Journal of

---

The aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy based on executive functions in improving the executive functions in students with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study was carried out in 2011-2012 academic year using pre­-­post- test design with a control group. Students of Mashhad’s Ferdowsi University who were previously diagnosed with ADHD or who were showing the symptoms of ADHD at the time of the study were invited to participate in this study. Primary diagnosis was based on the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale—IV (BAARS-IV) and final diagnosis of the disorder was done through psychiatric interview. Finally, 32 students were selected as the subjects of the study and were randomly divided into a control and an experimental group. The experimental group received EF based cognitive-behavioral group therapy. In addition to BAARS-IV all participants completed Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) at pre­-­post-test assessments. Results of MANCOVA & ANCOVA tests showed that participants in the experimental group improved their executive functions including time management, planning, organization, self-motivation, and emotional self-regulation. Results of the study demonstrated that EF based cognitive-behavioral group therapy was effective in improving the executive functions in student with ADHD. Therefore, along with other treatments this treatment can be used as a modern approach for improving the executive functions of students with ADHD.

---

The present research has been conducted to study the diagnostic role of autobiographical memory, attachment and identity in the patients with the post-traumatic stress and generalized anxiety disorders. The selected samples in this causal-comparative study included 24 patients suffering from the post-traumatic stress disorder, 20 suffering from the generalized anxiety disorder and 32 normal people in similar ages and social conditions. They were tested and interviewed during two sessions after the researcher has explained them the necessary details and have got their consent. Beck’s depression inventory, Beck’s anxiety inventory, the revised event-effect scale, the attachment scale, the identity assessment scale, the autobiographical memory interview and the autobiographical memory test were used to achieve the goal of this research. The results revealed that healthy people’s performance was better than the performance of those suffering from PTSD in all the subscales of autobiographical memory in the three different periods of childhood, adulthood and the recent past and both in the semantic and episodic sections. Furthermore, the results of the autobiographical memory test indicated a reduction in PTSD suffering patients’ specific memory in comparison to the people in the normal group. Also GAD suffering people’s performance was better than that of PTSD suffering ones only in the subscale of adulthood events. The coupled comparison of the groups showed that the average secure attachment style in the healthy group was significantly higher than that of the people in the GAD group however, the average score is lower in this group than the other two patient ones in terms of insecure anxiety. The analytical-diagnostic results also showed that 69.7 percent of people in these three groups have been accurately placed in their groups.

---

The present study was conducted in order to study the mediating role of financial behavior management in the relation between the personality traits and subjective well-being. Therefore, a sample consisted of 479 staffs of universities located in Gilan province have answered to the Iranian Big Five (GARDON), financial behavior management and Subjective Well-being Questionnaires, after being selected by the clustered sampling. The data was collected and analyzed by the structural equation modeling method. The results of the analysis showed that the personality traits in total explained 14% of the financial behavior management variance and the personality traits and financial behavior management explained 32% of the subjective well-being variance. Also, this study showed that, on one hand, the path coefficient of three factors of neuroticism / emotional stability, extraversion / happiness and conscience / humility were significantly associated with the subjective well-being and on the other hand, the path coefficient of three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness were significantly associated with the financial behavior management. Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the path coefficient between the financial behavior management and subjective well-being was significant, and the financial behavior management mediated the relationship between the three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness and subjective well-being. Totally, considering the results of the present study it can be concluded that probably, by financial behavior management skills training, we can increase the positive effect of personality traits on the subjective well-being and can decrease its negative effects.

---

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and cognitive dissonance with eating disorder symptoms. This study was a correlational research and statistical population of the study included the persons who went to the nutritional clinics of Tehran in 2013. Of this population, 103 persons were selected through simple random sampling. Research tools included big five factor personality inventory, DARQ and eating attitude test. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between the eating disorder symptoms and personality traits of the neuroticism arousal and cognitive arousal. Also the result of regression analysis indicated that the personality traits of the openness to experience and cognitive arousal could predict the eating disorder symptoms. Clinically, measurement of personality traits can be very helpful in identifying the obese and overweight persons who are at risk of abnormal eating behaviors. Furthermore, the results of this study showed the existence of arousal in causing compulsive behavior in dissonance condition and proposed the reduction of dissonance in treatment programs related to the eating behaviors.

---

This research aimed to study the phenomenological pattern of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, 255 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected by Convenience sampling and were evaluated by Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale in terms of symptoms and severity of OCD. Obsessions of contamination, aggressive, compulsions of washing/cleaning and checking had the highest percentage of frequency, and Obsessions of hoarding, sexual and compulsions of counting and hoarding had the lowest percentage of frequency among the thirteen groups of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Single patients had religious obsession and repetition compulsion more than married patients. Concerns with the dirt and germs and excessive or ritualized hand washing were the most prevalent obsessive-compulsive symptom. Also, some differences were observed between the male and female patients. The obtained results showed that the phenomenological pattern of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms observed in this sample of the Iranian patients with OCD had some similarities and differences with the phenomenological pattern observed in other studies and societies.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the types of abuse in childhood and forgiveness, mental health and coping strategies of married individuals residing in Tehran. It is a Cross-sectional study. As for the Population of the study, married individuals of 5 regions of Tehran city, who were selected through cluster sampling, were considered. Of this population who were a member of entertainment, health and cultural centers, 337 subjects were selected. To collect the data, self-report questionnaires, family forgiveness scale, General Health Questionnaire and Billings and Moos Coping Strategies Questionnaire were used. As for the analysis of the data, Pearson correlation, simple regression, multiple regression and independent t-test were used. Research findings indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the experience of abuse and the mental health and that there was a negative relationship between the experience of abuse and forgiveness. Furthermore, there was no relationship between the total score of the experience of abuse and the total score of the coping strategies however, between the subscales there was a positive significant relationship. Also, a significant difference was found between the male and female subjects. Results of the study showed that the experience of abuse in childhood could have an effect on the mental health and the amount of forgiveness in the adulthood and it could have a deep effect on the life and personality of the person in copying with the stress and pressures of the daily life.

---

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the theory of mind training on decreasing the aggression and on increasing the ability of the theory of mind in preschool children. The research design of the study was of type Quasi-experimental with pre-post test. 34 children (with symptoms of aggression) were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received the interventions related to the theory of mind during 9 sessions. Research tools of the study included the aggression questionnaire, developed by Vahedi et al, and the false-belief test to assess the children’s theory of mind. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. According to the findings obtained from the analysis of ANCOVA, interventions related to the theory of mind caused an increase of the ability of the theory of mind and a decrease of the aggression among the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Considering the results of the study it can be said that the theory of mind training can cause an increase of the ability of the theory of mind and a decrease of aggression. Therefore, in the parents – child context and also in the kindergartens the theory of mind training should be considered and emphasized.

---

The aim of the present study was to test the convergence hypothesis with the emotions, the role of positive and the negative emotional experiences in moral judgment based on the moderating role of Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). First, 600 persons from Kharazmi University were tested using the Carver and White personality questionnaire and after analyzing the data, 60 of them were classified into four groups based on  the final scores of the distribution.  Then, each personality group (individually) was induced by the positive and negative emotional experiences. After the emotion induction step, they were presented with two personal and impersonal moral stories to respond. The gathered data were analyzed using the mixed variance analysis. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the four groups of subjects based on the emotional aspects in personal and impersonal moral judgment. Furthermore, emotion induction could  influence the people’s function  in personal and impersonal moral judgment based on the personality dimensions, and positive and negative emotional stimuli could lead to the non- utilitarianism judgment in personal moral stories.

---

The goal of this study was An investigation the effect of collaborative mother-child play training on child behavioral difficult symptoms ( odd and conduct ) in school males Students with oppositional defiant disorderin of Isfahan. thus, in a quasi-experimental design with a control group and pret test – post test & follow up assessment, 32 male of school students with ODD diagnose selected and assigned randomly in experimental and control group (n1=n2=16). The experimental group received meeting on a weekly sessions basis training with the participation of eight mother and playing with child. While the control group received no intervention and remain in waiting list. Two groups were evaluated by child symptoms check list (CSI-4) ODD & condact subscales.The results of the analysis of covariance revealed intervention with mother-child play reduces reduction in symptoms  of oppositional defiant disorder and  in follow up. Plus, this introvention reduce  symptoms of conduct in post test and can reduce these symtoms in follow up.. Based on these findings it can be concluded the mother - child playing in reducing symptoms of conduct disorder and disregard Coping effective and Using this experimental approach, while reducing the severity of coping ignored, this intervention can be effective in reducing the symptoms of children with disregard coping behaviors used.

---

The purpose of this study was to provide a structure- oriented cross-cultural comparison of the within-group relationships between the negative life events, academic stress and subjective well-being among the Iranian and Swedish undergraduate students. On a sample consisting of 205 students (100 Iranian, 105 Swedish) the negative Event Scale, Academic Stress Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Satisfaction with Life Scale were administrated. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the multiple factors in both groups. Results of the multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the Iranian and Swedish students in terms of the structure –oriented relations of the negative life events, academic stress and subjective wellbeing. However, the results of within-group comparisons showed that among the Iranian students, in comparison to the Swedish students, the negative life events had a high ability in predicting the academic stress and the emotional and cognitive components and that the academic stress had a high ability in predicting the subjective wellbeing. Results of the present study put an emphasis on the similarity of applied features of negative life events and academic stress among the Iranian and Swedish students in predicting the subjective wellbeing.

---

Organizational downsizing brings about the change of work-related demands for the remaining employees following the modification. This change can lead to the psychological tension and psychosomatic complaints among the staff. However, goal engagement control strategies can decrease these negative outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of control strategies and work-related demands on the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension. Participants of the study included 624 personnel of an industrial company who were selected randomly and then responded to the research instruments namely work-related demands, control strategies, psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension scales. Findings indicated that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychosomatic complaints and that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychological tension were negative and these relations were higher in the group with more lack of goal engagement. Also, the interaction effect was significant. So the use of goal engagement control strategies in stressful situation can decrease the negative effects of work-related demands and can buffer against the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension.

---

Depression is a common psychological disorder among the mothers of newborn children and it correlates with the social and psychological adjustment of children and parents. The aim of the present research was to examine the factors affecting the depression in the mothers with the children under the age of two. The sample of this descriptive-correlation study included 220 mothers having the children under the age of two of women of Tehran, who were at Tehran’s Parks, these subjects were selected by purposeful and accessible sampling method. Also, the tools used to collect the data included Beck Depression Inventory, Parenting Stress Index, Sources of Social Support Scale, Maternal efficacy Questionnaire, Maternal separation anxiety scale and Child temperament questionnaire. Stepwise regression analysis showed that parenting stress and parenting self- efficacy in two steps could explain 29% of variance in maternal depression. Therefore, educational programs relevant to the mentioned factors can reduce the maternal depression and can prevent from children’s psychological problems.

---

The goal of this research was to compare the emotional Schemas and to study the relationship between anxiety, worry and emotional Schema in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, Social anxiety disorder and in normal group. The sample of the study included 90 Participants (30 patients with obsessive–Compulsive disorder, 30 patients with social anxiety disorder, and 30 normal subjects). Participants completed Schemas Scale Leahy (LESS), Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). People with social anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder had significant difference compared to the normal group in the schemas of the comprehensibility, control, consensus, guilt and rumination. However, in the schema of guilt those with obsessive-compulsive disorder were significantly different from those afflicted with social anxiety disorder. Some aspects of emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety were different from the normal group and the anxiety and worry were associated with some aspects of the emotional schemas.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and Alexithymia. In the academic year 2012-2013, 300 female high school students of Avaj city participated in this study and they completed Attachment Style, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results showed that there was a negative significant relationship between Alexithymia and secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style and that there was a positive relationship between Alexithymia and anxiety attachment style and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style were predicators of difficult changes in identifying the emotion and Ambivalence over expressiveness and secure attachment style was predicator of the variance of difficulty in describing the emotion. 11% of the externally oriented thinking variance was explained by Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style. Also 21% of the Alexithymia variance was explained by Ambivalence, anxiety and secure attachment styles. In order to prevent Alexithymia, in addition to strengthening the safety features of the attachment, it is needed to enhance the ability to regulate the emotions to overcome the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness.

---

The purpose of the present study was to study the effect of schema therapy on the reduction of the automatic negative thought and on the increase of the self-esteem in female patients afflicted with depression who went to the psychiatry center in Arak city. Population of the study was included all female patients hospitalized in this center, of these subjects, 38 subjects were selected through the availability sampling method and were put into two groups: experimental group and control group. Both groups completed the automatic negative thought scale and Coopersmith self-esteem inventory. It should be said that during the study the subject used their own drugs and no change occurred in the amount of the drugs they previously took furthermore, the two groups were the same in terms of the education and age. Then, the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of schema therapy (in each weak two two-hour sessions were held). Following one month, the two groups completed the questionnaires again. There were 15 subjects left in each group. The obtained data were analyzed by covariance analysis and kruskal – wallis nonparametric test. The results showed the effect of schema therapy on the reduction of the variable of belief and on the increase of self-esteem in comparison to the control group. However, in frequency variable of the automatic negative thought no significant change happened.

---

The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of short-term and long-term life skills training in decreasing the aggression among the adolescents. The sample comprised 400 male and female students studying in the high schools of Karaj, who responded to two questionnaires of Life Skills and Aggression Questionnaire and based on their mean score were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (100 male and 100 female). Subsequent to ten life skills training sessions for the experimental group, both groups were reassessed by both of the questionnaires. Covariance analysis indicated that increase of life skills decreased the level of aggression among the individuals. In order to test out the stability of the training effects, two 30-individual groups with low and high scores were selected and were tested in terms of the research variables. Results demonstrated that in the first six month, the mean of groups decreased. However, this was desirable according to the psychological statistics. It's worth mentioning that, the weak group demonstrated a greater decrease. Furthermore, in the second six month, the weak group attended five training sessions which increased their level of life skills and decreased the level of aggression to a more considerable level as compared to the strong group which resulted in lower mean by the end of the training. It can be concluded that the repetition of the training with time interval increases the level of awareness and mastery of life skills and we can evidence higher decrease of aggression and more stability of the results

---

  This studywas done drug dependent people to determine the effectiveness of training on emotion regulation based on the grass process for reducing craving, attention bias. This present research is a semi-pilot plan in which pretest – posttest with the control group has been used .The project statistical society is formed of addicted people who referred to addiction treatment clinic in Shiraz in the years 1391-1392.For this purpose a total of 30 drug-dependent people were selected and replaced by using available purposive sampling in control and experimental groups. Also 15 normal individuals were selected as a healthy control group to comparison with drug dependents. At first a pretest was given to each three group, after that an emotion control training was done in experimental group dependent on the Grass model in 8 sessions of 2 hours. After research implementation for analyzing the result, the Anova and Fisher's post hoc test were used. The result shown that emotion regulation training can effects on the craving reduction signs, attention bias in drug-dependent people .Also healthy control group has shown less attention in contrast to drug temptation and bias control. Effective management of emotions makes to odd situations that are high risk for substance abuse, use of cognitive strategies for regulating their emotions and by reducing craving and attentional bias reduces the amount back to the reuse of materials is.

---

The aim of this study is investigating the simple relationship of subjective well-being, personality and work-family conflict, and examining the mediation role of subjective well-being in relationship of these two variables through structural equation modeling. The statistical populations were workers of an Isfahanian industrial company which 217 workers were selected randomly among them. Instruments were work-family conflict questionnaire, vitality scale, life orientation test and NEO-FFI.  Results showed that relation of work-family conflict, agreeableness, conscientiousness, optimism and vitality are significant. Structural equation model also was significant and the mediation role of optimism and vitality in relation of agreeableness and conscientiousness with work-family conflict was confirmed. In fact these personality characteristics increase the level of optimism and vitality, and finally improve the psychological supply through influencing individuals' coping strategies and resource accessing. It can lead to better managing of work and family responsibilities and decreasing the conflict between these two areas.

---

        This study aimed to design a predictive model to identification of protective and risk factors in college student at the risk of mental disorders. This research was designed according to the correlation analysis, and the sample society (560 students) was selected from 4564 students of ShahidBeheshti University using Stratified Random Sampling Method. The collected data was based on the General Health Factors Goldberg, Social Support Bakhshipoor, Piravi and Abediian, Coping Strategies Endler and Parker, the Suicide Risk Scale of Northwest Behavioral Health Research Center, and Mentor Research Institute Scale. The data was then analyzed using logistic regression.The results showed that religious beliefs, social support, and problem-focused coping strategies effectively decrease and emotion-focused coping strategies and record of mental disorders effectively increase the risk of mental disorder. The benefit of having a more-developed religious belief can decrease the odds the risk of mental disorder to than 0/34 sized (-0/66), social support to than 0/64 sized (-0/36) and problem-focused coping strategies to than 0/77 sized (-0/23), While having a record of mental disorder and emotion-focused coping strategies can respectively increase the odds the risk of mental disorder to 4.35 and 1.95. By designing a predictive model, we can reinforce the protective factors and control the risk factors in order to use them for primary preventive models.        

---

  This research have been made to analyze how training strong parenting skills to mother effects on reduction of daughters conflict with mothers and increases adolescent girls mental health. This research is a kind of semi-test which it itself is a kind of pre-post test with control group. Statistical population of this research include female students of second and third grade in guidance school of city of Naeen. 30 mothers whom reported that their girls have many conflicts with them have been selected and randomly have been divided to two groups of test and control. Mental health questioner was completed by adolescent girl's two groups. The under studied group have been trained for parenting skills for 7 sessions. After training the post – testing test have been taken from both groups. The instruments which have been used in this research were a mental health questioner and a questioner about style of conflict solving. The data have been analyzed with co-variance multi- variant analysis. Results show that there is a meaningful difference between members of under studied groups in dependent variables (daughter conflict with mother and girl mental health) and all small scale of them. The results of this research show the importance of interventions based on the improvement of parenting skills on decreasing adolescent daughters conflicts with their mothers and increases adolescent girls mental health.