Journal of

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The goal of this study was to survey the relation between the social support and depression in the martyred and non-martyred father high school girl students in Ahvaz, Iran. A sample of 175 girl students, 85 martyred father students and 90 non-martyred students, were selected to complete the social support and Beck depression questionnaire. For the analysis of the data t-test and correlation coefficient were used. The findings of the study indicated that there wasn’t a significant difference between the martyred and non-martyred father students in terms of social support however, the degree of martyred father students’ depression was significantly more in comparison with the non-martyred father students’ depression. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the social support and depression in both groups: martyred and non-martyred father students

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The aim of this research was to study  the validity and reliability of the Gratitude Questionnaire -6 (GQ-6, Emmons, McCullough & Tsang,2002) in a sample of  high school students (100 girls and 100 boys) in Birjand. The validity of the questionnaire were evaluated with content validity, item analysis (item – total correlations), convergent validity and factor analysis. The reliability of the mentioned questionnaire, studied through: test–retest, Cronbach’s Alpha, and split – half reliability. The results indicated that the scale had satisfied item analysis, convergent validity, internal consistency, test–retest and split–half reliability. Factor analysis yielded one general factor. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that the GQ-6 possesses good psychometric qualities for use in Iran.

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This research was conducted with the purpose of studying the simple and interactive relationship between teacher well-being (Positive and negative affect and life and job satisfaction) with the belief in a just world and the student’s violence against teachers in Esfahan, Iran.   Population of the study included all male and female teachers, teaching in the high schools in Esfahan in spring 2008.A sample of 240 male and female teachers were selected through multi-stage random sampling. Research instruments were: a 47-item job satisfaction questionnaire, 20-item positive and negative affection scale ,5-item life satisfaction scale,4-item questionnaire on student’s violence against teachers and  7-item questionnaire on the belief in a just world . Data was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the interaction between students’ violence against teachers and just world beliefs had not the predictive power for the prediction of positive affect, job and life satisfaction. But the interaction between students’ violence against teachers and just world belief had the predictive power for the prediction of negative affect. Posterior analysis also showed that only among teachers who were lower in just world beliefs , student’s violence against teachers has  the predictive power for the prediction of negative affect

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Employees expect respect from their co-workers and supervisors and guarantee of job security which is appropriate for their efforts in the workplace. Also, those with overcommitment to work need to be more supported. A set of these variables are included in the effort-reward imbalance model. The objectives of this study were to assess validity of the ERI model and its effects on fatigue, emotional exhaustion, physical health and psychosomatic complaints. To test validity of ERI model, a sample of 235 personnel of an industrial company in Isfahan, Iran, was selected. To measure predictor variables, ERI questionnaire (Zurlo, Pes & Siegrist, 2010) was used. To measure criterion variables Including fatigue, emotional exhaustion, physical health and psychosomatic complaints, fatigue scale (Chalder & et al,1993),emotional exhaustion scale(Malach,1998),Physical health scale (Hilderbrandt & et al, 1991) and psychosomatic complaints scale(Driken,1969) were used respectively.  Factor analysis of ERI scale elicit four subscale namely job security, respect, effort and overcommitment with favorable stability. The results showed that there was a positive relation between two subscales of respect and job security and criterion variables. There was also a negative relation between two subscales of effort and overcommitment and criterion variables. The results of this study can be of prime importance for the improvement of personnel’s health in the industrial environments.

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This study was an attempt to make a comparison between the people with Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, high Schizotypy and Overlapping Symptoms and the normal people in terms of the Thought- Action Fusion and Thought Suppression. For this purpose, 1570 undergraduate students of Tabriz University, Iran, were selected using simple random sampling, and they completed the relevant questionnaire of the study. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed that those with overlapping symptoms, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and high schizotypy got respectively higher scores in Thought- Action Fusion and Thought Suppression in comparison with the normal(control) group. The results of our study suggested that Thought action-fusion and Thought suppression may lead to the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in normal individuals and the individuals with high schizotypy. Further, they may lead to the formation of schizo-obsessive disorder that may be a distinct subtype with unique clinical characteristics.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in implicit and explicit cognitive processes during and after different intensities of aerobic physical exercise based on Transient Hypofrontality Theory. 39 male subjects with an average level of physical activity (age: M = 20.97± 0.14 Vo2 max: M = 50.25± 6.92 ml/kg/min) were divided randomly to three groups of thirteen based on the intensity of aerobic physical exercise: high intensity group (first group), moderate intensity group (second group), and low intensity group (third group). Magnetic bike was used for aerobic physical activity and heart rate remote control was used to control the intensity of activity. Implicit cognitive process (Visual choice reaction time) and explicit cognitive process ( Stroop) tests were performed in four times: before and during the activity, 1 minutes and 15 minutes after the cessation of the activity. Results of the repeated measure ANOVA and inter-group factor showed that the effects of factors including time, group and interaction were significant on the implicit cognitive test.                                                                                                         As for the explicit cognitive test , the major effect of time, interaction and group was significant. Results of this study showed that transient hypofrontality occurred when the intensity of aerobic physical exercise was high.

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The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior by considering organizational citizenship behavior directed at individual (OCBI) as a moderator variable. Population of the current research included personnel of Karoon Oil & Gas Production Company and of this population, 144 persons were selected through random stratified sampling method. Measurement tools of the study were organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire developed by Podsakoff et al (1990), Maslash Burnout Inventory (1981). Data was analyzed through hierarchical regression analysis.Findings indicated that there was significant negative relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior. OCBI moderated relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).Namely, in high OCBI there was significant negative relationship between the emotional exhaustion and organizational citizenship behavior, but in low OCBI this relationship disappeared. Confronting the emotional exhaustion, the managers should support personnel, so that more resources could be invested on the performances by the personnel.

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Organizational downsizing brings about the change of work-related demands for the remaining employees following the modification. This change can lead to the psychological tension and psychosomatic complaints among the staff. However, goal engagement control strategies can decrease these negative outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of control strategies and work-related demands on the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension. Participants of the study included 624 personnel of an industrial company who were selected randomly and then responded to the research instruments namely work-related demands, control strategies, psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension scales. Findings indicated that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychosomatic complaints and that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychological tension were negative and these relations were higher in the group with more lack of goal engagement. Also, the interaction effect was significant. So the use of goal engagement control strategies in stressful situation can decrease the negative effects of work-related demands and can buffer against the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension.

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The aim of this study is investigating the simple relationship of subjective well-being, personality and work-family conflict, and examining the mediation role of subjective well-being in relationship of these two variables through structural equation modeling. The statistical populations were workers of an Isfahanian industrial company which 217 workers were selected randomly among them. Instruments were work-family conflict questionnaire, vitality scale, life orientation test and NEO-FFI.  Results showed that relation of work-family conflict, agreeableness, conscientiousness, optimism and vitality are significant. Structural equation model also was significant and the mediation role of optimism and vitality in relation of agreeableness and conscientiousness with work-family conflict was confirmed. In fact these personality characteristics increase the level of optimism and vitality, and finally improve the psychological supply through influencing individuals' coping strategies and resource accessing. It can lead to better managing of work and family responsibilities and decreasing the conflict between these two areas.

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        This study aimed to design a predictive model to identification of protective and risk factors in college student at the risk of mental disorders. This research was designed according to the correlation analysis, and the sample society (560 students) was selected from 4564 students of ShahidBeheshti University using Stratified Random Sampling Method. The collected data was based on the General Health Factors Goldberg, Social Support Bakhshipoor, Piravi and Abediian, Coping Strategies Endler and Parker, the Suicide Risk Scale of Northwest Behavioral Health Research Center, and Mentor Research Institute Scale. The data was then analyzed using logistic regression.The results showed that religious beliefs, social support, and problem-focused coping strategies effectively decrease and emotion-focused coping strategies and record of mental disorders effectively increase the risk of mental disorder. The benefit of having a more-developed religious belief can decrease the odds the risk of mental disorder to than 0/34 sized (-0/66), social support to than 0/64 sized (-0/36) and problem-focused coping strategies to than 0/77 sized (-0/23), While having a record of mental disorder and emotion-focused coping strategies can respectively increase the odds the risk of mental disorder to 4.35 and 1.95. By designing a predictive model, we can reinforce the protective factors and control the risk factors in order to use them for primary preventive models.        

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Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the third wave behavioral therapies in treating of chronic pain. The purpose of present research was to study the effectiveness of ACT on the rate of pain and pain catastrophizing in females with chronic low back pain. This was a semi-xperimental research, and a pre-test, post-test design with control group was applied. Participants included 40 women with chronic low back pain that selected by convenience sampling method from three clinical centers and randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. All participants completed the Multidimensional pain inventory-screening and pain catastrophizing scale. Thenthe experimental group received ACT for 8 one-hour sessions. Results of covariance analysis indicated that there is a considerable improvement in pain catastrophizing and its subscale and pain and its subscale (except pain intensity) in experimental group in posttest stage. According to the results, ACT can decrease the pain and experienced psychological distresses in women with chronic low back pain and represents new horizons in clinical interventions and can be used as an appropriate intervention

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The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationship of family environment, socioeconomic status and cognitive affect regulation strategies with externalizing and internalizing syndromes in adolescents. To explore the mentioned relations, a sample of 1647 (840 girls, 807 boys) high school students was selected by multi-stage sampling method. All participants were asked to complete the Family Environment Scale (FES), Inventory of Cognitive Affect Regulation Strategies (ICARUS) and Youth Self-Report form of Achenbach's ASEBA school-age forms. There were correlations between most of variables of family environment, cognitive affect regulation strategies and internalizing and externalizing syndromes. For evaluating adequacy and Goodness of fitness of the model, RMR, RMSEA, CFI, AGFI, GFI, X2, X2/df, indices were computed. Findings supported the goodness of fitness of suggested model in this study. Results of this study Show that cognitive affect regulation strategies, family environment and socioeconomic status can predict internalizing and externalizing syndromes in adolescents. For the Psychotherapy in adolescents with affective-Behavioral disorders paying attention to evaluation of adolescent's Cognitive affect regulation strategies, family environment and socioeconomic status is suggested.

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The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of training Kohlberg’s dilemmas procedures, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction on emotion expectancies in female adolescences. The statistical population includes all grade female students in Yasuj high school during 2013-2014. This was a pre-test, post- test and follow up queasy-experimental study with control group. The study sample consisted of 120 female students who were selected via multi – step cluster sampling method and, randomly, assigned to Four groups. The experimental groups were separately, taught Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas during 8 sessions of 70 minutes. One of the group was induced by positive emotion method. The control group was left untreated.
The participants confronted with a set of emotion expectancies scenarios (Malti and Killer, 2011) as the pre-test, post- test and follow up. The datas were analyzed by repeated measure method and by ANCOVA tests. The findings showed that Kohlberg’s dilemmas, real life dilemmas, and positive emotion induction methods were effective on emotion expectancies (p<0/001). The follow up L.S.D test showed that: although all intervention methods were effective on emotion expectances in post- test and follow up phases, real life dilemmas can improve the emotion expectancies more than other three methods in post- test and follow up phases. The next highest effectiveness rates (the highest mean differences compared with those of control group) belong to training Kohlberg’s dilemmas, and positive emotion induction, respectively.

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Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors on the relationship between internal/external religious orientations and perceived social support with emotional well-being and life satisfaction among university students. Method: On a sample consisting of 410 students (157 male 253 female), the Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale(I/EROS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)were administrated. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the mediating effects model of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors on the relationship between internal/external religious orientations and perceived social support with emotional well-being and life satisfaction among university students. Results: Results showed that there is a positive significant correlation between internal religious orientation and social support with healthy lifestyle behaviors and a positive non-significant correlation between external religious orientations with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. Results also indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between health-promoting lifestyle behaviors with positive affect and life satisfaction and a negative significant correlation between health-promoting lifestyle behaviors with negative affect. Results of structural equation modeling also showed that the relationship between internal religious orientation and social support with positive and negative affect and life satisfaction is mediated fully by health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. In this hypothesized model, internal/external religious orientations and perceived social support factors accounted for 29% of the variance in health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. Also, health-promoting lifestyle behaviors accounted for 64%, 16% and 38% of the variance in positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction variables, respectively. Conclusion: In sum, these finding show that the part of available variance in emotional well-being and life satisfaction in the context of prediction these cognitive and emotional components by internal/external religious orientations and perceived social support, accounted for persons' health-promoting lifestyle behaviors.

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Resource congruent model of stress emphasized on the role of cultural schemas and also heterogeneity of coping styles. The aime of this study was to investigate factor structure of coping schema inventory (CSI) which was created based on resourch congruent model. We selected 1۰۴۶ Iranian student who speak in Persian, Kurdish, Lurish and gilaki languages by multistage cluster method. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis have been used for assessing psychometric properties. Finding showd that a six factor solution was the best fitted by the pattern in data. These six factor model explained 38% variance of coping schemas inventory. Coping schemas which was identified by factor analysis were religious, situational, passive emotional, acceptance, social support and active emotional. Internal consistency (cronbaches alpha) were calculated 0/65-0/84 for subscales of CSI.It seemed in Iranian culrure coping schemas including situational, religious, passive emotions, social support, acceptance and active emotion was more available and also more usable than other coping schema including self-restructuring, meaning, and tensition reduction. This pattern of results was consisted with predictions of resource congruent model of coping with stress. 

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of computer games with different stimulating on arousal levels in 8 to 12 years old boys using SCL index and SAM test and the method of the study is quasi-experimental design. The population consisted of all boys 8 to 12 years old at region 4 Education in Tabriz (2011-2012). The sample included 15 boys whom were selected through random sampling method. The arousal levels of participants measured via Skin Conductance Level (SCL), as a physiologic index, in 6 steps including: first baseline, first intervention (Playing the computer game with low stimulating), second baseline, third baseline, second intervention (Playing the computer game with high stimulating) and fourth baseline. In order to analyze the data, repeated measure ANOVA was used.The results showed that the levels of SCL in participants remarkably increased during the interventions phases compared with baselines phases. According to the findings of the study, computer game with high stimulating rate is more effective in raising arousal level in participants than low stimulating game.

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The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and mental imagery-based relaxation on psychophysiological responses of competitive anxiety (cortisol levels) and self-confidence in elite athletes. For this purpose, 36 of elite Wushu athletes selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. In the pre-test (first competition) competitive anxiety and self-confidence as well as salivary cortisol were measured in all three groups. In experimental groups, relaxation techniques was trained for 4 weeks. Data with univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were analyzed. The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation was more effective than mental imagery-based relaxation in decreasing saliva cortisol and somatic anxiety. Also, mental imagery-based relaxation was more effective on the cognitive anxiety rather than progressive muscle relaxation. In addition, self-confidence was increased after mental imagery-based relaxation. In general, it could be concluded that different types of relaxation training was an effective strategy to reduce psychophysiological responses of competitive anxiety and improve self-confidence.

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Culture influence psychological phenomena in different ways. In this article, we introduce a framework for studying relationship between culture and psychological phenomena and we presented findings from some cross-cultural studies in this framework. It seems the definition and classification of personality traits, the experience of stress and mental health moderated by culture. The associations between positive and negative affects and mental health was different among Iranian and Swedish culture. In Iranian culture, both kind of affects was associated with mental health, whereas in Swedish culture, only positive affect was associated with mental health. Iranian students more used primary process against stress, whereas Swedish students more used secondary process. In addition, academic stress among Iranian students was less than Swedish students. It could conclude that there were some similarities and differences between Iranian and Swedish culture in personality traits, experience of anxiety, and coping with stress. Therefore, any policy making in global level and designing behavioral change strategies in national level should be influenced by these cultural similarities and differences

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