Journal of

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This study aimed at comparing the quality of life and stress coping styles in narcotic anonymous (NA) and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) members. In this causal-comparative study, 100 men (NA:50 and MMT:50), who aged 20 to 40 years and avoided drug at least 6 months, from Shahrood city,Iran, completed Word Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (QoLWHO) and Endler & parker coping styles inventory. The results showed that mean scores of the interpersonal relationships, physical health, and task-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping styles in NA members was significantly higher in comparison with the mean scores in MMT members. Further, results of the diagonistic analysis showed that the comparative differences in a compound of variables (considering the aspect of signifance, these variables include interpersonal relationships,physical health, task-oriented) would differentiate the two groups significantly. It seems that actively attending in NA may enhance QoL and effective Coping styles

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This study aimed to prepare a personality profile of Gardoon personality questionnaire in which developed by Farahani in 2009, in tree groups of jobs: teachers, workers, and  nurses. For this purpose, 506 individuals out of the teachers, workers and nurses were selected randomly, so that the Gardoon personality questionnaire could be performed on them. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the workers, teachers and nurses in terms of agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism, but considering their sex, there was a significance difference between them in extraversion. Female teachers and male nurses were more extravert than male teachers and female nurse, and this characteristic, having an extravert personality, was also existed among the workers. As far as the subjects’ sex was concerned, the results showed that women were more agreeable than men. Based on the results of the previous studies and this study, it can be said that there are some differences between them in which has been discussed

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The main purpose of the article is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive- behavioral therapy in the treatment of high school girls afflicted with obesity. This study, as a type of multiple baseline design, was carried out in two phases (losing weight and keeping weight) on four female high school students afflicted with obesity. Before the treatment sessions started, special tools such as evolutionary checking list and eating disorder questionnaire were used. At the beginning of each treatment session, sick people were weighed and their data were shown through data visual analysis, charting and calculation of the recovery rate. The results showed that cognitive - behavioral therapy of obesity was effective in losing and keeping the weight of the obese adolescents.

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The aim of this research is to study the effect of nose cosmetic surgery on girls’ self-esteem and body image. Twenty two nose cosmetic surgery candidates and twenty two others as control group participated in this study. They were chosen by available sampling method. They answered to the multi-dimensional questionnaire regarding relation between self and their body and to the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire. The nose cosmetic surgery candidates and control group responded to our questionnaires at two stages, respectively. Results showed that, two ‘self-esteem’ and ‘body image’ variables did not show significant change before and after the surgery. But one of the minor scale factors (satisfaction of parts of the body) was seen to be related to the self-esteem. 

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and contribution of infertility stress, coping styles with stress, personality traits and social support in the marital adjustment of infertile women. In this study,causal comparative or "exposit facto" research ‎method was used. Population of the study included 201 women who were selected through availability sampling method from those visiting VALI-e-ASR Reproductive Health Research Center. Research tools of the study included the Gadroon's Big Five Factor, The Fertility Problem Inventory, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. In order to analyze the data, Pearson Correlation and Stepwise Regression analysis were used. The results indicated that there were significant relationships between the variables of this study. It was also revealed that social concern, important others, extroversion, emotional coping style, need for parenthood and sexual concern were suitable predictors of the marital adjustment. In sum, the results of the study put an emphasis on the importance of the psychological-Social factors in marital adjustment. 

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The present study was conducted in order to study the mediating role of financial behavior management in the relation between the personality traits and subjective well-being. Therefore, a sample consisted of 479 staffs of universities located in Gilan province have answered to the Iranian Big Five (GARDON), financial behavior management and Subjective Well-being Questionnaires, after being selected by the clustered sampling. The data was collected and analyzed by the structural equation modeling method. The results of the analysis showed that the personality traits in total explained 14% of the financial behavior management variance and the personality traits and financial behavior management explained 32% of the subjective well-being variance. Also, this study showed that, on one hand, the path coefficient of three factors of neuroticism / emotional stability, extraversion / happiness and conscience / humility were significantly associated with the subjective well-being and on the other hand, the path coefficient of three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness were significantly associated with the financial behavior management. Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the path coefficient between the financial behavior management and subjective well-being was significant, and the financial behavior management mediated the relationship between the three factors of conscience / humility, openness/competence and agreeableness/conservativeness and subjective well-being. Totally, considering the results of the present study it can be concluded that probably, by financial behavior management skills training, we can increase the positive effect of personality traits on the subjective well-being and can decrease its negative effects.

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The purpose of this study was to provide a structure- oriented cross-cultural comparison of the within-group relationships between the negative life events, academic stress and subjective well-being among the Iranian and Swedish undergraduate students. On a sample consisting of 205 students (100 Iranian, 105 Swedish) the negative Event Scale, Academic Stress Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Satisfaction with Life Scale were administrated. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the multiple factors in both groups. Results of the multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the Iranian and Swedish students in terms of the structure –oriented relations of the negative life events, academic stress and subjective wellbeing. However, the results of within-group comparisons showed that among the Iranian students, in comparison to the Swedish students, the negative life events had a high ability in predicting the academic stress and the emotional and cognitive components and that the academic stress had a high ability in predicting the subjective wellbeing. Results of the present study put an emphasis on the similarity of applied features of negative life events and academic stress among the Iranian and Swedish students in predicting the subjective wellbeing.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the factors and facets of Five Factor Model in people with
borderline and schizotypal personality traits.190 Kharazmi university students completed three
questionnaires: Goldberg Inventory, Borderline personality Inventory (BPI) and Schizotypal Personality
Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B). Participants, according to cut off points of Borderline personality Inventory and
Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, were classified into four groups: high borderline trait, low
borderline trait, high schizotypal trait and low schizotypal trait. When the results of discriminant function for borderline and schizotypal groups were obtained, people who were determined as real borderline and real schizotypal were classified into
two groups named typical borderline and typical schizotypal. Data were analyzed using discriminant
analysis.SPSS.22 was used in order to analyze data. Findings showed that both factors and facets of Five
Factor Model could determine people with borderline and schizotypal personality traits in all six groups. In
the factor level, openness to experience and extraversion and in the facet level, gregariousness, orderliness, tranquility and organization were the best discriminants in typical borderline and typical schizotypal groups respectively.

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Resource congruent model of stress emphasized on the role of cultural schemas and also heterogeneity of coping styles. The aime of this study was to investigate factor structure of coping schema inventory (CSI) which was created based on resourch congruent model. We selected 1۰۴۶ Iranian student who speak in Persian, Kurdish, Lurish and gilaki languages by multistage cluster method. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis have been used for assessing psychometric properties. Finding showd that a six factor solution was the best fitted by the pattern in data. These six factor model explained 38% variance of coping schemas inventory. Coping schemas which was identified by factor analysis were religious, situational, passive emotional, acceptance, social support and active emotional. Internal consistency (cronbaches alpha) were calculated 0/65-0/84 for subscales of CSI.It seemed in Iranian culrure coping schemas including situational, religious, passive emotions, social support, acceptance and active emotion was more available and also more usable than other coping schema including self-restructuring, meaning, and tensition reduction. This pattern of results was consisted with predictions of resource congruent model of coping with stress. 

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 The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian language version of the ambivalence over emotional expression questionnaire (AEQ). Translation-back translation was used to prepare the Persian version of AEQ. A convenience sample of 521 students from three universities in Tehran in 2015-2016 was examined.  We assessed validity of the questionnaire by  construct validity (via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity. Cronbach alpha, split half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficients were used for assessing reliablity. Exploratory factor analysis of AEQ’s items showed two factors named ambivalence over expression of positive emotions and ambivalence over expression of negative emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure resulted from exploratory factor analysis which was different from the proposed factors in original questionaire. For total questionnaire and two extracted factors, Cronbach alphas were between 0.77 and 0.86, the Spearman–Brown coefficients were between 0.77 and 0.88 and the test- retest reliability coefficients were between 0.72 and 0.79. The results of this study indicated that this questionnaire have  appropriate psychometric properties among Iranian Population.

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The aim of this research was study the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between extraversion/neuroticism with mental well being. In the descriptive (corelational) study, 152 Kharazmi university students (61 male, 91 female) were randomly selected and they answered the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Also, for assessment of mental well being used the Five-item Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Results showed the positive relationship between extraversion with mental well being and mindfulness and the negative relationship between neuroticism with mental well being and mindfulness. Hierarchical regression analysis showed mindfulness have mediating role in the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Also, mindfulness is mediate role in the relationship between neuroticism and negative affect and in the relationship between neuroticism and life satisfaction

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This research is aimed to examine reliability and validity of the questionnaire which was about individuals' viewpoints on medical help-seeking. The method used in this study was test-type standardization; therefore, a descriptive, survey-type method has been applied. The statistical population includes 1100 students majoring in Psychology, studying at Payam-e- Noor University, South Tehran Branch, in 2016. A convenience-sampling method was used in this study, and 220 students were chosen out of the population mentioned. Cronbach 's Alpha Coefficient method was applied for data analysis; test-duplication was administered to assess validity. In order to examine the questionnaire’s reliability, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and correlation coefficient were used. The amount obtained for Cronbach’s Alpha was 85%, and the amounts for re-examination and test duplication were .85 and .75respectively, thus it could be concluded that the questionnaire has an acceptable reliability. Both construct validity and concurrent validity were used to examine the questionnaire’s reliability. it can be said that the questionnaire has an appropriate validity based on variance scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the obtained factors make a significant model with their own elements and are properly acceptable. In this study, both construct and concurrent reliability were used to investigate the correlation between medical help-seeking and help-seeking behavior in general. According to the results obtained from The Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there has been a significant relationship between help-seeking and help-seeking behavior.

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The objective of this study were to investigate Lynch’s theory of psychopathology with regard to depression. students from three universities in Tehran (n= 521) was selected by convenience sampling method. The measures used in this study were negative temperament scale of Schedule of Non-adaptive and Adaptive Personality, Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, maladaptive perfectionism subscales of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, Personal Need for Structure Scale, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The results showed that the model has good fit with data. Bootstrap analysis also confirmed the mediating role of over-controlling and social disconnectedness. Accordingly, the interaction of sensitivity to threats, sensitivity to rewards and parental perfectionism leads to development of an over-controlling coping style; this coping style leads to disturbance in social connectedness and subsequently to depression. Therefore, the results of this study support the Lynch’s model of psychopathology for depression.

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Culture influence psychological phenomena in different ways. In this article, we introduce a framework for studying relationship between culture and psychological phenomena and we presented findings from some cross-cultural studies in this framework. It seems the definition and classification of personality traits, the experience of stress and mental health moderated by culture. The associations between positive and negative affects and mental health was different among Iranian and Swedish culture. In Iranian culture, both kind of affects was associated with mental health, whereas in Swedish culture, only positive affect was associated with mental health. Iranian students more used primary process against stress, whereas Swedish students more used secondary process. In addition, academic stress among Iranian students was less than Swedish students. It could conclude that there were some similarities and differences between Iranian and Swedish culture in personality traits, experience of anxiety, and coping with stress. Therefore, any policy making in global level and designing behavioral change strategies in national level should be influenced by these cultural similarities and differences

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This study aimed to develop and introduce training package of chronic pain self-management interventions and evaluate its effects on improving pain self-management (PSM), mindfulness skills (MS), metacognitive beliefs (MB), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). The statistical population included all patients with CMP who were referred to Tehran hospitals between June 2020 and December 2021. Among these, 22 people (two experimental and control groups) of eligible individuals were selected by voluntary sampling method and examined during a quasi-experimental design. The experimental group underwent 8 online intervention sessions and were evaluated online by GSCS-7, PSMC-18, FFMQ-39, MCQ-30 and CERQ-18 during tree sessions (pre-test, post-test and follow-up). Data were analyzed by MANKOVA. According to the results, the overall effects of the self-management interventions were significant (p < 0.05). Also the interventions had a significant effects on improving PSM, increasing the use of MS, and improving CERS (p<0.05), however, the interventions had no significant effects on reducing dysfunctional MB (p < 0.05). Considering the evidence from this study, the authors believe that the use of chronic pain self-management interventions for people with CMP has significant clinical benefits, so its use is recommended to health care providers.
 

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The collapse of a marital relationship has many damages; research in this field is importance. The purpose is to identify effective factors in the collapse marital relationship in Iran. 10 experts and 12 experienced divorce people were interviewed. The interviews were first conducted with couple relationship specialists and the data extracted from these interviews formed a semi-structured interview to interview selected people. data identified 3 main categories, extra-couple, intra-couple and individual factors. cultural differences, religion, cyber space and media, social interactions, inappropriate social context, economic factors, destructive interaction between couple and family, negative influence of family, misplaced intervention, lack of support from extramarital factors; Lack of skills, conflict of roles, sexual problems, childbearing, differences, poor interaction, destructive behavior between couples, lack of understanding, change of couple's style, the way it is formed from factors between couples and lack of trust, indifference to obligations, individualism, lack of knowledge. indifference to other issues, feeling of loss, loss of attractiveness, change in values, psychological, personality and physical disorders, destructive attitudes towards couple relationship, behavioral characteristics and personality traits are the factors of the collapse of couple relationship. The data obtained can be used to improve the health of the individual, family and society.
 

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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between gender role conflict and the severity of symptoms of mental disorders and the attitude towards help-seeking in Iranian men. 302 male students of three universities, namely University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University and Shahid-Beheshti University, completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the gender role conflict scale (O’Neil et al. 1986), Brief Symptoms Inventory (Derogatis et al., 1983), and the short form of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (Fischer et al., 1995). The results of simultaneous regression analysis showed that psychological distress had the most positive relationship with the factors of "work-family conflict", "restrictive emotionality" and "success, power, competition", respectively, and the attitude towards help-seeking has the most negative relationship with " restrictive emotionality " and "success, power, competition" factors, respectively. Also, the proposed structural model of the present study about the effects of the masculine gender role conflict on psychological distress from two direct and indirect paths (through the negative effect on help-seeking attitude) had a good fit. Thus, it seems that the masculine gender role conflict increases the severity of psychological distress through a negative effect on the help-seeking attitude.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the desire to help others and resilience with growth after trauma with assessing the moderating role of guilt related to trauma in people with a history of covid-19 disease in close relative. For this purpose, 189 people who had one of their relatives admitted to the special care department of the hospital due to the covid-19 disease in the last six months were selected in an accessible method and completed the post-traumatic growth, resilience, trauma related guilt and altruism questionnaires. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, trauma related guilt did not play a moderating role in the relationship between resilience and prosocial behaviors. In contrast, trauma-related guilt had a moderating role in the relationship between post-traumatic growth and willingness to help others. The conclusion from the findings of the present study can be indicative of the role of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors in promoting adaptation and even growth of people following traumatic experiences.