Journal of

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The aim of the present study was to consider psychometric properties of Sympson's Hope Scale in a sample of Iranian university students. To do so, 457 students of Hamadan universities were selected through proportional stratified sampling method and were asked to complete Snyder's Hope Scale, Oxford Happiness scale, Hardiness Scale, Beck Hopelessness Inventory, Riff 's Psychological Well-being Scale along with Sympson's Hope Scale (changed a little).  Cronbach's coefficient Alpha (0/95), split-half (0/84), convergent validity ( Hardiness, 0/36, Happiness, 0/58, Psychological Well-being, 0/43), divergent validity (Hopelessness, -0/18) were significant (p<0/01). Second order confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five factors had high factor loadings on one latent factor and therefore six factors model was fitted with the data (AGFI=0/91, RMSEA=0/047, NFI=0/98). Results will be present in detail in the following.

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The aim of the this research was to present a causal model for explaining hope through using Structural Equation Modeling in a sample of Iranian University students. Therefore, a sample of 379 students were selected via multiple stage sampling method from Hamadan university and they responded to Sympson's Hope Scale, Sherer self-efficacy scale, adult attachment style scale, multidimensional perceived social support, life regard index (Meaningful life) and goal orientation questionnaire. Before fitting the basic model, psychometric properties of the tools were investigated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the designed model, attachment styles, Meaningful life and social support were considered as the exogenous latent variables (independent variables), self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation as the mediator latent variables, and hope as the endogenous latent variable (dependent variable). Results indicated that theoretical model was fit with the data. Also the results showed that the social support and Meaningful life were directly and indirectly, and secure attachment was directly in a significant relationship with the hope. Furthermore, avoidance attachment was directly in a significant relationship with the hope through self-efficacy mediator variable. All the variables proposed to explain the hope could explain 0.46 percent of its variance.

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The purpose of this article is investigated the cause of procrastination according to Cognitive, emotional and behavioral approach. So the model in based on cognitive, emotional and behavioral and procrastination is tested. And the impact of rational beliefs, irrational beliefs, frustration discomfort beliefs, hope beliefs, academic self-efficacy, and self-regulation Procrastination is studied. A sample of 900 students (447 females and 453 males) selected with stratified random sampling and answered to procrastination scale, Rvsblvm and Solom (1984), frustration discomfort scale , Harrington (2005) to measure frustration discomfort beliefs, self-regulated learning questionnaire, Greene and Miller (2004), self-efficacy questionnaire, Mydltn and Midgley (1997), irrational Beliefs Inventory Kvpmnz et al (1994). Path analysis run in two models: one with exogenous variables irrational beliefs and the frustration discomfort beliefs, and other exogenous variables rational beliefs, hope beliefs. The results indicate a good fit of the model. The amount of variance explained by frustration discomfort beliefs, irrational beliefs, self-efficacy and self-regulation was 0.32 and the variance explained by frustration discomfort beliefs, irrational beliefs, and self efficacy was 0.27. The amount of variance explained by rational beliefs, hope beliefs, self-efficacy and self-regulation was 0.24 and the variance explained by rational beliefs, hope beliefs, and self efficacy was 0.18. According to the results of research Education practitioners can reduce student procrastination by increasing self-efficacy and self-regulation, rational beliefs and hopes and decrease irrational beliefs and the frustration discomfort beliefs.

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In recent years, rumination has been used in the etiology of depression and hopelessness as two proximal predictors of suicide ideation and behavior. But findings have been inconsistent with respect to the role of rumination subtypes in the prediction of suicidal ideation and it was supposed that reflection (focusing on the causes of depressed mood) was a more adaptive form than the brooding (focusing on the results of depressed mood). The present study, in the context of Ruminative Response style theory of depression, aimed at examining the role of rumination and its subtypes along with depression and hopelessness in the prediction of suicidal ideation. To this end, 177 undergraduate students with scores of 10 or higher in BDI-II were asked to complete rumination and hopelessness scales and questions about suicide ideation. Using logistic regression technique, it was shown that this model could predict 59.3% of the likelihood of the presence of suicidal ideation. This study was in line with earlier studies which have presumed reflection as the more adaptive subtype. Results also suggested that there was a greater correlation between rumination, its subtypes and suicidal ideation in females. This study also emphasizes the use of interventions targeting rumination in order to prevent suicidal ideations.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived social support on adherence through resilience and hope in patients with type 2 diabetes. 234 patients with type 2 diabetes among files available with diagnosis type 2 diabetes in health center Lamerd were selected by simple random sampling method. Participants were asked to complete Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Hope Scale, Resilience Scale and General Adherence Scale. Structural equation modeling through AMOS-16 software packages were used for data analysis. Analysis of structural equation modeling indicated that default model don’t fit for data and require to improvement. As a result, by eliminating non-significant routes final model fit to the data was confirmed. Other analyses revealed that the support of friends and other important people support were able to predict resiliency. As well the support of friends and other important people support indirectly predicted resilience through adherence. Hope also hadn’t a role mediating variable in the model. The findings of this study can be concluded that the resilience can be reinforced as the mediator variable effect of perceived social support (eg, support of friends and other important people support) on adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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The role of post-traumatic growth has been approved in cancer patients, which can have a positive psychological effect in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between post-traumatic growth with spiritual well-being, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and hope in cancer patients. Methods: The sample of this research consisted of 225 patients with cancer who were selected by convenience sampling method. The assessment tools have been including the silver lining questionnaire, spiritual well-being scale, well-being index WHO-5 Satisfaction with Life Scale and positive affect and negative affect schedule and hope scale. The results showed that post-traumatic growth has a positive and significant relationship with the variables of psychological well-being, spiritual well-being, subjective well-being and hope. The variables of psychological well-being and existential well-being and the pathway component of hope have a significant role in predicting post-traumatic growth. In general, the results of this study indicate the importance of the post-traumatic growth dimensions in improving the mental status of cancer patients.