted that the low returns of both labor and capital factors has reduced the incentive for financial institutions to invest in agriculture, industry and services. In order to overcome this problem, one of the solutions within the framework of rural development policies is to provide micro-credits. This mechanism, which can eliminate the major problems of the rural economic system, has been widely appreciated in the last decade. Being so successful to a great extent, the United Nations named 2005 the Year of Micro credit.
The various capabilities of Masal County in Gilan Province have caused managers to seek financial funding from the government for various economic, physical and social sectors of villages to reduce rural poverty and boost local productivity. To this end, the credits were granted from the Agricultural Jahad Organization for agriculture (agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry) and the banks for tourism and handicrafts to the villagers.
Methodology
According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as an applied and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. A descriptive method was used to identify the current situation in rural areas of Masal County. In this way, the agricultural land capability and the quantitative and qualitative status of agricultural inputs were identified. Documentary research and field studies were used to collect the required data. In the next step, these descriptive findings were evaluated to analyze the role of financial credits in creating agricultural developments using statistical analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of villagers living in rural areas of Masal County. According to the census of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016, Masal has 94 inhabited villages with 9380 households and 29019 people and 14 uninhabited villages, which includes 55.1% of the total population of Masal County. 15 sample villages were selected, which include 2406 households. Using Cochran's formula, we determine 331 households as the sample size to complete the questionnaire.
Discussion and conclusion
63% of the total respondents received loans and financial credits in the agricultural sector. 37.8% of them admitted that the role of these credits in guiding the villagers towards new cultivation methods was moderate. 33.5% believe that the share of financial credits in increasing rural agricultural production has been between 11% and 19%. In other words, we can say: 58.9% of the respondents who used the received credits in the agricultural sector presume the effectiveness of the credits to be less than 20%.
After evaluating and analyzing each of the components related to financial credits for the agricultural developments, each item for the components was scored. The weighted mean of the items shows that the item "role of financial credits in creating new and high-yield crops" with an average of 3.98 in the first place, the item "willingness of villagers to reuse financial credits in the agricultural sector" with an average of 3.72 in the second place, and the item "The effect of financial credits on bringing villagers to provide advanced equipment, tools and machinery in increasing land productivity" with an average of 2.86 is in third place.
Based on this we can say: Granting financial credits to farming villagers has made them more capable of carrying out economic activities in the agricultural sector. By providing suitable inputs such as seeds, seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, as well as improving agricultural and horticultural lands, and using advanced tools and equipment, they were able to increase the efficiency of their lands. In some cases, they were able to exploit bare lands, and help increase the land use. After increasing production and the improvement of the living conditions of the villagers, the service sector has greatly decreased. Based on this we can say: Financial credits have been able to bring about changes in the agricultural sector in rural areas of Masal County. Thus, they have a positive effect on them.
The limited financial capital in villages and the distance between rural production units and the policy of urban financial institutions have caused the lack of financial resources for villagers. It should be noted that the low returns of both labor and capital factors has reduced the incentive for financial institutions to invest in agriculture, industry and services. In order to overcome this problem, one of the solutions within the framework of rural development policies is to provide micro-credits. This mechanism, which can eliminate the major problems of the rural economic system, has been widely appreciated in the last decade. Being so successful to a great extent, the United Nations named 2005 the Year of Micro credit.
The various capabilities of Masal County in Gilan Province have caused managers to seek financial funding from the government for various economic, physical and social sectors of villages to reduce rural poverty and boost local productivity. To this end, the credits were granted from the Agricultural Jahad Organization for agriculture (agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry) and the banks for tourism and handicrafts to the villagers.
Methodology
According to the purpose, nature and method, this study is considered as an applied and descriptive-analytical research, respectively. A descriptive method was used to identify the current situation in rural areas of Masal County. In this way, the agricultural land capability and the quantitative and qualitative status of agricultural inputs were identified. Documentary research and field studies were used to collect the required data. In the next step, these descriptive findings were evaluated to analyze the role of financial credits in creating agricultural developments using statistical analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of villagers living in rural areas of Masal County. According to the census of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016, Masal has 94 inhabited villages with 9380 households and 29019 people and 14 uninhabited villages, which includes 55.1% of the total population of Masal County. 15 sample villages were selected, which include 2406 households. Using Cochran's formula, we determine 331 households as the sample size to complete the questionnaire.
Discussion and conclusion
63% of the total respondents received loans and financial credits in the agricultural sector. 37.8% of them admitted that the role of these credits in guiding the villagers towards new cultivation methods was moderate. 33.5% believe that the share of financial credits in increasing rural agricultural production has been between 11% and 19%. In other words, we can say: 58.9% of the respondents who used the received credits in the agricultural sector presume the effectiveness of the credits to be less than 20%.
After evaluating and analyzing each of the components related to financial credits for the agricultural developments, each item for the components was scored. The weighted mean of the items shows that the item "role of financial credits in creating new and high-yield crops" with an average of 3.98 in the first place, the item "willingness of villagers to reuse financial credits in the agricultural sector" with an average of 3.72 in the second place, and the item "The effect of financial credits on bringing villagers to provide advanced equipment, tools and machinery in increasing land productivity" with an average of 2.86 is in third place.
Based on this we can say: Granting financial credits to farming villagers has made them more capable of carrying out economic activities in the agricultural sector. By providing suitable inputs such as seeds, seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, as well as improving agricultural and horticultural lands, and using advanced tools and equipment, they were able to increase the efficiency of their lands. In some cases, they were able to exploit bare lands, and help increase the land use. After increasing production and the improvement of the living conditions of the villagers, the service sector has greatly decreased. Based on this we can say: Financial credits have been able to bring about changes in the agricultural sector in rural areas of Masal County. Thus, they have a positive effect on them.
Anoshiravan Zahiri, Hadi Sanaeepour, Abdolghani Rastegar,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Economic actors must be prepared to identify and plan risks. In other words, businesses need to improve their resilience. Improving business resilience consists planning for risks and businesses capabilities for surviving and thriving despite unfavorable conditions. Business resilience is the structural and procedural dynamics that enable businesses to have the capacity to address challenges. Survival and development of businesses operating in today's unstable environment depends to some extent on their resilience. In this regard, eco-resorts call for improvement of their resilience capacity. Resilience capacity enhances the ability of eco-tourism businesses in the face of specific situations and accelerates transformational actions in the event of unexpected and important events and contributes to the long-term survival of the organization. To this end, the purpose of this study is modeling the resilience of eco resorts in rural areas of Giulan Province. A literature review was conducted and verified the research gap in the importance of business resilience in rural areas and highlighted that no study has been conducted to address this issue. Also, it should be noted that the rural economy is not merely economic, but also social, political and security aspects, and this study can contribute to new perspectives on this matter.
Methodology
The present study is exploratory. The study uses a qualitative method and specifically a grounded theory, to model the resilience pattern of eco-tourism businesses in rural areas of Gilan Province. Semi-structured interviews with key practitioners and informants were used as the means of data collection. For this purpose, a snowball sampling was used. 18 interviewees were selected and the collected information reached saturation point. For data analysis, the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin was performed in three main steps: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. After conducting interviews and integrating common themes using the grounded theory method, the categories were divided into six groups: causal factors, context factors, axial phenomenon or component, intervening factors, strategies and consequences, and ultimately a paradigmatic model was designed. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by participants, and peers. The reliability of the results was evaluated by several experts on the topic and the final model was extracted.
Discussion and conclusion
Based on the findings, the causal factors of the research include the variables of entrepreneurial attitude (including entrepreneurial awareness and identification, discovery and creation of opportunities in rural areas), entrepreneurial orientation and leadership, entrepreneurial characteristics, technology-based entrepreneurship and strategic entrepreneurial perspective of business owners in this rural region.
Also, intervention factors were identified as variables of creative and innovative milieu, entrepreneurial culture of rural areas, customer service and networking between entrepreneurs and residents of rural areas, communication and coordination within the organization and stakeholders, social exchange of the local community.
The context factors of the research consisted of the development of public and technological infrastructure in rural areas, improving the macroeconomic and social environment, promoting institutional arrangements (government, public sector and market), rural destinations and attractions and their uniqueness.
Eco tourism business resilience strategies comprise creating virtual social networks for promoting rural businesses, financial supports, administrative supports, political supports, legal supports, advertising, marketing and branding of rural businesses, improving individual and managerial skills of rural economic actors, reviewing business plans, strategic planning of human capital, providing a sustainable competitive advantage (competitiveness) for rural businesses and knowledge management for local people.
In conclusion, the resilience of eco-tourism businesses leads to consequences such as sustainability, durability and flexibility of rural businesses, exploiting business opportunities in rural areas, creating security in rural areas by establishing sustainable development (socio-cultural, economic and environmental), job creation, social welfare, prosperity of the local economy and reverse migration to rural areas.
Economic actors must be prepared to identify and plan risks. In other words, businesses need to improve their resilience. Improving business resilience consists planning for risks and businesses capabilities for surviving and thriving despite unfavorable conditions. Business resilience is the structural and procedural dynamics that enable businesses to have the capacity to address challenges. Survival and development of businesses operating in today's unstable environment depends to some extent on their resilience. In this regard, eco-resorts call for improvement of their resilience capacity. Resilience capacity enhances the ability of eco-tourism businesses in the face of specific situations and accelerates transformational actions in the event of unexpected and important events and contributes to the long-term survival of the organization. To this end, the purpose of this study is modeling the resilience of eco resorts in rural areas of Giulan Province. A literature review was conducted and verified the research gap in the importance of business resilience in rural areas and highlighted that no study has been conducted to address this issue. Also, it should be noted that the rural economy is not merely economic, but also social, political and security aspects, and this study can contribute to new perspectives on this matter.
Methodology
The present study is exploratory. The study uses a qualitative method and specifically a grounded theory, to model the resilience pattern of eco-tourism businesses in rural areas of Gilan Province. Semi-structured interviews with key practitioners and informants were used as the means of data collection. For this purpose, a snowball sampling was used. 18 interviewees were selected and the collected information reached saturation point. For data analysis, the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin was performed in three main steps: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. After conducting interviews and integrating common themes using the grounded theory method, the categories were divided into six groups: causal factors, context factors, axial phenomenon or component, intervening factors, strategies and consequences, and ultimately a paradigmatic model was designed. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by participants, and peers. The reliability of the results was evaluated by several experts on the topic and the final model was extracted.
Discussion and conclusion
Based on the findings, the causal factors of the research include the variables of entrepreneurial attitude (including entrepreneurial awareness and identification, discovery and creation of opportunities in rural areas), entrepreneurial orientation and leadership, entrepreneurial characteristics, technology-based entrepreneurship and strategic entrepreneurial perspective of business owners in this rural region.
Also, intervention factors were identified as variables of creative and innovative milieu, entrepreneurial culture of rural areas, customer service and networking between entrepreneurs and residents of rural areas, communication and coordination within the organization and stakeholders, social exchange of the local community.
The context factors of the research consisted of the development of public and technological infrastructure in rural areas, improving the macroeconomic and social environment, promoting institutional arrangements (government, public sector and market), rural destinations and attractions and their uniqueness.
Eco tourism business resilience strategies comprise creating virtual social networks for promoting rural businesses, financial supports, administrative supports, political supports, legal supports, advertising, marketing and branding of rural businesses, improving individual and managerial skills of rural economic actors, reviewing business plans, strategic planning of human capital, providing a sustainable competitive advantage (competitiveness) for rural businesses and knowledge management for local people.
In conclusion, the resilience of eco-tourism businesses leads to consequences such as sustainability, durability and flexibility of rural businesses, exploiting business opportunities in rural areas, creating security in rural areas by establishing sustainable development (socio-cultural, economic and environmental), job creation, social welfare, prosperity of the local economy and reverse migration to rural areas.
Abbas Zakernasab, Ali Afsharipoori,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
The agricultural sector has always been supposed by scholars, managers, planners and governments for sustainable rural development. Increasing production scale cannot lead to agricultural progress, per se. The use of processing and complementary industries for greater productivity of agricultural products can result to increased product quality and greater profitability, as well as more employment and ultimately sustainable development of rural areas. However, these industries must be establishing in a favorable place. In rural places, conversion and complementary industries was proposed as a suitable method proposed by researchers for the development to combine both of agriculture and industry sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to first evaluate the different conditions and identify the most suitable place for the construction of processing industries. Secondly, it is very important to introduce the most appropriate type of processing industries and the agricultural crops (agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc.) for these industries to be established. In fact, this study seeks to find out which areas in Minab County has the most suitable situation to establish processing and complementary industries in the agricultural sector?
Methodology
The research indicators were first extracted by studying the background theoretical foundations and the literature, and then the data was obtained from statistical yearbooks of agriculture in Hormozgan Province. Also, for qualitative indicators, the required information was collected by designing a questionnaire consisting of 20 experts familiar with the situation of the studied villages. The TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to prioritize four rural areas in the Central district of Minab County. In this technique, the positive or negative effect of each indicator on the main goal can be considered and according to the weight of each indicator the options can be ranked.
Discussion and conclusion
Minab County divided in four districts: Bandzarak, Tokhoor, Sandrak and Central. In this study, the Central district and its four rural districts (Karian, Tiab, Hoomeh and Goorband) were appointed to be ranked for agricultural processing and complementary industries. In this section, according to the steps of TOPSIS method, it has been tried to prioritize the rural areas of the Central District of Minab County according to the specific indicators for the establishment of agricultural processing and complementary industries. Since the goal is to prioritize the establishment of processing and complementary industries, the indicators are not of equal importance and weight. Thus in order to prioritize rural areas in the Central District of Minab County, the weight of each index was calculated by Shannon entropy method (value between 0 and 1). The highest weight is related to x4 and x5 indexes i.e. the amount of crop production and the amount of horticultural production (production volume per ton). The distances from the best alternative to the worst alternative and the overall score or TOPSIS score, which based on that rural areas are ranked. In fact, the village that gets more overall score has a higher priority for the establishment of agricultural processing and complementary industries. In this case, Karian Village with a score of 0.68, Goorband village with a score of 0.54, Hoomeh village with a score of 0.21 and finally Tiab village with a score of 0.08 are ranked respectively. This is also shown in a diagram in the study. In other words, TOPSIS technique showed that the most important indicators for this are the amount of crop production and the amount of horticultural production (production volume per ton). The amount of production must cost effective for establishment of the industry. Therefore, it was determined that it is better to establish the industry first in the Central District of Minab County, and then in Karian Rural District.
The agricultural sector has always been supposed by scholars, managers, planners and governments for sustainable rural development. Increasing production scale cannot lead to agricultural progress, per se. The use of processing and complementary industries for greater productivity of agricultural products can result to increased product quality and greater profitability, as well as more employment and ultimately sustainable development of rural areas. However, these industries must be establishing in a favorable place. In rural places, conversion and complementary industries was proposed as a suitable method proposed by researchers for the development to combine both of agriculture and industry sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to first evaluate the different conditions and identify the most suitable place for the construction of processing industries. Secondly, it is very important to introduce the most appropriate type of processing industries and the agricultural crops (agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc.) for these industries to be established. In fact, this study seeks to find out which areas in Minab County has the most suitable situation to establish processing and complementary industries in the agricultural sector?
Methodology
The research indicators were first extracted by studying the background theoretical foundations and the literature, and then the data was obtained from statistical yearbooks of agriculture in Hormozgan Province. Also, for qualitative indicators, the required information was collected by designing a questionnaire consisting of 20 experts familiar with the situation of the studied villages. The TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to prioritize four rural areas in the Central district of Minab County. In this technique, the positive or negative effect of each indicator on the main goal can be considered and according to the weight of each indicator the options can be ranked.
Discussion and conclusion
Minab County divided in four districts: Bandzarak, Tokhoor, Sandrak and Central. In this study, the Central district and its four rural districts (Karian, Tiab, Hoomeh and Goorband) were appointed to be ranked for agricultural processing and complementary industries. In this section, according to the steps of TOPSIS method, it has been tried to prioritize the rural areas of the Central District of Minab County according to the specific indicators for the establishment of agricultural processing and complementary industries. Since the goal is to prioritize the establishment of processing and complementary industries, the indicators are not of equal importance and weight. Thus in order to prioritize rural areas in the Central District of Minab County, the weight of each index was calculated by Shannon entropy method (value between 0 and 1). The highest weight is related to x4 and x5 indexes i.e. the amount of crop production and the amount of horticultural production (production volume per ton). The distances from the best alternative to the worst alternative and the overall score or TOPSIS score, which based on that rural areas are ranked. In fact, the village that gets more overall score has a higher priority for the establishment of agricultural processing and complementary industries. In this case, Karian Village with a score of 0.68, Goorband village with a score of 0.54, Hoomeh village with a score of 0.21 and finally Tiab village with a score of 0.08 are ranked respectively. This is also shown in a diagram in the study. In other words, TOPSIS technique showed that the most important indicators for this are the amount of crop production and the amount of horticultural production (production volume per ton). The amount of production must cost effective for establishment of the industry. Therefore, it was determined that it is better to establish the industry first in the Central District of Minab County, and then in Karian Rural District.
Hossein Rabi’i, Maryam Takrosta,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Sanctions are means to avoid violence in order to intentionally purchase or trade with a person, organization or country as an expression of protest, usually for moral, social, political or environmental reasons. Sanctions on Iran can be divided into seven categories in terms of their character. Financial sanctions of commercial banks and central banks, sanctions of the European Union and international organizations, sanctions of mercantile (import and export) and investment, sanctions of petroleum, sanctions of knowledge and technology, detention of international property and assets of Iranian individuals and organizations, and sanctions of transactions with Iranian individuals and organizations. These sanctions have influenced different aspects of Iran's economy as have been highlighted by the researchers. Sanctions affect production and welfare, optimal portfolio of investors, economic growth, environmental pollution, the countries’ major trading partners, etc. The damage caused by economic catastrophe and its impact on people varies at different scales. Many studies underlined that villagers are highly vulnerable due to poor economic conditions. Also, it should be noted that the resistance and reconstruction of the national economy in the face of sanctions requires a change in the management of microeconomic resources which are the potential factors of economic growth. In regard to the effects of economic sanctions on the economy of rural areas, in this study the indicators of rural economy were investigated to evaluate and analyze its relationship with sanctions in the period 2012 to 2018.
Methodology
The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of US sanctions on the rural economy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to do that, the study used a descriptive-analytical method. A literature review was conducted to refer to domestic and international published papers in Normags, Jahan-e-Islam, Science Direct, etc., and was used for the theoretical foundations of the study. Furthermore, the secondary data available in the Statistics Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to rural economics was utilized for the evaluation. Due to the novelty of the topic, there was a shortage of academic source about economic sanction and its relation to rural economy.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings confirm that the sanctions have had a significant impact on Iran's economy, especially the rural economy. Although Iran's agricultural sector experienced positive growth in 2019, the growth is not stable and in case of recurrence of disasters such as drought and water scarcity will be weakened. Petroleum and gas export has been the main sources of Iran's economy after the 1980s war. The value added of the crude oil and natural gas extraction sector in 2019 continuously decreased to 35%. This strategic sector of the country's economy started to drop in the fall of 2018 at the same time as imposing sanctions against the country. This amount was 33.5 % drop in the fall of 2018, and in the winter of the same year, it dropped to 26 %. in the spring of 2019, the sector growth was negative 41%, in summer of this year was negative 47%, in the fall was negative 15.3% and in the winter was negative 26.8%. Based on the data from the Statistics Center in 2016 (after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), the growth of fossil energy sector is higher than the average growth of other sectors, and the size of Iran's economy with oil will be larger than the size of the economy without oil, which is ignored by opponents of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. On the other hand, the significant fall in Iran's foreign exchange earnings immediately appeared in the Iranian industrial sector from 2018 to the fall of 2019. Meanwhile, the villages have been significantly affected by these sanctions due to their weak and fragile economy. The effects are shrinking household size, significant decline in agriculture sector, crop production, revenue, income gap, etc.
Sanctions are means to avoid violence in order to intentionally purchase or trade with a person, organization or country as an expression of protest, usually for moral, social, political or environmental reasons. Sanctions on Iran can be divided into seven categories in terms of their character. Financial sanctions of commercial banks and central banks, sanctions of the European Union and international organizations, sanctions of mercantile (import and export) and investment, sanctions of petroleum, sanctions of knowledge and technology, detention of international property and assets of Iranian individuals and organizations, and sanctions of transactions with Iranian individuals and organizations. These sanctions have influenced different aspects of Iran's economy as have been highlighted by the researchers. Sanctions affect production and welfare, optimal portfolio of investors, economic growth, environmental pollution, the countries’ major trading partners, etc. The damage caused by economic catastrophe and its impact on people varies at different scales. Many studies underlined that villagers are highly vulnerable due to poor economic conditions. Also, it should be noted that the resistance and reconstruction of the national economy in the face of sanctions requires a change in the management of microeconomic resources which are the potential factors of economic growth. In regard to the effects of economic sanctions on the economy of rural areas, in this study the indicators of rural economy were investigated to evaluate and analyze its relationship with sanctions in the period 2012 to 2018.
Methodology
The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of US sanctions on the rural economy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to do that, the study used a descriptive-analytical method. A literature review was conducted to refer to domestic and international published papers in Normags, Jahan-e-Islam, Science Direct, etc., and was used for the theoretical foundations of the study. Furthermore, the secondary data available in the Statistics Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to rural economics was utilized for the evaluation. Due to the novelty of the topic, there was a shortage of academic source about economic sanction and its relation to rural economy.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings confirm that the sanctions have had a significant impact on Iran's economy, especially the rural economy. Although Iran's agricultural sector experienced positive growth in 2019, the growth is not stable and in case of recurrence of disasters such as drought and water scarcity will be weakened. Petroleum and gas export has been the main sources of Iran's economy after the 1980s war. The value added of the crude oil and natural gas extraction sector in 2019 continuously decreased to 35%. This strategic sector of the country's economy started to drop in the fall of 2018 at the same time as imposing sanctions against the country. This amount was 33.5 % drop in the fall of 2018, and in the winter of the same year, it dropped to 26 %. in the spring of 2019, the sector growth was negative 41%, in summer of this year was negative 47%, in the fall was negative 15.3% and in the winter was negative 26.8%. Based on the data from the Statistics Center in 2016 (after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), the growth of fossil energy sector is higher than the average growth of other sectors, and the size of Iran's economy with oil will be larger than the size of the economy without oil, which is ignored by opponents of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. On the other hand, the significant fall in Iran's foreign exchange earnings immediately appeared in the Iranian industrial sector from 2018 to the fall of 2019. Meanwhile, the villages have been significantly affected by these sanctions due to their weak and fragile economy. The effects are shrinking household size, significant decline in agriculture sector, crop production, revenue, income gap, etc.
Erfaneh Hosseinzadeh, Ali Shamsoddini, Rabiaz Rabia Ghorbaninejad, Ali Tavakolan,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Culinary tourism may have many economic benefits for rural areas. Many practitioners consider this type of tourism as a tool for rural development that can stimulate the local economy and support existing jobs and create new jobs in these areas. Food tourism events have recently become a major means for economic development in villages and local areas. The question of the study is to what extent culinary tourism has been able to be effective in maintaining economic growth and development in the rural areas particularly the north regions of the country and foster the survival and stability of the villages.
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and a mix method (qualitative-quantitative) study in terms of data collection. The qualitative part consists of a content analysis and the quantitative part is descriptive-exploratory. The method of data collection is a desk research and a field study using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. The research population is also divided into qualitative and quantitative. The research community for the qualitative part comprises the experts of the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization, as well as professors on rural planning and development in Mazandaran Province. The characteristics of them were high experience as a manager, knowledge of the research topic, and they were selected in a purposeful and snowball method, so 16 people were selected to achieve a saturation. The statistical population for quantitative part was a limited and included 375 restaurateurs, accommodation owners, hotel owners and experts of the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization. 182 of them were randomly selected using the Cochran's formula. Coding was the data analysis tool for qualitative part and Delphi technique was used to design the model in quantitative part. Finally, the model was obtained using the structural equation modeling and PLS Smart software.
Discussion and conclusion
In many countries, food tourism is closely in consistence with agricultural policies and is often deemed as a means to support a sustainable rural economy. When it comes to sustainability in rural development, economic growth and poverty alleviation for villagers along with optimizing the social structure of their communities, which is obtained by equitable distribution of services and promoting sustainable livelihoods. Non-agricultural activity diversification in rural areas accelerates the process of sustainable development, not only economically but also culturally and socially. Since Mazandaran Province is popular tourist destinations in Iran, it has the capability to utilize food as a tourism axis in this province. The present study demonstrates that for the culinary tourism in the studied area, the three categories of marketing, services and planning should be attended. This will result to sustainable income, economic growth and sustainable employment, and ultimately to foster a sustainable economy. All indicators for the model of culinary tourism on sustainable rural economy of Mazandaran were confirmed. These findings show that the aspects of food tourism, sustainable income, economic growth and sustainable employment have been able to form a model for analyzing food tourism in a sustainable rural economy. In conclusion, the aspects of the model and the underling hypothesis were validated.
Culinary tourism may have many economic benefits for rural areas. Many practitioners consider this type of tourism as a tool for rural development that can stimulate the local economy and support existing jobs and create new jobs in these areas. Food tourism events have recently become a major means for economic development in villages and local areas. The question of the study is to what extent culinary tourism has been able to be effective in maintaining economic growth and development in the rural areas particularly the north regions of the country and foster the survival and stability of the villages.
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and a mix method (qualitative-quantitative) study in terms of data collection. The qualitative part consists of a content analysis and the quantitative part is descriptive-exploratory. The method of data collection is a desk research and a field study using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. The research population is also divided into qualitative and quantitative. The research community for the qualitative part comprises the experts of the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization, as well as professors on rural planning and development in Mazandaran Province. The characteristics of them were high experience as a manager, knowledge of the research topic, and they were selected in a purposeful and snowball method, so 16 people were selected to achieve a saturation. The statistical population for quantitative part was a limited and included 375 restaurateurs, accommodation owners, hotel owners and experts of the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization. 182 of them were randomly selected using the Cochran's formula. Coding was the data analysis tool for qualitative part and Delphi technique was used to design the model in quantitative part. Finally, the model was obtained using the structural equation modeling and PLS Smart software.
Discussion and conclusion
In many countries, food tourism is closely in consistence with agricultural policies and is often deemed as a means to support a sustainable rural economy. When it comes to sustainability in rural development, economic growth and poverty alleviation for villagers along with optimizing the social structure of their communities, which is obtained by equitable distribution of services and promoting sustainable livelihoods. Non-agricultural activity diversification in rural areas accelerates the process of sustainable development, not only economically but also culturally and socially. Since Mazandaran Province is popular tourist destinations in Iran, it has the capability to utilize food as a tourism axis in this province. The present study demonstrates that for the culinary tourism in the studied area, the three categories of marketing, services and planning should be attended. This will result to sustainable income, economic growth and sustainable employment, and ultimately to foster a sustainable economy. All indicators for the model of culinary tourism on sustainable rural economy of Mazandaran were confirmed. These findings show that the aspects of food tourism, sustainable income, economic growth and sustainable employment have been able to form a model for analyzing food tourism in a sustainable rural economy. In conclusion, the aspects of the model and the underling hypothesis were validated.
Saeed Azizi, Masoud Mahdavi Hajiloui, Ribaz Ghorbaninejad,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Empowering the villagers - as a new approach to development - is very effective in increasing the income and development of rural settlements. In other words, Rural development is not possible without empowering the villagers. Because the change and development of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the villagers from the empowerment process is the basis of sustainable rural development, and as the villagers welcome new ideas and methods, their thoughts change followed by it. As a result, a new attitude is created in them towards agricultural and other economic activities in rural areas and by promoting their cognitive capacities (awareness and knowledge), they provide the conditions for sustainable rural development.
The purpose of this study was to rank rural settlements in terms of factors affecting the empowerment of villagers in the Chandar district in Savojbolagh county.
Methodology
This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative (survey) in terms of research approach. The statistical population includes the residents of 10 densely populated villages of Chandar district of Savojbolagh county with a population of 12764 people and the sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula of 384 people and based on the population of each village, the sample ratio of each village was determined. To compare and rank the villages, based on library studies, six combined indicators (components) including interest and motivation, education, participation of villagers, tourism, relief committee services and geographical capacities have been used as factors affecting empowerment. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of five experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 for a total of six indicators. The villagers' answers to the questions were entered into SPSS21 software and the average of each index in the villages was calculated. Then Dematel method was used to weight the indicators. Vikor technique was used to rank the villages in terms of empowerment indicators.
Savojbolagh county with an area of about 2785 square kilometers is located in the west of Alborz province. It consists of three districts called Markazi, Chandar and Chaharbagh, nine townships named Saeedabad, Hugh, Chandar, Baraghan, Ramjin and Chahardangeh and fore cities named Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd new city, Taleghan and Chaharbagh. According to the 2016 census, the population of Chandar district is equal to 28841 people. Among the villages in this section, 10 villages with a larger population were selected for this study.
Discussion and Conclusion
Given that a quarter of the country's population lives in rural areas and still faces deprivation and underdevelopment in many areas, many urban problems, such as marginalization and urban poverty, are rooted in unresolved issues in rural areas; Therefore, rural development is a priority in planning. In this direction, one of the important approaches for rural development is the empowerment of local and rural communities. Empowering villagers will alleviate poverty and reduce deprivation, increase rural entrepreneurship, and promote rural justice. The empowerment of the villagers themselves is influenced by factors. In fact, empowerment needs stimulants and reinforcers. In this study, six factors of interest and motivation, education, participation of villagers, tourism, relief committee services and geographical capacities were selected as effective factors on empowerment of villagers in Chandar section of Savojbolagh county.
According to the ranking of Vikor index from the lowest score to the highest score, Kordan village is ranked first, followed by Ghezel Darreh Farm, Fashand, Hassanabad Farm, Aznagh, Sebistan, Harjab, Kooshk Zar, Imamzadeh Shah Hossein and BanuSahra are located respectively. Among the indicators affecting empowerment, the indicators of participation, interest and motivation, respectively, had the most role, followed by the geographical capacity, training and services of the Relief Committee in the next ranks. The tourism index is in the last place with a difference. With this study, in addition to ranking the villages in terms of the level of empowerment, the importance of indicators to influence the empowerment variable was also determined and the indicators of participation, interest and motivation, environmental capacity and education can be emphasized more. On the other hand, villages that are in the lower ranks in terms of capability, such as BanoSahra, Shahzadeh Imam Hussein, Koushk Zar, Harjab, Sebistan and Aznagh should also be given priority in the programs.
Thus, by studying the status and level of empowerment indicators in other villages, it is possible to understand the spatial and content priorities of planning for empowerment measures in rural communities. It is obvious that for this purpose, several indicators in individual, institutional and environmental dimensions must be used.
Empowering the villagers - as a new approach to development - is very effective in increasing the income and development of rural settlements. In other words, Rural development is not possible without empowering the villagers. Because the change and development of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the villagers from the empowerment process is the basis of sustainable rural development, and as the villagers welcome new ideas and methods, their thoughts change followed by it. As a result, a new attitude is created in them towards agricultural and other economic activities in rural areas and by promoting their cognitive capacities (awareness and knowledge), they provide the conditions for sustainable rural development.
The purpose of this study was to rank rural settlements in terms of factors affecting the empowerment of villagers in the Chandar district in Savojbolagh county.
Methodology
This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative (survey) in terms of research approach. The statistical population includes the residents of 10 densely populated villages of Chandar district of Savojbolagh county with a population of 12764 people and the sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula of 384 people and based on the population of each village, the sample ratio of each village was determined. To compare and rank the villages, based on library studies, six combined indicators (components) including interest and motivation, education, participation of villagers, tourism, relief committee services and geographical capacities have been used as factors affecting empowerment. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of five experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 for a total of six indicators. The villagers' answers to the questions were entered into SPSS21 software and the average of each index in the villages was calculated. Then Dematel method was used to weight the indicators. Vikor technique was used to rank the villages in terms of empowerment indicators.
Savojbolagh county with an area of about 2785 square kilometers is located in the west of Alborz province. It consists of three districts called Markazi, Chandar and Chaharbagh, nine townships named Saeedabad, Hugh, Chandar, Baraghan, Ramjin and Chahardangeh and fore cities named Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd new city, Taleghan and Chaharbagh. According to the 2016 census, the population of Chandar district is equal to 28841 people. Among the villages in this section, 10 villages with a larger population were selected for this study.
Discussion and Conclusion
Given that a quarter of the country's population lives in rural areas and still faces deprivation and underdevelopment in many areas, many urban problems, such as marginalization and urban poverty, are rooted in unresolved issues in rural areas; Therefore, rural development is a priority in planning. In this direction, one of the important approaches for rural development is the empowerment of local and rural communities. Empowering villagers will alleviate poverty and reduce deprivation, increase rural entrepreneurship, and promote rural justice. The empowerment of the villagers themselves is influenced by factors. In fact, empowerment needs stimulants and reinforcers. In this study, six factors of interest and motivation, education, participation of villagers, tourism, relief committee services and geographical capacities were selected as effective factors on empowerment of villagers in Chandar section of Savojbolagh county.
According to the ranking of Vikor index from the lowest score to the highest score, Kordan village is ranked first, followed by Ghezel Darreh Farm, Fashand, Hassanabad Farm, Aznagh, Sebistan, Harjab, Kooshk Zar, Imamzadeh Shah Hossein and BanuSahra are located respectively. Among the indicators affecting empowerment, the indicators of participation, interest and motivation, respectively, had the most role, followed by the geographical capacity, training and services of the Relief Committee in the next ranks. The tourism index is in the last place with a difference. With this study, in addition to ranking the villages in terms of the level of empowerment, the importance of indicators to influence the empowerment variable was also determined and the indicators of participation, interest and motivation, environmental capacity and education can be emphasized more. On the other hand, villages that are in the lower ranks in terms of capability, such as BanoSahra, Shahzadeh Imam Hussein, Koushk Zar, Harjab, Sebistan and Aznagh should also be given priority in the programs.
Thus, by studying the status and level of empowerment indicators in other villages, it is possible to understand the spatial and content priorities of planning for empowerment measures in rural communities. It is obvious that for this purpose, several indicators in individual, institutional and environmental dimensions must be used.
Mohammad Hossein Karim, Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
In the national economy of Iran, despite many efforts, Iran's villages are faced with challenges in terms of comprehensive development, and although agriculture plays a vital role in the development of the rural economy of the country. And despite the great continuity between the rural community and agricultural activity, we have never witnessed advanced agriculture in the country. In fact, the Iranian agriculture sector has faced many issues and problems in recent years, and many farmers and gardeners have abandoned agriculture in recent years and has been sale of urban land. In Lorestan province, there are 40 percent of the Lorestan economy based on agriculture, which has fallen by 10% over the past censuses. In addition, the reduction of the number of agricultural sector employees, a small investment in sustainable land management reduced agricultural production, increasing soil erosion, low agricultural productivity. In order to maintain and develop the activities of the agricultural sector and in turn, the revival of rural areas and rural resurgence in Lorestan province and the elimination of critical problems and agricultural rehabilitation strategies are required to identify and consider these strategies for maintaining and developing activities Agriculture is planned and appropriate policies are developed and presented. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject in this study, the evaluation of agricultural regeneration and strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan province was investigated.
Research Methodology
The present study is in terms of purpose, applied and method of doing it (qualitative and quantitative). To collect information and data, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The theory studies were collected using documentary method. Field data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with experts. The statistical population includes various experts throughout Lorestan province. Using the targeted sample method, 70 samples were selected to complete the questionnaire and interview. To identify the indices and regeneration strategies (regeneration) of agriculture according to the method used in the research, first interviews and content analysis were identified for agricultural resuscitation strategies and to determine the time and weight of these strike from the fuzzy network analysis model (fuzzy network analysis) FANP) used. Then, using the QFD expansion model, the importance of agricultural reconstruction strategies and the indicators needed for the revitalization of rural areas. Also, to identify the revitalization strategies of rural areas of the village of Lorestan province, with an emphasis on agricultural revival, interviews with experts and the results of the QFD experimental model were used and the importance of implementing rural resurgence strategies was presented.
Discussion and Conclusion
One of the important strategies for reducing the problems and issues of rural communities and the development of rural economics is to pay attention to the development of agriculture as an infrastructure of rural development and revitalization. The new rural life is aimed at rebuilding and developing rural areas through economic development, environmental protection, planning and beautifying villages. However, the reconstruction of the agricultural sector in rural areas is necessary as the basis and basis for achieving this goal. Considering the importance of this issue, in this study, the evaluation of agricultural regeneration and regeneration strategies in the revival of rural areas of Lorestan province was investigated. The results showed that among the seven strategies, capitalization in the agricultural sector, the development of marketing agricultural products, supportive policies of farmers, modifying and changing the pattern of cultivation, increasing agricultural production, agricultural resources management and the development of agricultural entrepreneurship are the most important strategies Agricultural regeneration in rural areas of Lorestan province is required to be considered for agricultural development. Based on the results of the core of agricultural regeneration in rural areas, three strategies for investment in the agricultural sector, the development of agricultural products, and then supportive policies of agricultural activities related to rural life. Also, results in the field of regeneration strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan, with the emphasis on the revival of the agricultural sector, according to the key requirements and the indicators obtained, showed that the education of human resources / management and local leadership, financial assistance / capital And government counseling, the social agent / strengthening of the participation of rural community, the optimal use of local resources and pla nning based on environmental resources / local facilities are the most important executive strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan rural areas, with an emphasis on the revival of the agricultural sector.
In the national economy of Iran, despite many efforts, Iran's villages are faced with challenges in terms of comprehensive development, and although agriculture plays a vital role in the development of the rural economy of the country. And despite the great continuity between the rural community and agricultural activity, we have never witnessed advanced agriculture in the country. In fact, the Iranian agriculture sector has faced many issues and problems in recent years, and many farmers and gardeners have abandoned agriculture in recent years and has been sale of urban land. In Lorestan province, there are 40 percent of the Lorestan economy based on agriculture, which has fallen by 10% over the past censuses. In addition, the reduction of the number of agricultural sector employees, a small investment in sustainable land management reduced agricultural production, increasing soil erosion, low agricultural productivity. In order to maintain and develop the activities of the agricultural sector and in turn, the revival of rural areas and rural resurgence in Lorestan province and the elimination of critical problems and agricultural rehabilitation strategies are required to identify and consider these strategies for maintaining and developing activities Agriculture is planned and appropriate policies are developed and presented. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject in this study, the evaluation of agricultural regeneration and strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan province was investigated.
Research Methodology
The present study is in terms of purpose, applied and method of doing it (qualitative and quantitative). To collect information and data, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The theory studies were collected using documentary method. Field data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with experts. The statistical population includes various experts throughout Lorestan province. Using the targeted sample method, 70 samples were selected to complete the questionnaire and interview. To identify the indices and regeneration strategies (regeneration) of agriculture according to the method used in the research, first interviews and content analysis were identified for agricultural resuscitation strategies and to determine the time and weight of these strike from the fuzzy network analysis model (fuzzy network analysis) FANP) used. Then, using the QFD expansion model, the importance of agricultural reconstruction strategies and the indicators needed for the revitalization of rural areas. Also, to identify the revitalization strategies of rural areas of the village of Lorestan province, with an emphasis on agricultural revival, interviews with experts and the results of the QFD experimental model were used and the importance of implementing rural resurgence strategies was presented.
Discussion and Conclusion
One of the important strategies for reducing the problems and issues of rural communities and the development of rural economics is to pay attention to the development of agriculture as an infrastructure of rural development and revitalization. The new rural life is aimed at rebuilding and developing rural areas through economic development, environmental protection, planning and beautifying villages. However, the reconstruction of the agricultural sector in rural areas is necessary as the basis and basis for achieving this goal. Considering the importance of this issue, in this study, the evaluation of agricultural regeneration and regeneration strategies in the revival of rural areas of Lorestan province was investigated. The results showed that among the seven strategies, capitalization in the agricultural sector, the development of marketing agricultural products, supportive policies of farmers, modifying and changing the pattern of cultivation, increasing agricultural production, agricultural resources management and the development of agricultural entrepreneurship are the most important strategies Agricultural regeneration in rural areas of Lorestan province is required to be considered for agricultural development. Based on the results of the core of agricultural regeneration in rural areas, three strategies for investment in the agricultural sector, the development of agricultural products, and then supportive policies of agricultural activities related to rural life. Also, results in the field of regeneration strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan, with the emphasis on the revival of the agricultural sector, according to the key requirements and the indicators obtained, showed that the education of human resources / management and local leadership, financial assistance / capital And government counseling, the social agent / strengthening of the participation of rural community, the optimal use of local resources and pla nning based on environmental resources / local facilities are the most important executive strategies for the revival of rural areas of Lorestan rural areas, with an emphasis on the revival of the agricultural sector.
Marzieh Sancholi, Hamid Heidari Makrar, Sadegh Asghari Lafmajani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Given the nature and characteristics of rural communities, rural development experiences in different countries of the world over the past few decades show that the problems of rural incomes (economic weakness) and its social, cultural and political consequences can not be solved by The transfer of technical knowledge and technologies as well as the transfer of material capital to the settled rural areas were considered, Rather, a more important element that should be considered by rural policymakers and experts is the emphasis on the development of small rural businesses and the provision of the necessary conditions for their growth and development. Therefore, by recognizing the current situation in the regions of the country and extracting the advantages and challenges of each region, we can discover the hidden employment opportunities of that region with the participation and financial support of entrepreneurial institutions and organizations and develop and sustain the existing opportunities. . In this direction, small businesses have been considered as a tool for the development of local employment due to the abundance and privileged share in the employment of villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. A review of the studies shows that although many studies have been conducted to review small rural businesses in Kalaleh, but so far no study has been done on the impact of organizations and institutions in charge of entrepreneurship on small rural businesses in Kalaleh. It seeks to answer the question that what effect do entrepreneurial organizations and institutions have on creating small businesses in the villages of Kalaleh city?
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study includes households living in villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. Using Cochran's formula, 30 villages and 384 heads of households have been selected as a sample. In this research, based on theoretical foundations and research background, three groups of business impact indicators (economic, social, physical), support of organizations (financial, educational and technical consulting, legal), field of support (agriculture, services, industry) are used. Has been. The Topsis model has been used to rank the sample villages.
Discussion and conclusion
One of the ways that can provide employment in rural areas is entrepreneurial organizations and institutions that can start small rural businesses and in addition to creating employment for villagers, also provide a source of income for rural areas, which leads to sustainable rural growth and development. Provide. In this regard, in the villages of the central part of Kalaleh city, these entrepreneurial organizations have led to the formation and launch of small businesses, which have had different results in the studied villages and have left different effects in each village according to the environmental and human conditions. Is. The results of research studies on the impact of entrepreneurial organizations and institutions in creating small businesses in the status of indicators after obtaining work in the economic component, the index of access to production factors in the village with a value of 3.419 with the highest average and the index of financial resources for activities with 586 2. The lowest average and in the social component, the index of feeling useful for oneself and society with the value of 3.914 The highest average and the index of more knowledge of society and the environment with the value of 2.669 The lowest average and in the physical component, the index of suitable physical infrastructure ( Roads and rural communication roads) with a value of 3.682 is the highest average and the index of marketing network with a value of 2.159 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of organizations support indicators in the component of financial support, the index of granting special and gratuitous facilities for activists in deprived areas with a value of 2.776 with the highest average and the index of initial capital with a value of 2.513 with the lowest average and in the component of educational, consulting and technical support , Index of culture and promotion of entrepreneurial spirit in small businesses with a value of 2.781 with the highest average and index of teaching the principles of small business management with a value of 2.441 with the lowest average and in the component of legal protection, index of amending cumbersome rules for creating small businesses with a value of / 800 2 The highest average and the development index of industrial complexes and businesses with an average value of 2.463 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of the following indicators of support in the component of agricultural support, the index of supply of required agricultural machinery with a maximum of 3.245 and the index of improving environmental sustainability with an average of 2.591, the lowest average and in the component of service support, the index of support of service businesses In contrast to other businesses with a value of 2.789, the highest average and profitability enhancement index in the service sector with a value of 2.654, the lowest average and in the industrial support component, the profitability enhancement index in the industrial sector with a value of 2.825, the highest average and equipment supply index Processing of rural products with an average value of 2.562 is the lowest average. The results of Ghasemi and Ahmadi (2016) showed that granting facilities has a significant role in increasing the income of small business owners, creating employment and reducing unemployment, providing areas for self-employment, skills training and empowerment of villagers.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study includes households living in villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. Using Cochran's formula, 30 villages and 384 heads of households have been selected as a sample. In this research, based on theoretical foundations and research background, three groups of business impact indicators (economic, social, physical), support of organizations (financial, educational and technical consulting, legal), field of support (agriculture, services, industry) are used. Has been. The Topsis model has been used to rank the sample villages.
Discussion and conclusion
One of the ways that can provide employment in rural areas is entrepreneurial organizations and institutions that can start small rural businesses and in addition to creating employment for villagers, also provide a source of income for rural areas, which leads to sustainable rural growth and development. Provide. In this regard, in the villages of the central part of Kalaleh city, these entrepreneurial organizations have led to the formation and launch of small businesses, which have had different results in the studied villages and have left different effects in each village according to the environmental and human conditions. Is. The results of research studies on the impact of entrepreneurial organizations and institutions in creating small businesses in the status of indicators after obtaining work in the economic component, the index of access to production factors in the village with a value of 3.419 with the highest average and the index of financial resources for activities with 586 2. The lowest average and in the social component, the index of feeling useful for oneself and society with the value of 3.914 The highest average and the index of more knowledge of society and the environment with the value of 2.669 The lowest average and in the physical component, the index of suitable physical infrastructure ( Roads and rural communication roads) with a value of 3.682 is the highest average and the index of marketing network with a value of 2.159 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of organizations support indicators in the component of financial support, the index of granting special and gratuitous facilities for activists in deprived areas with a value of 2.776 with the highest average and the index of initial capital with a value of 2.513 with the lowest average and in the component of educational, consulting and technical support , Index of culture and promotion of entrepreneurial spirit in small businesses with a value of 2.781 with the highest average and index of teaching the principles of small business management with a value of 2.441 with the lowest average and in the component of legal protection, index of amending cumbersome rules for creating small businesses with a value of / 800 2 The highest average and the development index of industrial complexes and businesses with an average value of 2.463 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of the following indicators of support in the component of agricultural support, the index of supply of required agricultural machinery with a maximum of 3.245 and the index of improving environmental sustainability with an average of 2.591, the lowest average and in the component of service support, the index of support of service businesses In contrast to other businesses with a value of 2.789, the highest average and profitability enhancement index in the service sector with a value of 2.654, the lowest average and in the industrial support component, the profitability enhancement index in the industrial sector with a value of 2.825, the highest average and equipment supply index Processing of rural products with an average value of 2.562 is the lowest average. The results of Ghasemi and Ahmadi (2016) showed that granting facilities has a significant role in increasing the income of small business owners, creating employment and reducing unemployment, providing areas for self-employment, skills training and empowerment of villagers.
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