SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

other تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر بهره مندی دامداران نواحی روستایی جنوب کرمان از دوره های آموزشی و ترویجی analysis of factors affecting the benefit of rural livestock farmers in the south of Kerman from educational and promotional courses تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">برنامههای آموزشی و ترویجی، ابزار اصلی تحقق هدفهای توسعه کشاورزی و توانمندسازی دامداران میباشند. این تحقیق، با هدف الگوی پیروی دامداران از آموزشهای ترویج دامپروری در شهرستانهای جنوب کرمان انجام شد. بدین منظـور از دیدمـان تحقیـق کمّی بر پایه بررسی میدانی اسـتفاده شـد. جامعه آماری تحقیق، 250 واحد دامپروی جنوب کرمان بودند که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران،حجم نمونه، 154 واحد برآورد و از این شمار، دامدارانی که در کلاسهای ترویجی شرکت کرده بودند، با استفاده از نمونهگیری خوشهای انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق، پرسشنامه بود که روایی محتوای آن توسط گروهی از استادان دانشگاه و کارشناسان جهاد کشاورزی و پایایی با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. از الگوی لاجیت ترتیبی تعمیمیافته جهت بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر بهرهمندی دامداران از دورههای آموزشی و ترویجی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد متغیرهای سن دامدار، تحصیلات، رضایت دامدار از فروش و بازاریابی محصولات، نگرش دامدار نسبت به کارشناسان ترویج، شغل اصلی و هزینه خوراک دام، تأثیر معنیدار بر بهرهمندی دامداران از دورههای آموزشی و ترویجی دارند. موفقیت برنامههای ترویجی و رضایت دامداران از این برنامهها، در گرو کارکرد بهینه همهی عاملان نظام آموزشهای ترویجی میباشد. بنابراین باید تمهیدات لازم برای دسترسی دامداران به امکانها و نهادههای موردنیاز برای بهکارگیری و استفاده از توصیههای ترویجی درنظر گرفته شود.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Introduction Quantitative and qualitative improvement of the agricultural sector can increase production productivity, increase farmers' income and create a link between agricultural and non-agricultural poverty reduction programs. Solving or reducing problems and bottlenecks and managing challenges within this sector is necessary. The livestock industry is one of the main sectors of food production needed by humans. Among the various food items produced in the agricultural sector, protein items are essential. On the other hand, in addition to the production of protein foods, this industry plays a significant role in creating employment and providing new job opportunities through the completion of the food production and supply chain. It is impossible to fulfill this vital mission without identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of animal husbandry units and livestock breeders and formulating appropriate strategies to provide management solutions considering the limited resources in each region. The agricultural extension system is one of the main tools for developing the agricultural sector and empowering farmers. Educational and promotional programs are the primary means of realizing agricultural development goals and empowering livestock farmers. This research was carried out to follow the pattern of livestock farmers in livestock promotion training in the southern cities of Kerman.  Methodology The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistical population in this research included livestock breeders in the southern rural areas of Kerman Province, with approximately 250 units that had active livestock units in 2019. Cluster sampling was used to collect to avoid wasting time and saving financial resources. It should be noted that 100 animal husbandry units were selected from the sample farmers participating in training and promotion courses. After completing and collecting the questionnaires, statistical analysis was performed using the software Stata 12 software was used. Also, the generalized ordinal logit model was used to investigate the factors affecting the benefit of the farmers from educational and extension courses. When using the ordinal logit model, the coefficients are interpreted rather than directly interpreting the results. If the coefficient is positive, it means that the probability of being placed in one category increases while the probability of being placed in another category decreases. For this purpose, the interpretation of marginal effects should be used. The ordinal logit model is based on a continuous latent variable, which is shown as follows: <m:omath><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r>=</m:r><m:acc><m:accpr><m:chr m:val="́"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:chr></m:accpr><m:e><m:r>β</m:r></m:e></m:acc><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>X</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>+</m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>ε</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath>                     <m:omath><m:r>-∞</m:r><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r><</m:r><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r><∞           </m:r></m:omath>(1) Suppose the variable <m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath> is considered discrete and observable, representing different levels of livestock farmers' benefit. The relationship between the unobservable variable <m:omath><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup></m:omath> and the observable variable <m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath> is obtained from the ordinal logit model.  <m:omath></m:omath> <m:omathpara><m:omathparapr><m:jc m:val="left"></m:jc></m:omathparapr><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>=1                        </m:r><m:r>if</m:r><m:r>          -∞< </m:r><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r><</m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>    </m:r><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>=1,2,…,</m:r><m:r>n</m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> <m:omathpara><m:omathparapr><m:jc m:val="left"></m:jc></m:omathparapr><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>=2                        </m:r><m:r>if</m:r><m:r>          </m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>< </m:r><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r><</m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>    </m:r><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>=1,2,…,</m:r><m:r>n</m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> <m:omathpara><m:omathparapr><m:jc m:val="left"></m:jc></m:omathparapr><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>=3                        </m:r><m:r>if</m:r><m:r>          </m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>< </m:r><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r><</m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>3</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>    </m:r><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>=1,2,…,</m:r><m:r>n</m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> <m:omathpara><m:omathparapr><m:jc m:val="left"></m:jc></m:omathparapr><m:omath><m:r>…..                             ….             …….                     ……</m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> <m:omathpara><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>i</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>                       </m:r><m:r>if</m:r><m:r>          </m:r><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubpr><m:e><m:r>μ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>t</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:ssub><m:r>< </m:r><m:ssubsup><m:ssubsuppr><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></m:ssubsuppr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:ssubsup><m:r><∞    </m:r><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>=1,2,…,</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>            </m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> Discussion and conclusion According to the findings, several factors such as age, education level, satisfaction with sales and marketing strategies, attitude towards extension experts, primary occupation, and cost of animal feed significantly impact the advantages livestock breeders gain from attending educational and extension programs. Providing educational and promotional courses in different areas is a practical and effective method to enhance the knowledge and skills of villagers. These courses can greatly improve productivity and quality of life if they are conducted under favorable conditions and cater to participants' actual needs. This can also optimize the functioning of all agents within the extension education system. Therefore, the necessary arrangements should be considered for livestock farmers to access the facilities and inputs needed to apply and use promotional recommendations. Based on the information obtained in the present research, it can be concluded that due to the relatively high average age of livestock farmers in the south of Kerman province and considering the usefulness of participating in educational-promotional courses, regular holding of these courses with more emphasis on familiarity with veterinary procedures and livestock diseases, familiarity with food ingredients and animal nutrition management mainly, as well as familiarity with the marketing and sale of livestock products, livestock breeding, and the design of animal husbandry buildings and facilities to a lesser extent. The agenda of the deputy of the Livestock Production Improvement Organization should be placed in the south of Kerman Province. The effectiveness of educational and promotional programs and user satisfaction relies on the proper functioning of various components within the system. These include timely and accurate use of educational aids, relevant content that meets users' needs, and program planning that aligns with existing resources and user living conditions. In this regard, necessary arrangements should be made for access to the facilities and inputs needed for the livestock farmers of the south Kerman region to benefit from training and promotion courses.  </div> اقتصاد دامی, آموزش و ترویج دامداران, دامداران روستایی, جنوب کرمان. Livestock economics, education and promotion of livestock farmers, rural livestock farmers, southern Kerman. 59 76 http://serd.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2-385&slc_lang=other&sid=1 Morteza Mokhtari مرتضی مختاری 10031947532846006640 10031947532846006640 No Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Jiroft University, Jiroft, Iran دانشیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران. Moammadreza Ghaedi Far محمدرضا قائدی فر 10031947532846006641 10031947532846006641 No Animal Science Research Department, Research and Training Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman Province, Kerman, Iran کارشناس بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان، ایران. Roholla Mirmahmoodi روح الله میرمحمودی 10031947532846006642 10031947532846006642 No Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Jiroft University, Jiroft, Iran. دانشیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران. Amir Mousaei امیر موسایی 10031947532846006643 10031947532846006643 No Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Jiroft University, Jiroft, Iran استادیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران. Somayeh Naghavi سمیه نقوی somnaghavi@ujiroft.ac.ir 10031947532846006644 10031947532846006644 Yes Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Jiroft University, Jiroft, Iran استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران. Hamid Bideshki حمید بیدشکی 10031947532846006645 10031947532846006645 No Deputy of Livestock Production Improvement, South Kerman Agriculture Jahad Organization, Jiroft, Iran کارشناس معاونت بهبود تولیدات دامی، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی جنوب کرمان، کرمان، ایران. Ahmad Ali Sadeghi احمدعلی صادقی 10031947532846006646 10031947532846006646 No Deputy of Livestock Production Improvement, South Kerman Agriculture Jahad Organization, Jiroft, Iran کارشناس معاونت بهبود تولیدات دامی، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی جنوب کرمان، کرمان، ایران.