Economy

Housing has been one of the most essential needs of human life for a long time and it is one of the most important symbols of civilization and culture. Providing a shelter which is safe and secure is everyone’s ambition and to reach to this aim, human beings have used many different methods and technologies to improve the quality and quantity of housing. Through time passage and change of structure and function and also through meeting new requirements, if physical texture which is a symbol of biological and cultural way of living could not accommodate with time and place conditions of that society, this problem causes lack of development and as a result, leads to physical chaos. These spatial developments in rural environment, problems and the resulted failures in settlement methods and following that effects of urban environments on spatial-physical texture of villages have caused many changes. Therefore, to reach to the optimal condition in spatial dimension, codification of a comprehensive plan in housing sector requires recognition and analysis in vast dimensions and awareness of quantity status of housing indicators in regional planning process. So, reaching to an optimal condition in housing, as a developmental indicator is essential. This study aims to study rural housing indicators throughout the country in different dimensions (infrastructural and facilities dimension, structural strength and health facilities) and tries to determine their spatial levels; after recognizing the differences between regions, this study provide solutions for improvement of effective factors to blur spatial inequalities.

This study is a theoretical-practical study and uses a descriptive-analytical method. For data collection, documentary method has been used.

Data includes the results of general census of population and housing in 1390 according to each province separately. 41 variables are studied in this study and they are classified according to four general indicators. Following that, for giving weight to criteria, 20 experts commented and statistical analysis has been done by using factor analysis model and Fuzzy TOPSIS model. 41 variables are classified according to four main indicators including infrastructure and facilities, structural strength, facilities and heath care facilities).

In the process of determining spatial level, recognizing and analyzing the facilities, obstacles, it is important to determine the development level of the regions regarding the level of satiation and deprivation. Basically, to reach development, determining spatial level is considered as a fundamental change and its realization is related to coordination between different dimensions. Because the studied issue is very important, this study considers the related indicators using Fuzzy TOPSIS model and factor analysis method; according to the studies and calculations it is proven that rural residents in Iran’s provinces have a type of inequality. In other words, spatial distribution is not equal in all residents; because in rural regions of the following provinces are at the highest level of satiation: Mazandaran (0.460), Isfahan (0.464), Alborz (0.455) and Tehran (0.449); rural regions of the following provinces are at lower level of satiation regarding the rural housing indicators: Sistan and Baluchestan (0.265), South Khorasan (0.267), Hormozgan (0.267) and Kerman (0.270). Therefore, codification of a comprehensive plan for housing, especially rural housing, requires complete recognition and deep analysis in vast dimensions about housing and factors that affect it. It should be said that although these indicators are key elements in determining the quality and quantity of housing and each indicator has a special position in housing planning system, but existence of each indicator is not the necessary condition for improving the quantity level of housing. So in discussing about housing quality, sufficient conditions require that all indicators be together. Generally, the status of housing indicators in some provinces create various social and cultural problems in micro and macro level of the society, so precaution and support are the best strategies in this matter. So, for directing future development in these villages toward a sustainable development and putting the existing problems away, it is necessary to implement effective and practical planning to improve housing status in these residents; and less developed regions should be considered more than more developed ones.

 Introduction
The occurrence of the Covid-19 epidemic and the strains caused by it will definitely affect different parts of human life, including; cultural, social, economic and environmental, as well as human interactions. In the meantime, various human activities in space, including the processes and system of economic activities, will also be affected by this epidemic. Therefore, the activity system of rural regions is also affected by the harmful effects of this epidemic and will see changes in the future. According to the official data of the Planning and Budget Organization in 2019, after the start of the pandemic in Iran, about 250 thousand people in the agricultural sector (25 percent), 17 thousand people in the industry sector (2 percent) and 743 thousand people in the service sector (75 percent), have lost their jobs. According to the data of the Statistical Centre of Iran, economic activities in the central district of Ray County have the highest percentage of activities in the service sector (43%), followed by the industry sector (42%) constitutes the dominant activities of the villagers, in addition to the agricultural sector with 15%. Due to the complexity, many uncertainties and the multi-functional role of the villages in the Central District of Ray County in production activities, rural development policies in the Post Covid-19 should focus on sustainable development goals and livelihood. Also, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural development and economic resilience in this area, the process of exploring and examining the future is necessary to determine the trends, key drivers and uncertainties affecting the activities system of the villagers and form the basis for strategic decision-making.

Methodology
This research, using the mixed research method and Delphi technique (34 people) and the MICMAC software, has determined the "key drivers effective on the reconstruction of the activity system of rural regions in the Post Covid-19". In this research, the "Purposive sampling" method was used, and an attempt was made to select 10 to 15 people from each category or homogenous group as a sample and panel members to achieve a consensus. Finally, using environmental survey, documentary studies and experts' points of view, 48 key factors affecting the development of the activity system of the villages in the central district of Ray County in the Post Covid-19 era have been identified at three local, regional, national and international levels.

Discussion and Conclusion
In this research, 48 factors were identified as the primary factors affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of rural areas in the post-corona era. First, they were analyzed by the structural analysis method in Micmac software (the opinion of the elites with the interaction questionnaire). Then, ten influential vital factors in reconstructing the activity system of the villagers of the central district of Ray County were selected in the Post Covid-19 era. Based on the obtained results, the most important key drivers affecting the villagers' activity system in the study area in order of importance; Marginalization, commoditization of land, destruction of agricultural lands, reduction of investment in the agricultural sector, diversification of economic activities, increasing urban sprawl, change of cultivation pattern, increasing inflation, reduction of labor force and reduction of product insurance. Finally, the distribution of the variables affecting the reconstruction of the activity system of the rural settlements in the Central District of Ray County in the post Covid-19 era shows the system's instability. This instability in the studied area represents the transition from a production-based economy to a consumption-based economy in the post-Covid-19 era. If the current trend continues, this type of reconstruction of the activity system will continue.
 

Introduction
Publishing scientific papers is one of the most significant ways of sharing research outcomes. Experts and academics regularly publish their original studies and research in related fields through scientific publications. Scientific publications are now published in various fields worldwide, and their development requires meticulous and expert investigations. Scientometric studies are used as one of the scientific methods to examine the performance of scientific journals. Nowadays, scientific journals incorporate scientometrics in their daily decisions to investigate the influencing factors. Research with this approach to analyze The network of scientific cooperations and draw the topic of interesting articles in the scientific journal "Space Economy & Rural Development." Knowing the scientific collaborations and the topic of the articles can provide a comprehensive picture of the type of scientific activities of the journal authors and identify the research's strengths and weaknesses.

 Methodology
This research is a quantitative study using scientometric research methods. Theoretical literature was studied using library research methods to gather information for the study's applied purpose. All articles published in the Journal Space Economy & Rural Development are examined in the research. Therefore, the statistical population includes all the articles published in the Journal, compiled by the authors, and accepted by the reviewers between 2011 and 2019. To analyze the scientific cooperation of the authors, the "Network Density," "Degree Centrality," "Betweenness Centrality," "Eigenvector Centrality," and "Clustering Coefficient" have been used. In order to facilitate comprehension of the magazine articles and establish connections between them, a keyword system was employed. The authors of said articles crafted a comprehensive list of keywords in the initial phase. Subsequently, these keywords were subjected to scrutiny, editing, and culling of duplicates. This yielded a set of distinct keywords for use in lexical analysis. At this stage, keywords such as the names of provinces - cities, Theories - models, and general expressions that did not express a specific topic were removed. In the end, 40 keywords remained, which were used for the final analysis. In order to analyze and interpret the results, Ravar Matrix was used to prepare the self-interaction matrix and the co-occurrence of crucial words, the Ucinet program was used to analyze the studied indicators, and according to the limitations of this program, the Gephi program was used to draw graphs and networks.

Discussion and conclusion
Examining and evaluating scientific literature have long been viewed as important for shaping future policies of scientific journals, research planning, and informed decision-making. One effective approach to achieving this goal is by utilizing scientometric analysis methods. In the Journal of space economy and rural development, 364 articles have been published in 9 periods and 36 issues, and the authorship pattern of the authors has been the collaboration of three authors. Most of the journal "Space Economy & Rural Development " articles focus on "Economic Development." "Tourism" and "agriculture" are two central issues in this field, and researchers have investigated the dimensions and fields of development of these businesses in rural areas. However, the subject of interest is to do these articles in a coherent scientific network between authors and researchers. In such a way, more scientific cooperation among authors helps productivity, innovation, and exchange of information. In the Journal of Space Economy & Rural Development, the complete scientific cooperation network has not been formed because the authors are in different scientific fields. This issue has shown the primary attention of the magazine to the subject of the articles without paying attention to the authors. However, among the authors, Ghadiri Masom, Motiee Langroudi, and Riyahi have had the highest number of connections in the Journal's scientific cooperation network. These authors and Rezvani are the most crucial mediators in controlling and transmitting information in the Journal's scientific network.
On the other hand, most authors were from the University of Tehran, Kharazmi and Payam Noor of Tehran, who have less desire to cooperate in the scientific network of the magazine with other authors. However, in order to realize the scientific development of the Journal, the planners of the Journal can encourage the scientific perspective of the Journal by presenting clear goals and accepting novel topics that have been given less attention in the field of rural development. The use of editorial boards with different scientific fields (according to the scientific network of the Journal, which represents various scientific expertise in this field) can also contribute to the quality of presenting and publishing articles in the Journal.
 

 Introduction
Quantitative and qualitative improvement of the agricultural sector can increase production productivity, increase farmers' income and create a link between agricultural and non-agricultural poverty reduction programs. Solving or reducing problems and bottlenecks and managing challenges within this sector is necessary. The livestock industry is one of the main sectors of food production needed by humans. Among the various food items produced in the agricultural sector, protein items are essential. On the other hand, in addition to the production of protein foods, this industry plays a significant role in creating employment and providing new job opportunities through the completion of the food production and supply chain. It is impossible to fulfill this vital mission without identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of animal husbandry units and livestock breeders and formulating appropriate strategies to provide management solutions considering the limited resources in each region. The agricultural extension system is one of the main tools for developing the agricultural sector and empowering farmers. Educational and promotional programs are the primary means of realizing agricultural development goals and empowering livestock farmers. This research was carried out to follow the pattern of livestock farmers in livestock promotion training in the southern cities of Kerman.

 Methodology
The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistical population in this research included livestock breeders in the southern rural areas of Kerman Province, with approximately 250 units that had active livestock units in 2019. Cluster sampling was used to collect to avoid wasting time and saving financial resources. It should be noted that 100 animal husbandry units were selected from the sample farmers participating in training and promotion courses. After completing and collecting the questionnaires, statistical analysis was performed using the software Stata 12 software was used. Also, the generalized ordinal logit model was used to investigate the factors affecting the benefit of the farmers from educational and extension courses. When using the ordinal logit model, the coefficients are interpreted rather than directly interpreting the results. If the coefficient is positive, it means that the probability of being placed in one category increases while the probability of being placed in another category decreases. For this purpose, the interpretation of marginal effects should be used.
The ordinal logit model is based on a continuous latent variable, which is shown as follows:
yi*=βXi+εi                     -∞<yi*<∞           (1)
Suppose the variable yi is considered discrete and observable, representing different levels of livestock farmers' benefit. The relationship between the unobservable variable yi* and the observable variable yi is obtained from the ordinal logit model.
 
yi=1                        if          -∞< yi*<μ1    i=1,2,…,n
yi=2                        if          μ1< yi*<μ2    i=1,2,…,n
yi=3                        if          μ2< yi*<μ3    i=1,2,…,n
…..                             ….             …….                     ……
yi=n                       if          μt-1< yi*<∞    i=1,2,…,n            

Discussion and conclusion
According to the findings, several factors such as age, education level, satisfaction with sales and marketing strategies, attitude towards extension experts, primary occupation, and cost of animal feed significantly impact the advantages livestock breeders gain from attending educational and extension programs. Providing educational and promotional courses in different areas is a practical and effective method to enhance the knowledge and skills of villagers. These courses can greatly improve productivity and quality of life if they are conducted under favorable conditions and cater to participants' actual needs. This can also optimize the functioning of all agents within the extension education system. Therefore, the necessary arrangements should be considered for livestock farmers to access the facilities and inputs needed to apply and use promotional recommendations. Based on the information obtained in the present research, it can be concluded that due to the relatively high average age of livestock farmers in the south of Kerman province and considering the usefulness of participating in educational-promotional courses, regular holding of these courses with more emphasis on familiarity with veterinary procedures and livestock diseases, familiarity with food ingredients and animal nutrition management mainly, as well as familiarity with the marketing and sale of livestock products, livestock breeding, and the design of animal husbandry buildings and facilities to a lesser extent. The agenda of the deputy of the Livestock Production Improvement Organization should be placed in the south of Kerman Province. The effectiveness of educational and promotional programs and user satisfaction relies on the proper functioning of various components within the system. These include timely and accurate use of educational aids, relevant content that meets users' needs, and program planning that aligns with existing resources and user living conditions. In this regard, necessary arrangements should be made for access to the facilities and inputs needed for the livestock farmers of the south Kerman region to benefit from training and promotion courses.