Journal of

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The aim of the present study, which was a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational study, was to investigate the pattern of correlation among five variables of relationaship satisfaction, commitment level, quality of alternative relations, investment size, and length of relationship, and depressive symptoms in married men and women in the city of Tehran, and to calculate the amount of variance of deprssive symptoms which is accounted for by each of these variables. The questionnaires which were used in the study were (1) the demographic information questionnaire, (2) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), (3) Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI), and (4) Investment Model Scale (IMS), which were distributed among 264 clerical employees in the Ministry of Education. The results of 252 questionnaires were reliable and could be used in data analysis. The results showed negative and significant correlation between relationship satisfaction and depressive symptoms, and the amount of this correlation coeffeicient was higher among men. The results of regression ananlysis showed that the five predictor variables account for 35/6% of depressive symptoms variance among women, and 94/2% of depressive symptoms variance among men. In women’s regression model, the only variable which had a statistically significant role in accounting depressive symptoms variance was commitment level, while in men’s regression model, all predictor variables had a statistically significant role in accounting depressive symptoms variance.

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The goal of this study was to examine the role of stress, anxiety and depression and fear of pain on anticipating the movement disability in patients with spinal cord chronic pain. The sample in the research included of 53 persons (41 women, 12 men) with spinal cord chronic pain (back pain) who were approached and referred over the 3 months to a physiotherapy clinic and briefed about the research and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were completed by participants. The obtained data in the research was examined by statistical method of correlation coefficients and multiple regressions. The findings of this study shown that from the subscales of DASS, depression had the highest correlation with movement disability. Also the subscales of PASS, particularly dimension of escape/avoidance had the highest positive and significant correlation with movement disability. The findings showed that depression explained %28 and escape/avoidance explained %36 of the variance of movement disability. Although pain might be considered as a physical health problem primarily, however, psychological components including depression, anxiety, stress and fear of movement could play a crucial role at least in maintenance of pain that needs to be considered in rehabilitation interventions.

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Distress intolerance, as a psychological vulnerability factor, has been implicated in the development of a wide range of conditions leading to psychopathology, including worry and rumination. Low distress tolerance may also predispose individuals to greater use of avoidance strategies. This study aimed to expand our understanding of the relationship between distress intolerance and worry/rumination by examining the mediating role of two forms of avoidance (i.e., experiential avoidance and emotional contrast avoidance). Questionnaire and cross-sectional data were collected from 1,098 participants from the general population aged 18–55 years (52.3% female). The results of structural equation modeling and mediattion analysis showed that experiential avoidance and emotional contrast avoidance mediated the relationship between distress intolerance and worry/rumination in a chain fashion. More precisely, the lower the distress tolerance capacity, the more people engage in repetitive negative thinking in the form of worry and/or rumination, and the two forms of avoidance mediated this relationship. The applications, limitations, and implications of this research are also discussed.