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Sadegh Asghari Lafmejani, Eisa Shahraki, Mahdi Naderian Far,
Volume 5, Issue 15 (5-2016)
Volume 5, Issue 15 (5-2016)
Abstract
Introduction
Although poverty is a global problem, it is more drastic in villages and is considered as the most prominent problem of rural areas. Therefore, poverty alleviation, providing basic needs, and empowering the poor play important roles in rural development. In this way, rural development can be even introduced as an approach to poverty alleviation in rural areas. Regarding the fact that Iranian Rural society is noticeably confronted with unemployment (overt and covert), it can be said that empowering of villagers is a good strategy to resist against poverty and unemployment. So, different welfare organizations and institutions have been launched in Iran following supportive strategies for fighting against poverty and income inequalities as well as empowering of rural societies.
Imam Khomeini Relief Committee is one of these institutions that has been established by the purpose of recognizing material and spiritual deprivation of people and deprived classes in order to alleviate poverty by providing financial, health care, and educational services, together with self-sufficiency programs for the poor and needy. Even though the mentioned institution has already offered valuable services in Sistan to support the process of antipoverty, the drastic reduction in Helmand water and loss of livelihood activities have caused a majority of rural households in the region completely lose their sources of income. Then, the number of poor people and those under the protection of supportive-relief organizations has been increased.
Considering the increasing and alarming trends in the number of households protected by the Relief Committee, it is inevitable to recognize barriers and constraints facing economic and social empowerment of rural households under the protection of this institution in order to identify effective factors through which we can make better decisions toward the empowering of this group of society. This research intends to recognize barriers and constraints facing the economic and social empowerment of rural households under the protection of relief committee in Sistan villages as well as investigating their range of effectiveness and the most important ones.
Methodology
The present research is a descriptive- analytical one. The Statistical Society of this research consists of rural households protected by the Relief Committee in Sistan region. Household sample size has been detected through the specification of villages of more than 50 households under the protection of Relief Committee. Based on the number of villages under the protection and using sharp and correcting formula, a number of 40 villages have been introduced as sample villages. In the next step, sample villages have been randomly chosen among the villages of more than 50 households under the protection of Relief Committee. The number of households under the protection was reported 3071, among which a number of 341 households were calculated as household sample size using Cochran formula. For calculating research indicators, in addition to documentary and library studies appropriate to the conditions prevailing in the rural areas of Sistan region, a set of indicators associated with constraints and barriers to economic and social empowerment of rural households protected by the Relief Committee has been determined (tables 2 & 3). Household questionnaires have been completed by the heads of households or their spouses. The village questionnaires have also been completed by three members of the village council, the local experts or elders living there. SPSS and ArcGIS software have been used to analyze the data from the questionnaires of families and villages, as well as analysis of field observations forms. In this regard, in order to calculate the impact of restrictions and barriers facing economic and social empowerment of households, based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP), several steps have been done including formation of evaluation matrix, determination of the weight of the relevant indicators (in Expert Choice) and standardization of data. To sum up data weighted combination method has been used.
Discussion and conclusion
Considering the empowerment as a processes by which people find even more control over their working affairs and they can properly steer the direction of their lives with more power and control over resources, trust, capacity building and active participation, it is of particular interest to scholars. Results from the study indicate that barriers and restrictions facing the empowerment of households protected by the Relief Committee carry strongly different effects. According to ANOVA, the intensity have been explained in the form of fourteen main obstacles or restrictions. In this division, the highest rate was reported for the impact of water resource constraints on economic activity by a factor of 502/0.
Based on the findings, organizational problems and personality and individual traits of the head of the household are accounted as the second and third obstacles raised in empowering households under the study. According to the overall conclusions based on the total descriptive and analytical results, it is understood that due to the limitations originated from water entering the Helmand River from Afghanistan, those households living in Sistan villages are faced with numerous problems. In addition, lack of access to water resources has been very influential on reducing employment and income, increasing and intensifying poverty and social instability in rural households, either directly or indirectly. Therefore, during the years 1375 to 1390 (the same time as the intensification of water limitations arising from Helmand of Afghanistan and the beginning of droughts or Sistan water scarcity), an increase of more than four times in the number of people protected by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee is obvious. Comparing to other institutions, it is the responsibility of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) to alleviate poverty and empower deprived people. Considering "empowerment" as a tool for performing antipoverty programs, it is recommended to pay especial attention to the followings to help us continue the empowering process even stronger than before.
- Due to the fact that the most important factor affecting the progress of economic empowerment of rural households protected by the committee is considered to be the elimination of the constraints originated from Sistan villages being dependent on Afghanistan to supply the water needed, so the ongoing efforts of government seems essential to do something in the framework of international law to get the water rights of Sistan region and Hamoon international wetland from Hirmand river.
- Sistan northern and eastern borders with Afghanistan have created a perfect opportunity to develop the rural economy of the region. On the other hand, establishing border markets in North, East and SouthEast of Sistan, and providing the possibility of cross-border exchanges will be a good opportunity to reduce rural limits.
Considering the empowerment as a processes by which people find even more control over their working affairs and they can properly steer the direction of their lives with more power and control over resources, trust, capacity building and active participation, it is of particular interest to scholars. Results from the study indicate that barriers and restrictions facing the empowerment of households protected by the Relief Committee carry strongly different effects. According to ANOVA, the intensity have been explained in the form of fourteen main obstacles or restrictions. In this division, the highest rate was reported for the impact of water resource constraints on economic activity by a factor of 502/0.
Based on the findings, organizational problems and personality and individual traits of the head of the household are accounted as the second and third obstacles raised in empowering households under the study. According to the overall conclusions based on the total descriptive and analytical results, it is understood that due to the limitations originated from water entering the Helmand River from Afghanistan, those households living in Sistan villages are faced with numerous problems. In addition, lack of access to water resources has been very influential on reducing employment and income, increasing and intensifying poverty and social instability in rural households, either directly or indirectly. Therefore, during the years 1375 to 1390 (the same time as the intensification of water limitations arising from Helmand of Afghanistan and the beginning of droughts or Sistan water scarcity), an increase of more than four times in the number of people protected by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee is obvious. Comparing to other institutions, it is the responsibility of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) to alleviate poverty and empower deprived people. Considering "empowerment" as a tool for performing antipoverty programs, it is recommended to pay especial attention to the followings to help us continue the empowering process even stronger than before.
- Due to the fact that the most important factor affecting the progress of economic empowerment of rural households protected by the committee is considered to be the elimination of the constraints originated from Sistan villages being dependent on Afghanistan to supply the water needed, so the ongoing efforts of government seems essential to do something in the framework of international law to get the water rights of Sistan region and Hamoon international wetland from Hirmand river.
- Sistan northern and eastern borders with Afghanistan have created a perfect opportunity to develop the rural economy of the region. On the other hand, establishing border markets in North, East and SouthEast of Sistan, and providing the possibility of cross-border exchanges will be a good opportunity to reduce rural limits.
Marzieh Sancholi, Hamid Heidari Makrar, Sadegh Asghari Lafmajani,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (winter 2022 2022)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Given the nature and characteristics of rural communities, rural development experiences in different countries of the world over the past few decades show that the problems of rural incomes (economic weakness) and its social, cultural and political consequences can not be solved by The transfer of technical knowledge and technologies as well as the transfer of material capital to the settled rural areas were considered, Rather, a more important element that should be considered by rural policymakers and experts is the emphasis on the development of small rural businesses and the provision of the necessary conditions for their growth and development. Therefore, by recognizing the current situation in the regions of the country and extracting the advantages and challenges of each region, we can discover the hidden employment opportunities of that region with the participation and financial support of entrepreneurial institutions and organizations and develop and sustain the existing opportunities. . In this direction, small businesses have been considered as a tool for the development of local employment due to the abundance and privileged share in the employment of villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. A review of the studies shows that although many studies have been conducted to review small rural businesses in Kalaleh, but so far no study has been done on the impact of organizations and institutions in charge of entrepreneurship on small rural businesses in Kalaleh. It seeks to answer the question that what effect do entrepreneurial organizations and institutions have on creating small businesses in the villages of Kalaleh city?
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study includes households living in villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. Using Cochran's formula, 30 villages and 384 heads of households have been selected as a sample. In this research, based on theoretical foundations and research background, three groups of business impact indicators (economic, social, physical), support of organizations (financial, educational and technical consulting, legal), field of support (agriculture, services, industry) are used. Has been. The Topsis model has been used to rank the sample villages.
Discussion and conclusion
One of the ways that can provide employment in rural areas is entrepreneurial organizations and institutions that can start small rural businesses and in addition to creating employment for villagers, also provide a source of income for rural areas, which leads to sustainable rural growth and development. Provide. In this regard, in the villages of the central part of Kalaleh city, these entrepreneurial organizations have led to the formation and launch of small businesses, which have had different results in the studied villages and have left different effects in each village according to the environmental and human conditions. Is. The results of research studies on the impact of entrepreneurial organizations and institutions in creating small businesses in the status of indicators after obtaining work in the economic component, the index of access to production factors in the village with a value of 3.419 with the highest average and the index of financial resources for activities with 586 2. The lowest average and in the social component, the index of feeling useful for oneself and society with the value of 3.914 The highest average and the index of more knowledge of society and the environment with the value of 2.669 The lowest average and in the physical component, the index of suitable physical infrastructure ( Roads and rural communication roads) with a value of 3.682 is the highest average and the index of marketing network with a value of 2.159 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of organizations support indicators in the component of financial support, the index of granting special and gratuitous facilities for activists in deprived areas with a value of 2.776 with the highest average and the index of initial capital with a value of 2.513 with the lowest average and in the component of educational, consulting and technical support , Index of culture and promotion of entrepreneurial spirit in small businesses with a value of 2.781 with the highest average and index of teaching the principles of small business management with a value of 2.441 with the lowest average and in the component of legal protection, index of amending cumbersome rules for creating small businesses with a value of / 800 2 The highest average and the development index of industrial complexes and businesses with an average value of 2.463 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of the following indicators of support in the component of agricultural support, the index of supply of required agricultural machinery with a maximum of 3.245 and the index of improving environmental sustainability with an average of 2.591, the lowest average and in the component of service support, the index of support of service businesses In contrast to other businesses with a value of 2.789, the highest average and profitability enhancement index in the service sector with a value of 2.654, the lowest average and in the industrial support component, the profitability enhancement index in the industrial sector with a value of 2.825, the highest average and equipment supply index Processing of rural products with an average value of 2.562 is the lowest average. The results of Ghasemi and Ahmadi (2016) showed that granting facilities has a significant role in increasing the income of small business owners, creating employment and reducing unemployment, providing areas for self-employment, skills training and empowerment of villagers.
Research Methods
The statistical population of this study includes households living in villages in the central part of Kalaleh city. Using Cochran's formula, 30 villages and 384 heads of households have been selected as a sample. In this research, based on theoretical foundations and research background, three groups of business impact indicators (economic, social, physical), support of organizations (financial, educational and technical consulting, legal), field of support (agriculture, services, industry) are used. Has been. The Topsis model has been used to rank the sample villages.
Discussion and conclusion
One of the ways that can provide employment in rural areas is entrepreneurial organizations and institutions that can start small rural businesses and in addition to creating employment for villagers, also provide a source of income for rural areas, which leads to sustainable rural growth and development. Provide. In this regard, in the villages of the central part of Kalaleh city, these entrepreneurial organizations have led to the formation and launch of small businesses, which have had different results in the studied villages and have left different effects in each village according to the environmental and human conditions. Is. The results of research studies on the impact of entrepreneurial organizations and institutions in creating small businesses in the status of indicators after obtaining work in the economic component, the index of access to production factors in the village with a value of 3.419 with the highest average and the index of financial resources for activities with 586 2. The lowest average and in the social component, the index of feeling useful for oneself and society with the value of 3.914 The highest average and the index of more knowledge of society and the environment with the value of 2.669 The lowest average and in the physical component, the index of suitable physical infrastructure ( Roads and rural communication roads) with a value of 3.682 is the highest average and the index of marketing network with a value of 2.159 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of organizations support indicators in the component of financial support, the index of granting special and gratuitous facilities for activists in deprived areas with a value of 2.776 with the highest average and the index of initial capital with a value of 2.513 with the lowest average and in the component of educational, consulting and technical support , Index of culture and promotion of entrepreneurial spirit in small businesses with a value of 2.781 with the highest average and index of teaching the principles of small business management with a value of 2.441 with the lowest average and in the component of legal protection, index of amending cumbersome rules for creating small businesses with a value of / 800 2 The highest average and the development index of industrial complexes and businesses with an average value of 2.463 is the lowest average. Investigating the status of the following indicators of support in the component of agricultural support, the index of supply of required agricultural machinery with a maximum of 3.245 and the index of improving environmental sustainability with an average of 2.591, the lowest average and in the component of service support, the index of support of service businesses In contrast to other businesses with a value of 2.789, the highest average and profitability enhancement index in the service sector with a value of 2.654, the lowest average and in the industrial support component, the profitability enhancement index in the industrial sector with a value of 2.825, the highest average and equipment supply index Processing of rural products with an average value of 2.562 is the lowest average. The results of Ghasemi and Ahmadi (2016) showed that granting facilities has a significant role in increasing the income of small business owners, creating employment and reducing unemployment, providing areas for self-employment, skills training and empowerment of villagers.
Minoo Vaghri Moghaddam, Vahid Vaziri, Sayyad Asghari,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (Fall 2022 2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (Fall 2022 2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Appropriate distribution of urban land use is one of the essential issues in the urban planning of cities with a sound and vibrant economy. Each activity in the city requires a suitable space to meet the requirements, and it is only possible to establish them in some areas. Therefore, it is a very important issue in urban planning to decide on the appropriate location for land use. This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of promoting industry clusters as an industrial development alternative for rural areas. On the other hand, previous studies and experiences indicate that when different parallel production units and stores in the same industry are brought together in one geographical area and are organized in the form of an industrial cluster, it leads to the organization of small and medium-sized industries. Thus, it brings benefits to the owners and employees of these units. Accordingly, it leads to huge savings for companies due to teamwork and increasing collective efficacy. Determining an industrial cluster to achieve a particular product is a successful and examined method for aggregating small to medium-sized industrial enterprises, which eliminates the disadvantages of these industries and increases advantages such as diversity and flexibility.
Iran is a pioneer in the production of original and high-quality hand-woven carpets. However, over the past few decades, the economy has stagnated. As a result, exports and income generation of the carpet industry have decreased due to neglecting this valuable cultural production, increasing production costs and problems, insufficient support for carpet weavers, producers, and exporters, as well as increasing competition from other countries such as India, China, and Pakistan. Besides, due to the deficiencies in the structural, organizational, managerial, and primarily commercial fields, global market sales of Iranian hand-woven carpets have declined and are experiencing critical situations.
Due to the dependence of Iranian villagers' livelihoods on agriculture and the lack of income sources other than agriculture, the rural area has a weak and vulnerable economy. Moreover, an income increase in the agricultural sector is not very possible because of the limited lands which are not augmentable. Therefore, considering the strengths and obstacles of each region of the country, it is necessary to find other sources of income to diversify the economics of the rural economy and to increase the maintainability of the village population or, in other words, the stability of the rural community.
In this regard, carpet weaving is one of the skills of the people in Ardabil city, which has had a significant impact on their economy over the years; hence, locating and spatial design in the title of "carpet industrial cluster" in Ardabil county can lead to progress in the industry, and more trade of this ancient commodity, and subsequently improve the quality and living standards of the villagers.
Methodology
The current research aims to identify the best areas for establishing the hand-woven carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county with the rural economic development approach. In other words, the goal of the current research is to select and introduce the best possible places for constructing carpet clusters in Ardabil County so that a study can be presented regarding the development of the economy of the towns and villages of this city. In order to achieve this goal, the library and documentary sources and the descriptive-analytical method for data collection were used, so influential factors for the location of the carpet industrial cluster as well as basic information for the design of the questionnaire, were obtained. Then, considering this information and indicators, the researcher created the questionnaire. The sample of this research included the significant producers of hand-woven carpets in urban and rural areas of Ardabil city, professors and researchers in this field, small weavers, sellers of carpets, and the workers of the carpet administration and Ardabil carpet cluster. Next, the interview with these experts was done, and the results were collected. Then, the effect of each item and their relationship with each other were investigated. In the next step, the collected items were classified into three categories: natural, physical, and manufactured. Then, the spatial information using the analytical network process model was analyzed, and the layers were overlapped and assessed. Then the weight of criteria and related sub-criteria was obtained. The layer related to each sub-item was defined in the GIS regarding the weights. Finally, the suitable location for the establishment of the carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county was determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The criteria obtained in this research can be divided into two categories: first, criteria with a geographical study layer, and second, criteria without a study layer which requires field studies, interviews, and library studies. According to this, the first category criteria using the Arc GIS program and applying the weight percentages showed the regions of Ardabil city to locate the carpet cluster of Ardabil city with the rural economic development approach regarding each criterion. Furthermore, the final map that shows the most suitable places for establishing the carpet cluster was obtained by overlapping and aggregating the zoning maps related to climatic characteristics, topography, and human activities (Figure 1). Based on the map, it is clear that the central regions of Ardabil city are the best area for this research, and the western and southeastern regions of Ardabil city are the wrong places for establishing this cluster. Therefore, regions of the cities and villages located in the central part of Ardabil county can be considered to respond to the project's goal.
The result of the research showed that most of the regions of Ardabil county, especially the central urban and rural areas of the county, have the potential to locate the carpet industrial cluster to improve the economic development of the villages. Therefore, the construction of such an industrial space based on human labor has a significant effect on the region's economy, and it will lead to the development and economic growth of the villagers and increase their living standards.
Appropriate distribution of urban land use is one of the essential issues in the urban planning of cities with a sound and vibrant economy. Each activity in the city requires a suitable space to meet the requirements, and it is only possible to establish them in some areas. Therefore, it is a very important issue in urban planning to decide on the appropriate location for land use. This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of promoting industry clusters as an industrial development alternative for rural areas. On the other hand, previous studies and experiences indicate that when different parallel production units and stores in the same industry are brought together in one geographical area and are organized in the form of an industrial cluster, it leads to the organization of small and medium-sized industries. Thus, it brings benefits to the owners and employees of these units. Accordingly, it leads to huge savings for companies due to teamwork and increasing collective efficacy. Determining an industrial cluster to achieve a particular product is a successful and examined method for aggregating small to medium-sized industrial enterprises, which eliminates the disadvantages of these industries and increases advantages such as diversity and flexibility.
Iran is a pioneer in the production of original and high-quality hand-woven carpets. However, over the past few decades, the economy has stagnated. As a result, exports and income generation of the carpet industry have decreased due to neglecting this valuable cultural production, increasing production costs and problems, insufficient support for carpet weavers, producers, and exporters, as well as increasing competition from other countries such as India, China, and Pakistan. Besides, due to the deficiencies in the structural, organizational, managerial, and primarily commercial fields, global market sales of Iranian hand-woven carpets have declined and are experiencing critical situations.
Due to the dependence of Iranian villagers' livelihoods on agriculture and the lack of income sources other than agriculture, the rural area has a weak and vulnerable economy. Moreover, an income increase in the agricultural sector is not very possible because of the limited lands which are not augmentable. Therefore, considering the strengths and obstacles of each region of the country, it is necessary to find other sources of income to diversify the economics of the rural economy and to increase the maintainability of the village population or, in other words, the stability of the rural community.
In this regard, carpet weaving is one of the skills of the people in Ardabil city, which has had a significant impact on their economy over the years; hence, locating and spatial design in the title of "carpet industrial cluster" in Ardabil county can lead to progress in the industry, and more trade of this ancient commodity, and subsequently improve the quality and living standards of the villagers.
Methodology
The current research aims to identify the best areas for establishing the hand-woven carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county with the rural economic development approach. In other words, the goal of the current research is to select and introduce the best possible places for constructing carpet clusters in Ardabil County so that a study can be presented regarding the development of the economy of the towns and villages of this city. In order to achieve this goal, the library and documentary sources and the descriptive-analytical method for data collection were used, so influential factors for the location of the carpet industrial cluster as well as basic information for the design of the questionnaire, were obtained. Then, considering this information and indicators, the researcher created the questionnaire. The sample of this research included the significant producers of hand-woven carpets in urban and rural areas of Ardabil city, professors and researchers in this field, small weavers, sellers of carpets, and the workers of the carpet administration and Ardabil carpet cluster. Next, the interview with these experts was done, and the results were collected. Then, the effect of each item and their relationship with each other were investigated. In the next step, the collected items were classified into three categories: natural, physical, and manufactured. Then, the spatial information using the analytical network process model was analyzed, and the layers were overlapped and assessed. Then the weight of criteria and related sub-criteria was obtained. The layer related to each sub-item was defined in the GIS regarding the weights. Finally, the suitable location for the establishment of the carpet industrial cluster in Ardabil county was determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The criteria obtained in this research can be divided into two categories: first, criteria with a geographical study layer, and second, criteria without a study layer which requires field studies, interviews, and library studies. According to this, the first category criteria using the Arc GIS program and applying the weight percentages showed the regions of Ardabil city to locate the carpet cluster of Ardabil city with the rural economic development approach regarding each criterion. Furthermore, the final map that shows the most suitable places for establishing the carpet cluster was obtained by overlapping and aggregating the zoning maps related to climatic characteristics, topography, and human activities (Figure 1). Based on the map, it is clear that the central regions of Ardabil city are the best area for this research, and the western and southeastern regions of Ardabil city are the wrong places for establishing this cluster. Therefore, regions of the cities and villages located in the central part of Ardabil county can be considered to respond to the project's goal.
The result of the research showed that most of the regions of Ardabil county, especially the central urban and rural areas of the county, have the potential to locate the carpet industrial cluster to improve the economic development of the villages. Therefore, the construction of such an industrial space based on human labor has a significant effect on the region's economy, and it will lead to the development and economic growth of the villagers and increase their living standards.
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